Cognitive Enhancement in Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Tousi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Cognitive Enhancement ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Frontal Lobe Dementia ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alzheimer's Dementias

Cognitive enhancement in non-Alzheimer’s dementias has not been studied as extensively as that in Alzheimer’s dementia. This chapter reviews the research on cognitive enhancement for three types of dementia: vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontal lobe dementia. The chapter reviews both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches for treatment of dementia. The focus is on randomized controlled trials for currently available medications, specifically cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine. Major advances in physical and cognitive rehabilitation during the past decade have inspired clinicians and researchers to explore the role of potential cognitive enhancers in different types of dementias. This chapter also examines the effects of therapeutic interventions such as exercise, physical rehabilitation, cognitive rehabilitation, and electrical stimulation of the brain on cognition in non-Alzheimer’s dementias.

scholarly journals Quality of Life in Patients with Dementia with Lewy Bodies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuo-Yu Lee ◽  
Shih-Jung Cheng ◽  
Hui-Chi Lin ◽  
Yu-Lu Liao ◽  
Pei-Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Specific Instrument ◽  
Pubmed Database

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a complex, multisymptom disorder. When making decisions regarding the treatment of DLB, the patient’s quality of life (QoL) should always be the main consideration. To our knowledge, this is the first review article focusing on the QoL in DLB patients. We searched the PubMed database using the keywords “quality of life” and “dementia with Lewy bodies.” Previously, no specific instrument had been developed for assessing the QoL in DLB patients. Patients with DLB have a decreased QoL compared to patients with Alzheimer’s disease, which is reportedly caused by several factors including level of independence in instrumental activities of daily living, whether the patient is living with the caregiver, apathy, delusion, and dysautonomia. The direct effect of visual hallucination, sleep, and movement disorders on the QoL in DLB patients has not been previously studied. The role of cognitive function on the QoL is still controversial. In a randomized controlled study, memantine may improve the QoL in PDD or DLB patients. We concluded that it is important to develop a specific instrument to assess the QoL in DLB patients. Furthermore, there is an urgent need for large clinical trials to identify factors associated with the QoL and how they can be managed.

scholarly journals The Role of Sumoylation in the Response to Hypoxia: An Overview

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysa Filippopoulou ◽  
George Simos ◽  
Georgia Chachami
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Covalent Attachment ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
Molecular Therapeutic ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
The Way

Sumoylation is the covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) to a vast variety of proteins in order to modulate their function. Sumoylation has emerged as an important modification with a regulatory role in the cellular response to different types of stress including osmotic, hypoxic and oxidative stress. Hypoxia can occur under physiological or pathological conditions, such as ischemia and cancer, as a result of an oxygen imbalance caused by low supply and/or increased consumption. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), and the proteins that regulate their fate, are critical molecular mediators of the response to hypoxia and modulate procedures such as glucose and lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, erythropoiesis and, in the case of cancer, tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we provide an overview of the sumoylation-dependent mechanisms that are activated under hypoxia and the way they influence key players of the hypoxic response pathway. As hypoxia is a hallmark of many diseases, understanding the interrelated connections between the SUMO and the hypoxic signaling pathways can open the way for future molecular therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Neural Underpinnings of Obesity: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Caitlyn A. Mullins ◽  
Ritchel B. Gannaban ◽  
Md Shahjalal Khan ◽  
Harsh Shah ◽  
Md Abu B. Siddik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Obesity prevalence is increasing at an unprecedented rate throughout the world, and is a strong risk factor for metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological/neurodegenerative disorders. While low-grade systemic inflammation triggered primarily by adipose tissue dysfunction is closely linked to obesity, inflammation is also observed in the brain or the central nervous system (CNS). Considering that the hypothalamus, a classical homeostatic center, and other higher cortical areas (e.g. prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, hippocampus, etc.) also actively participate in regulating energy homeostasis by engaging in inhibitory control, reward calculation, and memory retrieval, understanding the role of CNS oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity and their underlying mechanisms would greatly help develop novel therapeutic interventions to correct obesity and related comorbidities. Here we review accumulating evidence for the association between ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the main culprits responsible for oxidative stress and inflammation in various brain regions, and energy imbalance that leads to the development of obesity. Potential beneficial effects of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds on CNS health and obesity are also discussed.

