72 A One-health Perspective on S. aureus Induced Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 39-40
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu ◽  
Pierre Lacasse
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
One Health ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Bovine mastitis, commonly caused by bacteria, is one of the most devastating diseases for the dairy industry worldwide, with high economic, social, and public health impacts. Among the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading pathogens in most countries. Success rate of antibiotic treatment is low such that effective control of S. aureus induced mastitis is currently only possible through prevention of new infections and culling of infected animals. The infection is usually subclinical, causing elevated somatic cell counts but no detectable changes in milk or the udder. S. aureus persists in mammary glands, teat canals, and teat lesions of infected cows and is transmitted to other cows during milking. The direct evidence of cross-species transmission of S. aureus is still scarce. Nevertheless, accumulating indirect evidence supports the zoonotic potential for S. aureus from bovine mastitis to humans. In addition to direct contact, aerosol exposures may also be an important mechanism for the transmission. While animal-adapted livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus has been known for many years, most S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk in Canada are methicillin-sensitive. S. aureus induced mastitis is a common reason for therapeutic and/or prophylactic use of antibiotics on dairy farms. Occurrence of multidrug resistant, especially methicillin-resistant, S. aureus has been a major public health concern. In this talk, we will address the pathogenesis and strain spectrum of S. aureus induced bovine mastitis, review existing evidence for inter-species transmission, and discuss possible transmission of methicillin-resistance determinants. This talk aims to emphasize the need for the one-health approach for prevention and treatment of S. aureus induced mastitis, in order to provide safe and nutritious milk and milk products to consumers.

scholarly journals Staphylococcusspp. associated with subclinical bovine mastitis in central and northeast provinces of Thailand

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natapol Pumipuntu ◽  
Witawat Tunyong ◽  
Narisara Chantratita ◽  
Pornphan Diraphat ◽  
Pornpan Pumirat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

BackgroundStaphylococcusspp. are major cause of bovine mastitis (BM) worldwide leading to economic damage to dairy farms and public health threat. Recently, a newly emergedStaphylococcus argenteushas been found as a human and animal pathogen. Molecular characteristics, virulence and antibiotic resistant phenotypes of bacteria causing BM in Thailand are rare. This study aimed to investigatedStaphylococcusspp. associated with subclinical bovine mastitis (SCM) in Thailand.MethodsMilk samples were collected from 224 cows of 52 dairy herds in four central and northeast provinces. Total somatic cell counts (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT) were used to identify SCM cows. Milk samples were cultured forStaphylococcusspp. Coagulase-positive isolates were subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Organisms suspected asS. argenteuswere verified by detecting nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene. All isolates were checked for antibiograms and the presence of various virulence genes.ResultsFrom the 224 milk samples of 224 cows, 132 (59%) were positive for SCM by SCC and CMT and 229 staphylococcal isolates were recovered. They were 32 coagulase-positive (24S. aureusand eightS. argenteus) and 197 coagulase-negative. PFGE of theS. aureusandS. argenteusrevealed 11 clusters and a non-typeable pattern. MLST of representatives of the 11 PFGE clusters, three PFGE non-typeableS. aureusisolates from different locations andS. argenteusshowed 12 sequence types. The eightS. argenteusisolates belonged to ST1223 (three isolates), ST2250 (two isolates), and ST2793 (two isolates). The antimicrobial tests identified 11 (46%) methicillin-resistantS. aureusand 25 (13%) methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative isolates, while sevenS. argenteuswere methicillin-susceptible and one isolate was methicillin-resistant. All of the 229 isolates were multiply resistant to other antibiotics. The most prevalent virulence genes of the 24S. aureusisolates wereclfA,coaandspa(X and IgG-binding region) (100%),hla(96%),pvl(96%) andsec(79%). SixS. argenteusisolates carried one enterotoxin gene each and other virulence genes includingcoa, clfA, hla/hlb, spa, tsstandpvl, indicating their pathogenic potential.Conclusion and perspectiveThis is the first report on theS. argenteusfrom cow milk samples with SCM. Data on the molecular characteristics, virulence genes and antibiograms of theStaphylococcusspp. obtained from the present study showed a wide spread and increasing trend of methicillin-resistance and multiple resistance to other antibiotics. This suggests that the “One Health” practice should be nurtured, not only at the dairy farm level, but also at the national or even the international levels through cooperation of different sectors (dairy farmers, veterinarians, medical and public health personnel and scientists) in order to effectively combat and control the spread of these pathogens.

scholarly journals Bacterial identification, somatic cell count, antimicrobial profile and toxigenic Staphylococcus strains search from mastitic cow milk samples on small farms properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 715-722
Author(s):  
Ubirajara L. Lavor ◽  
Felipe F. Guimarães ◽  
Anelise Salina ◽  
Mateus S.R. Mioni ◽  
Helio Langoni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Small Farms ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

