Exclusive Breast-Feeding for 6 Months, with Iron Supplementation, Maintains Adequate Micronutrient Status among Term, Low-Birthweight, Breast-Fed Infants in Honduras

Objective To study the duration and factors influencing exclusive breast feeding practice. Design: A cross sectional descriptive study Setting: A primary care hospital Gilgit, northern area of Pakistan. Period: Ten months from March 2007 to December 2007. Material & Method This study include 125 mothers with mean age of 24.3 years (SD 4.8),37% were illiterate while only 14% were matriculate or above among 125 babies (male 61%: female 39%). Results Out of total 125, eighty one (64.8%) babies were exclusively breast fed (EBF) for first six months of life and only five(4%) infants were not given breast milk at all . among 76 male infants ,52 (68.4%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 29 female (59.2%) out of 49. among 36 first born infants only 15 (41.7%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 66 (74.2%)out of 89 not first born(p<0.05). Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding for complete 6 months is still not routinely practised by most of mothers and first born are deprived of this right in majority lower socioeconomic group and illiterate mothers are more likelyto breast feed, gender bias was also observed as a significantly high percentage of male babies were observed to be breast fed as compared to females. More efforts are required by health depart. And NGO’s to promote good breast feeding practices in our setup.

Download Full-text

Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518000351 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (9) ◽

pp. 1012-1018 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pantea Nazeri ◽

Hosein Dalili ◽

Yadollah Mehrabi ◽

Mehdi Hedayati ◽

Parvin Mirmiran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Urinary Iodine ◽

Iodine Concentration ◽

Formula Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Feeding Group ◽

Feeding Type ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Iodine Sufficiency

AbstractDespite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50–184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76–285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42–145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68–290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44–159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants’ or mother’s urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

Download Full-text

Current breastfeeding practices in Bulgaria

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665120002906 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽

Author(s):

Lalka Rangelova ◽

Vesselka Duleva

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Total Duration ◽

Medical Documentation ◽

Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

National Monitoring ◽

Healthy Nutrition ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

Breast Fed

AbstractThe results obtained by the national monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Bulgarian infants, conducted during the last ten years, show some negative characteristics and trends associated with risk of chronic non-communicable diseases and micronutrient deficiencies later in life. The data on nutrition in infants were collected through active interviews with the mothers and information from the medical documentation of their GPs during the surveys in 2007 and 2014. Wrong practices of infant feeding and serious problems in their nutritional status, such as short duration of breastfeeding, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, early and inadequate complementary feeding, high prevalence of stunting, underweight and anaemia among infants, especially in minorities, were identified. Results obtained during the survey in 2007 were: the rate of children breast-fed in the first days after their births were 90.7%. Only 1.8% was breast-fed during their first hour according to WHO and UNICEF recommendations; 12.5% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. Data were compared with the results obtained for children at the same age from national surveys conducted in 2014, as the rate of infants who were breast-fed in the first days after their births was 86.3%; 9.9% were breast-fed during their first hour and 21.7% of the infants were at exclusive breast-feeding. The total duration of breast-feeding was short according to both surveys. The rate of breast-fed infants in the first days after birth is high in many European countries, however, the breast-feeding practices in Bulgaria do not comply with the international recommendations. The exclusive breast-feeding has a low prevalence rate. The breast-feeding period is very short. It is necessary to develop the national recommendations for healthy nutrition of infants that will concern all these problems and will aim to improve knowledge of the mothers regarding the best practices of healthy nutrition of their infants.

