scholarly journals The Slow Discovery of the Importance of ω3 Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health

1998 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 427S-433S ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph T. Holman
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Giovanna Trinchese ◽  
Fabiano Cimmino ◽  
Eduardo Penna ◽  
Gina Cavaliere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) in Human Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (07) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Krayyem Arbex ◽  
Vagner Rosa Bizarro ◽  
Julio Cesar Salles Santos ◽  
Lis Marina Mesquita Araújo ◽  
Ana Luísa Conceição de Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Enhancing Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content of Dairy-Derived Foods for Human Consumption

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Nguyen ◽  
Bunmi Malau-Aduli ◽  
John Cavalieri ◽  
Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli ◽  
Peter Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Long Chain

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are termed essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized de novo by humans due to the lack of delta-12 and delta-15 desaturase enzymes and must therefore be acquired from the diet. n-3 PUFA include α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), and the less recognized docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3). The three long-chain (≥C20) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), EPA, DHA, and DPA play an important role in human health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Up to the present time, seafood, and in particular, fish oil-derived products, have been the richest sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. The human diet generally contains insufficient amounts of these essential FA due largely to the low consumption of seafood. This issue provides opportunities to enrich the content of n-3 PUFA in other common food groups. Milk and milk products have traditionally been a major component of human diets, but are also among some of the poorest sources of n-3 PUFA. Consideration of the high consumption of milk and its processed products worldwide and the human health benefits has led to a large number of studies targeting the enhancement of n-3 PUFA content in dairy products. The main objective of this review was to evaluate the major strategies that have been employed to enhance n-3 PUFA content in dairy products and to unravel potential knowledge gaps for further research on this topic. Nutritional manipulation to date has been the main approach for altering milk fatty acids (FA) in ruminants. However, the main challenge is ruminal biohydrogenation in which dietary PUFA are hydrogenated into monounsaturated FA and/or ultimately, saturated FA, due to rumen microbial activities. The inclusion of oil seed and vegetable oil in dairy animal diets significantly elevates ALA content, while the addition of rumen-protected marine-derived supplements is the most effective way to increase the concentration of EPA, DHA, and DPA in dairy products. In our view, the mechanisms of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway from ALA and the biohydrogenation of individual n-3 LC-PUFA in ruminants need to be better elucidated. Identified knowledge gaps regarding the activities of candidate genes regulating the concentrations of n-3 PUFA and the responses of ruminants to specific lipid supplementation regimes are also critical to a greater understanding of nutrition-genetics interactions driving lipid metabolism.

scholarly journals Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a Source of Essential Fatty Acids – A Biofortification Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amod Madurapperumage ◽  
Leung Tang ◽  
Pushparajah Thavarajah ◽  
William Bridges ◽  
Emerson Shipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Cicer Arietinum ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Plant Lipids ◽  
Improvement Programs

Chickpea is a highly nutritious pulse crop with low digestible carbohydrates (40–60%), protein (15–22%), essential fats (4–8%), and a range of minerals and vitamins. The fatty acid composition of the seed adds value because fats govern the texture, shelf-life, flavor, aroma, and nutritional composition of chickpea-based food products. Therefore, the biofortification of essential fatty acids has become a nutritional breeding target for chickpea crop improvement programs worldwide. This paper examines global chickpea production, focusing on plant lipids, their functions, and their benefits to human health. In addition, this paper also reviews the chemical analysis of essential fatty acids and possible breeding targets to enrich essential fatty acids in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) biofortification. Biofortification of chickpea for essential fatty acids within safe levels will improve human health and support food processing to retain the quality and flavor of chickpea-based food products. Essential fatty acid biofortification is possible by phenotyping diverse chickpea germplasm over suitable locations and years and identifying the candidate genes responsible for quantitative trait loci mapping using genome-wide association mapping.