scholarly journals Electro-acupuncture Alleviates METH Withdrawal-induced Spatial Memory Deficits by Restoring Astrocyte-drived Glutamate Uptake in dCA1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengbo Shi ◽  
Zhaosu Li ◽  
Xing Xu ◽  
Jiaxun Nie ◽  
Dekang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Glutamate Uptake ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Memory Deficits ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTMethamphetamine (METH) is frequently abused drug and produces cognitive deficits. METH could induce hyper-glutamatergic state in the brain, which could partially explain METH-related cognitive deficits, but the synaptic etiology remains incompletely understood. To address this issue, we explored the role of dCA1 tripartite synapses and the potential therapeutic effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) in the development of METH withdrawal-induced spatial memory deficits in mice. We found that METH withdrawal weakened astrocytic capacity of glutamate (Glu) uptake, but failed to change Glu release from dCA3, which lead to hyper-glutamatergic excitotoxicity at dCA1 tripartite synapses. By restoring the astrocytic capacity of Glu uptake, EA treatments suppressed the hyper-glutamatergic state and normalized the excitability of postsynaptic neuron in dCA1, finally alleviated spatial memory deficits in METH withdrawal mice. These findings indicate that astrocyte at tripartite synapses might be a key target for developing therapeutic interventions against METH-associated cognitive disorders, and EA represent a promising non-invasive therapeutic strategy for the management of drugs-caused neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Enhanced Transport Capabilities via Nanotechnologies: Impacting Bioefficacy, Controlled Release Strategies, and Novel Chaperones

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomai Panagiotou ◽  
Robert J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Process Analytical Technology ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Process Intensification ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Continuous Manufacturing ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Analytical Technology ◽  
The Brain

Emerging nanotechnologies have, and will continue to have, a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Their influence on a drug's life cycle, inception to delivery, is rapidly expanding. As the industry moves more aggressively toward continuous manufacturing modes, utilizing Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Process Intensification (PI) concepts, the critical role of transport phenomena becomes elucidated. The ability to transfer energy, mass, and momentum with directed purposeful outcomes is a worthwhile endeavor in establishing higher production rates more economically. Furthermore, the ability to obtain desired drug properties, such as size, habit, and morphology, through novel manufacturing strategies permits unique formulation control for optimum delivery methodologies. Bottom-up processing to obtain nano-sized crystals is an excellent example. Formulation and delivery are intimately coupled in improving bio-efficacy at reduced loading and/or better controlled release capabilities, minimizing side affects and providing improved therapeutic interventions. Innovative nanotechnology applications, such as simultaneous targeting, imaging and delivery to tumors, are now possible through use of novel chaperones. Other examples include nanoparticles attachment to T-cells, release from novel hydrogel implants, and functionalized encapsulants. Difficult tasks such as drug delivery to the brain via the blood brain barrier and/or the cerebrospinal fluid are now easier to accomplish.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Multi-Targeted Role of Nutraceuticals: A Complementary Therapy to Starve Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4045
Author(s):  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Gagandeep Kaur ◽  
Aayush Sehgal ◽  
Sukhbir Singh ◽  
Saurabh Bhatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Complementary Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Homeostasis ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
The Brain

The mechanisms underlying multifactorial diseases are always complex and challenging. Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are common around the globe, posing a critical healthcare issue and financial burden to the country. However, integrative evidence implies some common shared mechanisms and pathways in NDs, which include mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, intracellular calcium overload, protein aggregates, oxidative stress (OS), and neuronal destruction in specific regions of the brain, owing to multifaceted pathologies. The co-existence of these multiple pathways often limits the advantages of available therapies. The nutraceutical-based approach has opened the doors to target these common multifaceted pathways in a slow and more physiological manner to starve the NDs. Peer-reviewed articles were searched via MEDLINE and PubMed published to date for in-depth research and database collection. Considered to be complementary therapy with current clinical management and common drug therapy, the intake of nutraceuticals is considered safe to target multiple mechanisms of action in NDs. The current review summarizes the popular nutraceuticals showing different effects (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuro-protectant, mitochondrial homeostasis, neurogenesis promotion, and autophagy regulation) on vital molecular mechanisms involved in NDs, which can be considered as complementary therapy to first-line treatment. Moreover, owing to its natural source, lower toxicity, therapeutic interventions, biocompatibility, potential nutritional effects, and presence of various anti-oxidative and neuroprotective constituents, the nutraceuticals serve as an attractive option to tackle NDs.