ABSTRACT: Bovine mastitis has a negative impact on milk production and can pose risks to public health. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of bovine milk from small farms in the Botucatu/SP region. Somatic cell counts (SCC), identification of pathogens involved in mastitis, and sensitivity antimicrobial profile of staphylococci isolated were performed. The presence of enterotoxin encoding genes in isolates of staphylococci obtained from milk was investigated. Milk samples from individual mammary quarters of cows were submitted to the California mastitis test (CMT) and SCC. Of the 239 dairy cows from 21 dairy herds evaluated (mean = 11.4 animals/property), two cows (0.8%) presented clinical mastitis and 86 (35.9%) subclinical mastitis. Bacterial culture was performed in 177 quarter milk samples. Staphylococci were identified in 55 (31.1%), corynebacteria in 45 (25.4%), streptococci in 25 (14.1%) and coliforms in four (2.3%) milk samples. Average SCC from culture-positive samples was 1598x103 cells/mL, in case of staphylococci was 1362x103 cells/ml, streptococci was 2857x103 cells/mL, corynebacteria was 976x103 cells/mL and in the cases of coliforms 1161x103 cells/mL were obtained. Staphylococci showed a high sensitivity (>95%) to cephalothin, cotrimoxazole, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin, with a 41.2% resistance to penicillin and 11.8% to oxacillin. Both coagulase positive (CPS) and negative staphylococci (CNS) carried genes encoding enterotoxins in 21.6% of the first group and 41.9% in the second. The sea gene was the most detected 45.8% (n=24) between them, followed by seb with 29.2% and sec with 25.0%. The sed gene was not identified. We highlight the potential risk to public health in the possibility of strains of Staphylococcus spp. enterotoxin-producing genes that can cause staphylococcal food poisoning.

scholarly journals Disinfection Performance of a Drinking Water Bottle System With a UV Subtype C LED Cap Against Waterborne Pathogens and Heterotrophic Contaminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Mariita ◽  
Sébastien A. Blumenstein ◽  
Christian M. Beckert ◽  
Thomas Gombas ◽  
Rajul V. Randive
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Stationary Condition ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Log Reduction

The purgaty One systems (cap+bottle) are portable stainless-steel water bottles with UV subtype C (UVC) disinfection capability. This study examines the bottle design, verifies disinfection performance against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and heterotrophic contaminants, and addresses the public health relevance of heterotrophic bacteria. Bottles were inoculated with deliberately contaminated potable water and disinfection efficacy examined using colony forming unit (CFU) assay for each bacterial strain. The heterotrophic plate count (HPC) method was used to determine the disinfection performance against environmental contaminants at day 0 and after 3days of water in stationary condition without prior UVC exposure. All UVC irradiation experiments were performed under stationary conditions to confirm that the preset application cycle of 55s offers the desired disinfection performance under-tested conditions. To determine effectiveness of purgaty One systems (cap+bottle) in disinfection, inactivation efficacy or log reduction value (LRV) was determined using bacteria concentration between UVC ON condition and controls (UVC OFF). The study utilized the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene for characterization of isolates by identifying HPC bacteria to confirm if they belong to groups that are of public health concern. Purgaty One systems fitted with Klaran UVC LEDs achieved 99.99% inactivation (LRV4) efficacy against E. coli and 99.9% inactivation (LRV3) against P. aeruginosa, V. cholerae, and heterotrophic contaminants. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analyses, the study determined that the identified HPC isolates from UVC irradiated water are of rare public health concern. The bottles satisfactorily inactivated the target pathogenic bacteria and HPC contaminants even after 3days of water in stationary condition.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Trends Among Ocular Pathogens in the US—Cumulative Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny A Asbell ◽  
Christine M Sanfilippo ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is a public health concern. The multicenter, prospective Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRoorganisms (ARMOR) study is an ongoing surveillance study designed to report on antibiotic resistance rates and trends among Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; includes Staphylococcus epidermidis), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from ocular infections. Results for more than 4,000 isolates collected from 2009 –2015, representing 7 years of ARMOR, were recently presented. More than a third of S. aureus and almost half of all CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to methicillin. Staphylococcal isolates also showed high levels of multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibacterial drug classes) with 76.4% and 73.7% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) isolates, respectively, demonstrating multidrug resistance. Resistance among S. pneumoniae was notable for azithromycin (36.8%) and for penicillin (34.0%), whereas P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae were generally susceptible to the antibiotic classes tested. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated a small decrease in methicillin resistance among S. aureus over the 7-year study period, which may be a result of improved antibiotic stewardship. Continued surveillance of antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is warranted.

scholarly journals Carcass Salmonella and Its Drug Resistance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gizachew Muluneh Amera ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Food Animals

