Conjoint Co-constituting, Constituting Face, and Future Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 392-400
Author(s):  
Robert B. Arundale
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Everyday Talk

Communicating & Relating’s account departs from other accounts: it offers a new, empirically grounded model of human communicating in everyday talk and conduct, as the emergent processes that generate non-additive social systems, in which what is individual is enmeshed dialectically with what is social. These three departures provide the bases for a fourth departure: a new theory of human relating as persons constituting face as they engage social practices in connecting with and separating from one another in everyday interacting. Chapter 11 examines what is entirely new in Communicating & Relating, with no counterpart, what has been reframed, what has been avoided or eliminated, and what can be done and needs to be done in future research.

Deepfake videos: synthesis and detection techniques –a survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Shahela Saif ◽  
Samabia Tehseen
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Video Creation ◽  
The One

Deep learning has been used in computer vision to accomplish many tasks that were previously considered too complex or resource-intensive to be feasible. One remarkable application is the creation of deepfakes. Deepfake images change or manipulate a person’s face to give a different expression or identity by using generative models. Deepfakes applied to videos can change the facial expressions in a manner to associate a different speech with a person than the one originally given. Deepfake videos pose a serious threat to legal, political, and social systems as they can destroy the integrity of a person. Research solutions are being designed for the detection of such deepfake content to preserve privacy and combat fake news. This study details the existing deepfake video creation techniques and provides an overview of the deepfake datasets that are publicly available. More importantly, we provide an overview of the deepfake detection methods, along with a discussion on the issues, challenges, and future research directions. The study aims to present an all-inclusive overview of deepfakes by providing insights into the deepfake creation techniques and the latest detection methods, facilitating the development of a robust and effective deepfake detection solution.

Social Structure and Managerial Agency in India

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundeep Sahay ◽  
Geoff Walsham
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Technology Project ◽  
Information Technology Project ◽  
Managerial Agency ◽  
Sociological Approaches

In this paper, we argue the need to understand the relationship between mana gerial agency and social structure within a broad societal context. Managers are members of different social systems arising from both work and non-work related activities. These systems have various sets of rules and resources embedded within them which managers draw upon to create agency, which in turn can either reinforce or change social structure. Drawing upon sociological approaches to the study of human agency, we propose a framework to describe possible influences that social structure has on the shaping of managerial atti tudes in India. We then use this framework to provide the lens through which a specific Indian-government-initiated, information-technology project is ana lyzed. We see the approach that has been illustrated in this paper to have implications for management studies in three areas: the management of cross- cultural projects; management practice in India; and future research on man agement in organizations.

scholarly journals Socio-environmental extremes: rethinking extraordinary events as outcomes of interacting biophysical and social systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Balch ◽  
Virginia Iglesias ◽  
Anna Braswell ◽  
Matthew Rossi ◽  
Maxwell B Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Extremes ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Extreme droughts, heat waves, fires, hurricanes, floods, and landslides cause the largest losses in the United States, and globally, from natural hazards linked to weather and climate. There is evidence that the frequency of such extremes is increasing, particularly for heat waves, large fires, and intense precipitation, making better understanding of the probability and consequences of these events imperative. Further, these events are not isolated, but rather interact with each other, and with social and ecological vulnerability, to amplify impacts. Less is known about the nature and strength of these interactions. Natural and social science subfields frame extreme events with different definitions and analytical approaches, and most analyses neglect interactions and the subsequent novel extremes that can arise. Here we propose a framework for socio-environmental extremes, defined as extraordinary events that emerge from interactions among biophysical and social phenomena and have some degree of social impact. We review how different fields approach extremes as interacting phenomena and propose a synthetic framework for conceptualizing and defining extremes from both an environmental and social perspective. This approach recognizes multiple drivers and responses that yield extreme events and extreme outcomes, and reconciles the gap between understanding extremes as biophysical processes and their social underpinnings and impacts. We conclude with a future research agenda that adds clarity and direction to understanding the extreme events that matter to society. This agenda will help to identify where, when, and why communities may have high exposure and vulnerability to socio- environmental extremes—informing future mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Divergent Systems of Agonistic Behaviour in Lemurid Primates