scholarly journals Role of Descending Dopaminergic Pathways in Pain Modulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 1176-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsheng Li ◽  
Sufang Liu ◽  
Xihua Lu ◽  
Feng Tao
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Central Regulation ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dopaminergic Pathways ◽  
The Brain

Pain, especially when chronic, is a common reason patients seek medical care and it affects the quality of life and well-being of the patients. Unfortunately, currently available therapies for chronic pain are often inadequate because the neurobiological basis of such pain is still not fully understood. Although dopamine has been known as a neurotransmitter to mediate reward and motivation, accumulating evidence has shown that dopamine systems in the brain are also involved in the central regulation of chronic pain. Most importantly, descending dopaminergic pathways play an important role in pain modulation. In this review, we discuss dopamine receptors, dopaminergic systems in the brain, and the role of descending dopaminergic pathways in the modulation of different types of pain.

Music Cognition in Frontotemporal Dementia and Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-102
Author(s):  
Rohani Omar
Keyword(s):  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Alzheimer’S Dementia ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Alzheimer's Dementia ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alzheimer's Dementias

This chapter examines how music knowledge is affected in non-Alzheimer’s dementias, with a focus on frontotemporal dementia syndromes. It discusses the clinical and neurobiological rationale for studying music knowledge in non-Alzheimer’s dementia. It describes some of the ways in which music knowledge has been investigated in these patients, what musical abilities are lost or preserved in non-Alzheimer’s dementia, and how this information helps us improve our knowledge of how the brain processes music. The social role of music in evolution is briefly discussed. The chapter examines how emotions generated by and recognized in music are processed differently in frontotemporal dementia compared to healthy individuals and Alzheimer’s disease patients, including the phenomenon of musicophilia, the abnormally enhanced craving for music. Finally it explains how the differences in emotion processing between dementia diseases highlight the need for some selectivity in designing music-based therapies.

scholarly journals The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Juárez Olguín ◽  
David Calderón Guzmán ◽  
Ernestina Hernández García ◽  
Gerardo Barragán Mejía
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Dopamine System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus of the brain. Dysfunction of the dopamine system has been implicated in different nervous system diseases. The level of dopamine transmission increases in response to any type of reward and by a large number of strongly additive drugs. The role of dopamine dysfunction as a consequence of oxidative stress is involved in health and disease. Introduce new potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions based on antioxidant compounds. The present review focuses on the therapeutic potential of antioxidant compounds as a coadjuvant treatment to conventional neurological disorders is discussed.

scholarly journals ROLE OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN AMENDING THE CHEMICAL DISPARITY OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mugdha Agarwal ◽  
Shriya Agarwal ◽  
Vinayak Agarwal ◽  
Rachana . ◽  
Manisha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Psychosomatic Disorders ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain

This review summarizes the most common types of psychosomatic disorders including various types of depression based on their evolution, causes, symptoms and severity. The cellular and molecular mechanism behind the same in the areas of the brain, which are most susceptible to damage, both structurally and functionally (amygdala, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus) were keenly looked in to. Further, the therapeutic intervention through antidepressants was also been explored along with its three major categories in which they have been divided, their types, properties and mechanism of actions, especially towards the regulation of neurotransmitters in the brain has been highlighted. The behaviour of neurotransmitters in the presence of particular antidepressants is of grave importance in order to design an effective antidepressant drug, which could beat currently ineffective ones in the market and their potential forms have been studied and described. This review also provides an insight about the different approaches used for diagnosis using different types of biomarkers.

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