Download Full-text

Determinants of Growth From Birth to 12 Months Among Breast-Fed Honduran Infants in Relation to Age of Introduction of Complementary Foods

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.96.3.504 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 504-510

Author(s):

Roberta J. Cohen ◽

Kenneth H. Brown ◽

Judy Canahuati ◽

Leonardo Landa Rivera ◽

Kathryn G. Dewey

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Multiple Regression ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

First Year ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

The Us ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Breast Fed

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of introducing complementary foods to exclusively breast-fed infants at 4 vs 6 months on growth from 6 to 12 months, and to compare growth patterns of Honduran infants with those of breast-fed infants in the United States. Design. Randomized intervention trial from 4 to 6 months and longitudinal study of infants from birth to 12 months. Setting. Low-income communities in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Subjects. Primiparous, breast-feeding mothers and their infants (n = 141) recruited from public maternity hospitals. Intervention. Infants were randomly assigned to exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months, or exclusive breast-feeding with addition of hygienically prepared, nutritionally adequate complementary foods at 4 months, with or without maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency. After 6 months, mothers continued to breast-feed and also fed their infants home-prepared foods after receiving instruction in appropriate feeding practices. Outcome Measures. Infant weight was measured monthly during the first year of life and infant length monthly from 4 to 12 months. Statistical Analysis. Growth parameters were compared between the Honduran and US cohorts using multiple-regression and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify determinants of infant growth. Results. There were no differences in growth patterns by intervention group. Mean birth weight of the Honduran infants was significantly less than that of a cohort of breast-fed infants in an affluent US population (n = 46) (2889 ± 482 vs 3611 ± 509 g), but the Honduran infants exhibited rapid catch up in weight in the first few months of life, and the cohorts were similar in weight by 3 months. Mean weight and length gain were similar to those of the US cohort from 4 to 9 months but were lower from 9 to 12 months. Mean length for age was significantly less than that of the US cohort from 4 to 12 months; this was attributable to the difference in maternal height (12 cm shorter in Honduras on average). Within the Honduran cohort, growth velocity of low birth weight infants (<2500 g; n = 28) was similar to that of their normal birth weight peers; thus, the former subgroup remained smaller than the latter throughout the first year of life. Conclusions. In poor populations, when breast-feeding is exclusive for the first 4 to 6 months, continues from 6 to 12 months, and is accompanied by generally adequate complementary foods, faltering in weight does not occur before 9 months among infants born with birth weights of more than 2500 g.

Download Full-text

Exclusive Breast-Feeding for at Least 4 Months Protects Against Otitis Media

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.91.5.867 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 91 (5) ◽

pp. 867-872 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Burris Duncan ◽

John Ey ◽

Catharine J. Holberg ◽

Anne L. Wright ◽

Fernando D. Martinez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Health Maintenance Organization ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

First Year ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Recurrent Otitis Media

Objective. This study was designed to assess the relation of exclusive breast-feeding, independent of recognized risk factors, to acute and recurrent otitis media in the first 12 months of life. Methods. Records of 1220 infants who used a health maintenance organization and who were followed during their first year of life as part of the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study were reviewed. Detailed prospective information about the duration and exclusiveness of breast-feeding was obtained, as was information relative to potential risk factors (socioeconomic status, gender, number of siblings, use of day care, maternal smoking, and family history of allergy). Acute otitis media and recurrent otitis media, defined as three or more episodes of acute otitis media in a 6-month period or four episodes in 12 months, were the outcome variables. Results. Of the 1013 infants followed for their entire first year, 476 (47%) had at least one episode of otitis and 169 (17%) had recurrent otitis media. Infants exclusively breast-fed for 4 or more months had half the mean number of acute otitis media episodes as did those not breast-fed at all and 40% less than those infants whose diets were supplemented with other foods prior to 4 months. The recurrent otitis media rate in infants exclusively breast-fed for 6 months or more was 10% and was 20.5% in those infants who breast-fed for less than 4 months. This protection was independent of the risk factors considered. Conclusion. These findings suggest that exclusive breast-feeding of 4 or more months protected infants from single and recurrent episodes of otitis media.