Salmonella are the major pathogenic bacteria in humans as well as in animals. Salmonella species are leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in several countries and salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Isolation of Salmonella from a wide range of sources suggests that Salmonella is widespread in food animals and meat products and underlines the necessity for a joint and coordinated surveillance and monitoring programs for salmonellosis and other major food borne zoonotic diseases. Food animals harbor a wide range of Salmonella and so act as sources of contamination, which is of paramount epidemiological importance in non-typhoid human salmonellosis. Salmonellosis is more aggravated by the ever increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance strains in food animals. The high prevalence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella have become a growing public health concern. Multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are now encountered frequently and the rates of multidrug resistance have increased considerably in recent years. Food animal consumption is a potential cause for antimicrobial resistant Salmonella illnesses besides, the common factors such as overcrowding, poverty, inadequate sanitary conditions, and poor personal hygiene. Practicing good sanitary measures, extensive education programs for proper hygiene and improvement of managements are solutions to eliminate the high bacteriological load as well as prevalence of Salmonella in cattle carcass. Furthermore, restricting the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, designation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella as an adulterant in ground beef, improving the mechanisms for product trace-back investigations and wise and discriminate use of antimicrobials should be practiced to combat the ever increasing situation of antimicrobial resistance. So, this review used for updating information on their prevalence and resistance patterns is very important to suggest the acceptance of the carcass in relation to the standards and for proper selection and use of antimicrobial agents in a setting.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Processed Food Samples in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashael J. Alghizzi ◽  
Maysoon Alansari ◽  
Ashwag Shami
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus mainly Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a life-threatening infection that occurring in food and caused a public health concern. This study designed to examine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in different types of processed food. Food samples were screened for the recovered strains of S. aureus and MRSA, and they were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility and by molecular characterization of mecA and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec(SCCmec). Detection of virulence factors like Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL), Staphylococcus aureus protein A(spa) and Staphylococcal enterotoxins(SEs) by PCR using specific primers. Among the 150 collected processed food samples, 62.7% were contaminated by S. aureus bacteria, 56.4% of which were proved as MRSA. 17% of MRSA isolates were positive for mecA genes with the SCCmec type IVb and V (11.1% each) as the solely existing types of SCCmec. None of the MRSA isolates carried mecC or mecB genes. Most of MRSA isolates were multidrug resistance and 33.3% of MRSA-mecA positive isolates also carried vancomycin resistance genes (i.e., vanB). In addition, spa gene was found among 7.5% of MRSA isolates; none of which were positive for PVL gene. Further, there were variant presence of SEs among MRSA isolates and the highest presence was from type SEH (49.1%). Generally, our results confirmed that processed foods in Saudi Arabia (Riyadh) are potential vehicles for multidrug resistant S. aureus and MRSA transmission; which are serious public health risks, and underlined the need for good hygiene practices.

scholarly journals Nested Russian Doll-like Genetic Mobility Drives Rapid Dissemination of the Carbapenem Resistance Gene blaKPC

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna E. Sheppard ◽  
Nicole Stoesser ◽  
Daniel J. Wilson ◽  
Robert Sebra ◽  
Andrew Kasarskis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Rapid Dissemination ◽  
Genetic Mobility

AbstractThe recent widespread emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is a major public health concern, as carbapenems are a therapy of last resort in this family of common bacterial pathogens. Resistance genes can mobilize via various mechanisms including conjugation and transposition, however the importance of this mobility in short-term evolution, such as within nosocomial outbreaks, is currently unknown. Using a combination of short- and long-read whole genome sequencing of 281 blaKPC-positive Enterobacteriaceae isolated from a single hospital over five years, we demonstrate rapid dissemination of this carbapenem resistance gene to multiple species, strains, and plasmids. Mobility of blaKPC occurs at multiple nested genetic levels, with transmission of blaKPC strains between individuals, frequent transfer of blaKPC plasmids between strains/species, and frequent transposition of the blaKPC transposon Tn4401 between plasmids. We also identify a common insertion site for Tn4401 within various Tn2-like elements, suggesting that homologous recombination between Tn2-like elements has enhanced the spread of Tn4401 between different plasmid vectors. Furthermore, while short-read sequencing has known limitations for plasmid assembly, various studies have attempted to overcome this with the use of reference-based methods. We also demonstrate that as a consequence of the genetic mobility observed herein, plasmid structures can be extremely dynamic, and therefore these reference-based methods, as well as traditional partial typing methods, can produce very misleading conclusions. Overall, our findings demonstrate that non-clonal resistance gene dissemination can be extremely rapid, presenting significant challenges for public health surveillance and achieving effective control of antibiotic resistance.ImportanceIncreasing antibiotic resistance is a major threat to human health, as highlighted by the recent emergence of multi-drug resistant “superbugs”. Here, we tracked how one important multi-drug resistance gene spread in a single hospital over five years. This revealed high levels of resistance gene mobility to multiple bacterial species, which was facilitated by various different genetic mechanisms. The mobility occurred at multiple nested genetic levels, analogous to a Russian doll set where smaller dolls may be carried along inside larger dolls. Our results challenge traditional views that drug-resistance outbreaks are due to transmission of a single pathogenic strain. Instead, outbreaks can be “gene-based”, and we must therefore focus on tracking specific resistance genes and their context rather than only specific bacteria.