Dietary manipulation to increase conjugated linoleic acids and other desirable fatty acids in beef: A review

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Mir ◽  
M. Ivan ◽  
M. L. He ◽  
B. Pink ◽  
E. Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acids ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Total Fat

The diet is the source of many essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids for all mammals. These fatty acids either, as altered isomers or as other elongated products, have been found to provide unique advantages to human health. Currently two conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) isomers (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2; trans-10, cis-12 C18:2) and two elongated products of linolenic acid [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3)] have been recognized for their roles in maintaining human health. Consumers can obtain these functional fatty acids from beef if the feeding management of beef cattle can be altered to include precursor fatty acids. Diet, breed, and gender are important factors that affect total fat content and/or the fatty acid profile of beef with regard to CLA, EPA, and DHA. Diet provides the precursor fatty acids that are altered and deposited, and breed dictates, the amount of fat that is deposited. These fatty acids can be increased in beef by increasing the forage:concentrate ratio, inclusion of non-fermented forage, and supplementation with various oils or oil seeds. The CLA and vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) concentration in beef was increased by feeding sunflower oil or seeds, linseed, and soybean oil supplemented diets, while cattle fed linseed and fish oil supplemented diets had increased concentrations of EPA and DHA. Although the concentration of these fatty acids can be increased in beef, there is a need to further the understanding of the mechanism by which they exert positive affects on human health. Key words: Cattle, beef, fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid

The Role of Essential Fatty Acids in Human Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norris R. Glick ◽  
Milton H. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Vital Functions

Fatty acid research began about 90 years ago but intensified in recent years. Essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) must come from diet. Other fatty acids may come from diet or may be synthesized. Fatty acids are major components of cell membrane structure, modulate gene transcription, function as cytokine precursors, and serve as energy sources in complex, interconnected systems. It is increasingly apparent that dietary fatty acids influence these vital functions and affect human health. While the strongest evidence for influence is found in cardiovascular disease and mental health, many additional conditions are affected. Problematic changes in the fatty acid composition of human diet have also taken place over the last century. This review summarizes current understanding of the pervasive roles of essential fatty acids and their metabolites in human health.

Neonatal nutritional strategy of a viviparous elasmobranch with extremely low reproductive output

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Rangel ◽  
NE Hussey ◽  
Y Niella ◽  
LA Martinelli ◽  
AD Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Trophic Ecology ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Nutritional State ◽  
Disc Width ◽  
Biomarker Analysis

Throughout evolutionary history, elasmobranchs have developed diverse reproductive strategies. Little focused work, however, has addressed how neonatal nutritional state is affected by differing degrees of maternal investment associated with these markedly different reproductive strategies. To investigate the effect of maternal investment on the nutritional quality of pups during the early life history of an extremely viviparous elasmobranch, quantitative biomarker analysis including lipids, fatty acids and stable isotopes was conducted. Using the cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (histotrophic viviparous) as a model, we found that pups were initially born in a positive nutritional state, enriched in physiologically important essential fatty acids and nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C), a result of maternal intrauterine transfer. A systematic decrease in some fatty acids and δ15N values, as well as a decrease in cholesterol with growth, confirmed that these substrates were derived from maternal resources and used in initial metabolic processes following birth. An observed increase in condition factor, plasma essential fatty acids and triglyceride:cholesterol ratio with increasing body size identified a progression towards successful independent foraging with pups not displaying marked nutritional deficiency or fasting phases. Our multi-tracer approach allowed the identification of 2 size classes of young rays (<50 and <70 cm disc width) that displayed distinct physiological states. Since prenatal maternal investment is critical for offspring condition and to promote successful foraging post birth, understanding the trophic ecology and physiological state of pups during their first year is critical to guide management and conservation within nursery grounds.

USE OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1219-1225
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanovski ◽  
Toni Mitrovski ◽  
Viktorija Bezhovska
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Working Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

Food is not just a pleasure in life, it is also an important factor for our health. Human nutrition is a mixture of nutrients, which are the only source of energy needed for survival. Energy-poor diet endangers many life functions, and above all the working ability. In the world, the meaning of the diet is very serious, and hence the demands for a –rational, healthy and safe diet are growing. Human nutrition contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be ingested in everyday diet because the body does not produce it. They are very important for human health. They are present in each cell of the human body and are an important factor for the normal growth, development and functioning of cells, muscles, nerves and organs. They are also used in the production of certain hormones - such as prostaglandins, which are crucial for the performance of certain important processes. The deficit from EFAs is due to a number of health problems, including more serious diseases.

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