Download Full-text

Breast-Feeding and the Risk of Life-Threatening Rotavirus Diarrhea: Prevention or Postponement?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.92.5.680 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 92 (5) ◽

pp. 680-685

Author(s):

J. Clemens ◽

M. Rao ◽

F. Ahmed ◽

R. Ward ◽

S. Huda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Cast Doubt ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Second Year ◽

Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽

The Relationship ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Control Study

Purpose. To assess the relationship between breast-feeding and the risk of life-threatening rotavirus diarrhea among Bangladeshi infants and children younger than 24 months of age. Design. Case-control study. Setting. A rural Bangladesh community. Participants. One hundred two cases with clinically severe rotavirus diarrhea detected in a treatment centerbased surveillance system during 1985 and 1986, and 2587 controls selected in three surveys of the same community during the same calendar interval. Outcomes. Cases and controls were compared for the frequency of antecedent breast-feeding patterns. Results. Compared with other feeding modes, exclusive breast-feeding of infants was associated with significant protection against severe rotavirus diarrhea (relative risk (RR) = 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03,0.34). However, during the second year of life, the risk of this outcome was higher in breast-fed than in non-breast-fed children (RR = 2.85; 95% CI = 0.37,21.71), and no overall protection was associated with breast-feeding during the first 2 years of life (RR = 2.61; 95% CI = 0.62,11.02). Conclusions. Although exclusive breast-feeding appeared to protect infants against severe rotavirus diarrhea, breast-feeding per se conferred no overall protection during the first 2 years of life, suggesting that breast-feeding temporarily postponed rather than prevented this outcome. While not detracting from efforts to promote breast-feeding to alleviate the burden of diarrhea due to nonrotaviral enteropathogens, our findings cast doubt on whether such efforts will impact on the problem of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

Download Full-text

Energy intake from human milk covers the requirement of 6-month-old Senegalese exclusively breast-fed infants

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114513001074 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 110 (10) ◽

pp. 1849-1855 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anta Agne-Djigo ◽

Komlan M. Kwadjode ◽

Nicole Idohou-Dossou ◽

Adama Diouf ◽

Amadou T. Guiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Best Practice ◽

Energy Content ◽

Milk Intake ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Comprehensive Study

Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months is advised by the WHO as the best practice to feed infants. Yet, some studies have suggested a gap between energy requirements and the energy provided by human milk for many infants at 6 months. In order to assess the adequacy of WHO recommendations in 6-month-old Senegalese lactating infants, a comprehensive study was designed to measure human milk intake by the dose-to-the mother 2H2O turnover method. Infants' energy intakes were calculated using daily breast milk intake and the energy content of milk was estimated on the basis of creamatocrit. Of the fifty-nine mother–infant pairs enrolled, fifteen infants were exclusively breast-fed (Ex) while forty-four were partially breast-fed (Part). Infants' breast milk intake was significantly higher in the Ex group (993 (sd 135) g/d, n 15) compared with the Part group (828 (sd 222) g/d, n 44, P= 0·009). Breast milk energy content as well as infants' growth was comparable in both groups. However, infants' energy intake from human milk was significantly higher (364 (sd 50) kJ/kg per d (2586 (sd 448) kJ/d)) in the Ex group than in the Part group (289 (sd 66) kJ/kg per d (2150 (sd 552) kJ/d), P< 0·01). Compared with WHO recommendations, the results demonstrate that energy intake from breast milk was low in partially breast-fed infants while exclusively breast-fed 6-month-old Senegalese infants received adequate energy from human milk alone, the most complete food for infants. Therefore, advocacy of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months should be strengthened.

Download Full-text

Breast-feeding Reduces Incidence of Hospital Admissions for Infection in Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.65.6.1121 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 65 (6) ◽

pp. 1121-1124

Author(s):

Mary E. Fallot ◽

John L. Boyd ◽

Frank A. Oski

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Feeding Patterns ◽

Expected Frequency ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

One Year ◽

Breast Fed

The prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding among infants 0 to 3 months of age in a community was contrasted with the prevalence of breast-feeding among infants hospitalized for the presence of presumed or established infections. During a one-year period, 136 infants, 0 to 3 months of age, were admitted to the hospital. Among the hospitalized group, only 11.0% were being exclusively breast-fed as contrasted with an expected frequency of 25.2% based on community feeding patterns. No bacterial infections were documented among the breast-fed group while 27 bacterial infections were documented among 121 non-breast-fed infants. This survey indicates that exclusively breast-feeding during the first three months of life significantly reduces the incidence of infections that ultimately require hospitalization of infants.