scholarly journals Wild Animals Are Reservoirs and Sentinels of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA Clones: A Problem with “One Health” Concern

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1556
Author(s):  
Idris Nasir Abdullahi ◽  
Rosa Fernández-Fernández ◽  
Guillermo Juárez-Fernández ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Álvarez ◽  
Paula Eguizábal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
One Health ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Spa Types

Background: The availability of comprehensive data on the ecology and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus/MRSA in wild animals is necessary to understand their relevance in the “One Health” domain. Objective: In this study, we determined the pooled prevalence of nasal, tracheal and/or oral (NTO) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage in wild animals, with a special focus on mecA and mecC genes as well as the frequency of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) of the lineages CC398 and CC130 in wild animals. Methodology: This systematic review was executed on cross-sectional studies that reported S. aureus and MRSA in the NTO cavities of wild animals distributed in four groups: non-human primates (NHP), wild mammals (WM, excluding rodents and NHP), wild birds (WB) and wild rodents (WR). Appropriate and eligible articles published (in English) between 1 January 2011 to 30 August 2021 were searched for from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciElo and Web of Science. Results: Of the 33 eligible and analysed studies, the pooled prevalence of NTO S. aureus and MRSA carriage was 18.5% (range: 0–100%) and 2.1% (range: 0.0–63.9%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in WM, NHP, WB and WR groups was 15.8/1.6, 32.9/2.0, 10.3/3.4 and 24.2/3.4%, respectively. The prevalence of mecC-MRSA among WM/NHP/WB/WR was 1.64/0.0/2.1/0.59%, respectively, representing 89.9/0.0/59.1/25.0% of total MRSA detected in these groups of animals.The MRSA-CC398 and MRSA-CC130 lineages were most prevalent in wild birds (0.64 and 2.07%, respectively); none of these lineages were reported in NHP studies. The MRSA-CC398 (mainly of spa-type t011, 53%), MRSA-CC130 (mainly of spa types t843 and t1535, 73%), MSSA-CC398 (spa-types t571, t1451, t6606 and t034) and MSSA-CC130 (spa types t843, t1535, t3625 and t3256) lineages were mostly reported. Conclusion: Although the global prevalence of MRSA is low in wild animals, mecC-mediated resistance was particularly prevalent among MRSA isolates, especially among WM and WB. Considering the genetic diversity of MRSA in wild animals, they need to be monitored for effective control of the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Ultrasensitive haptoglobin biomarker detection based on amplified chemiluminescence of magnetite nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Narsingh R. Nirala ◽  
Yifat Harel ◽  
Jean-Paul Lellouche ◽  
Giorgi Shtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Magnetite Nanoparticles ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Cell Counts

Abstract Background Haptoglobin is an acute-phase protein used as predicting diagnostic biomarker both in humans (i.e., diabetes, ovarian cancer, some neurological and cardiovascular disorders) and in animals (e.g., bovine mastitis). The latter is a frequent disease of dairy industry with staggering economical losses upon decreased milk production and increased health care costs. Early stage diagnosis of the associated diseases or inflammation onset is almost impossible by conventional analytical manners. Results The present study demonstrates a simple, rapid, and cost-effective label-free chemiluminescence bioassay based on magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) for sensitive detection of haptoglobin by employing the specific interaction of hemoglobin-modified MNPs. The resulting haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex inhibits the peroxidase-like activity of luminol/H2O2-hemoglobin-MNPs sensing scheme and reduces the chemiluminescence intensities correspondingly to the innate haptoglobin concentrations. Quantitative detection of bovine haptoglobin was obtained within the range of 1 pg mL−1 to 1 µg mL−1, while presenting 0.89 pg mL−1 limit of detection. Moreover, the influence of causative pathogenic bacteria (i.e., Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Escherichia coli) and somatic cell counts (depicting healthy, sub-clinical and clinical mastitis) on the emitted chemiluminescence radiation were established. The presented bioassay quantitative performances correspond with a standardized assay kit in differentiating dissimilar milk qualities. Conclusions Overall, the main advantage of the presented sensing concept is the ability to detect haptoglobin, at clinically relevant concentrations within real milk samples for early bio-diagnostic detection of mastitis and hence adjusting the precise treatment, potentially initiating a positive influence on animals’ individual health and hence on dairy farms economy.

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