Download Full-text

Exclusive Breast Feeding Practice: A Time Point Study on Mothers of Under-six Months Child

Journal of Medical Science & Research ◽

10.47648/jmsr.2012.v1902.04 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (Number 2) ◽

pp. 18-25

Author(s):

Md. S Anwar ◽

A Mazid

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Print Media ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Common Source ◽

Feeding Practice ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Time Point

Exclusive beeasdeeding up to tlw completion of the sixth month of age is the national infant keding recommendation for Bangladesh. Across-sectional study was conducted in the Holy Family Red Crescent Medical Hospital. Dhaka to explore current knowledge, attitudes. skills and practices regarding optimistic exclusive breastkeding among the mothers of under 6 months child. Overall 56% of children are breastfed within one hour of birth. Although about 86% of the respmulents knew the importance of breastfeeding and different electronic and print media played as most common source (33%) of information. Only 17% of the respondent among whom practicing breasifeeding for their babies gave breast milk 4-6 times in 24 hours. Majority of the newborn babies (71%) were given breast milk as first keeling. Insufficiency of breast milk and tradition were identified as tiro factors that influenced to initiaw pre-lacteal feeding. In most cases. mother-in-laws (50%) initiated the feeding followed by their own parents 135%1 Different .forms of feeding practices beyond breast milk reported in the present study. More than half (56%) Of the respondent knew the accurate fulmination about durat urn of breast feeding whereas only 28% of the respondent who often breast fed to their babies had skill on correct attachment of breast feeding and 117( of the respondent had the skills on good positioning of breastfi•eding. Exclusive breastfreding up to six tumults is still low and the prevalence of inappropriate practices is high and skill regarding positioning and attachment are very poor.

Download Full-text

Infant weight gain, duration of exclusive breast-feeding and childhood BMI – two similar follow-up cohorts

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980009005874 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 201-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir ◽

Lene Schack-Nielsen ◽

Kim Fleischer Michaelsen ◽

Thorkild IA Sørensen ◽

Inga Thorsdottir

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Long Duration ◽

Growth And Nutrition ◽

Infancy And Childhood ◽

Infant Weight Gain ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the association between duration of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF), weight gain in infancy and childhood BMI in two populations with a long duration of EBF.DesignCohort study with follow-up in childhood. Breast-feeding status was reported monthly during infancy. Weight and length were measured at birth, 2, 6 and 12 months of age, as well as in childhood at 6 or 10 years of age.SettingIceland and Denmark.SubjectsRandomly selected healthy newborns from Denmark (n 85) and Iceland (n 100).ResultsInfants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months gained 348 (95% CI 69, 626) g more weight from 2 to 6 months than infants exclusively breast-fed for 3–4 months (P = 0·009). Weight gain from 6 to 12 months was found to be greater among infants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months compared with those exclusively breast-fed for ≥5 months (P = 0·008). A greater weight change, in terms of Z-score, between the ages of 2 and 6 months was associated with higher Z-score of childhood BMI, adjusted for birth weight, country and duration of EBF (B = 0·49, se = 0·11, P < 0·001, adj. R2 = 0·15). However, the association was much stronger in the Icelandic cohort than the Danish one.ConclusionsAlthough duration of EBF was not associated with childhood BMI in the present study it may modulate growth rate in infancy, which is related to childhood BMI. However, other factors determinative for infant growth also need to be considered when assessing the relationship of early growth and nutrition to childhood overweight, as traditions in complementary food might differ between populations.

Download Full-text