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Pereira ◽  
Peter M. Kappeler
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Agonistic Interaction ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Dominance Relations ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Ringtailed Lemurs

AbstractTwo semifree-ranging groups of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and two co-ranging groups of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) were studied across a two-year period to characterise and contrast the adult agonistic behaviour these primates exhibit within groups. Temporal analyses of behavioural data distinguished agonistic from non-agonistic behaviour and aggressive from submissive behaviour. The ringtailed lemurs employed a diverse repertoire of behavioural elements to communicate agonistic intent. More than 50% of these elements were signals and nearly 50% of signals were submissive. The agonistic repertoire of the redfronted lemurs, by contrast, was relatively unelaborated: less than 40% of agonistic behaviour in this species comprised signals and less than 20% of signals were submissive. These structural differences underlay marked species differences in agonistic interaction and relationship. All pairs of ringtailed lemurs maintained dominance relations resembling those seen in many anthropoid primates: subordinates consistently signalled submissively to dominant partners, often in the absence of aggression. Dominance relations among members of each sex were seasonally unstable and not always transitive (hierarchical) during periods of stability, however. Redfronted lemurs, by contrast, did not maintain dominance relations, failing to respond agonistically to most aggression received (52% of interactions) and responding with aggression on many other occasions (12%). Even applying relaxed criteria, few adult redfronted dyads (14%) showed consistent asymmetries in agonistic relations and several never exhibited any asymmetry. Lacking dominance, E. f rufus relied heavily on alternate behavioural mechanisms to moderate social conflict as frequent and intense as that seen in study groups of ringtailed lemurs. These included a great inclination not to respond agonistically to aggression, a distinctive behavioural proposal to limit or terminate dyadic conflict (Look away), post-conflict reconciliation, and relatively frequent third-party aggression. The existence of such divergent systems of agonistic behaviour in partially sympatric, closely related and generally similar prosimian primates offers important opportunities for comparative study of the ecology, development, and evolution of mammalian social systems. Future research may reveal ecophysiological factors that promote the use of dominance behaviour among like-sexed ringtailed lemurs and show how the relative absence of dominance relates to other major elements of redfronted lemur biology, including 'special relationships' of variable duration between adult males and females.

Family businesses: fertile environments for conflict

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Großmann ◽  
Arist Von Schlippe
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Business Systems ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative study with a twofold focus: on highly escalated family business (FB) conflicts and on the interactions between conflicts and the failure of the company as FB. The authors devoted this paper to the question of how family-related conflicts are connected with the demise of FB. Conflicts constitute an essential part of every FB and may definitely have the power to superimpose the performance of the FB as well as the family life in a destructive way. Especially, highly escalated so called relationship conflicts can be seen as one reason for the failure of FB. Design/methodology/approach – The research aims at analysing the meaning of conflict in FB with respect to the failure of the FB. Therefore, the authors use an explorative case study approach. The study is based on a total of five case studies. As the authors use theory of social systems as a theoretical background, the authors focused in the analysis in all cases on patterns rather than on individual characteristics. Findings – As an essential part of the study the authors formulated eight hypotheses describing specific patterns of the conflict process as a communicative system. These hypotheses convey a comprehensible impression of the effects conflicts may have within FB and present a number of new facets of conflict dynamics and patterns of escalation in FB. Originality/value – In particular, the authors provide new insights into the dynamics of highly destructive forms of conflicts in FB and the relationship between family-related conflicts and the failure of FB. The authors also pave the way for future research that aim to develop a more holistic understanding about when and why the outcomes from family and business systems will conflict or be harmonious.

A Commons Perspective to Understanding the Development of Information Infrastructures

2012 ◽  
pp. 40-62
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Information Infrastructures ◽  
Institutional Analysis And Development

The critical review of the literature on information infrastructures has led to an identification of three key areas where future research needs to pay particular attention. These are: the multilevel context of infrastructural development, negotiations around that development, and intended and unintended outcomes emerging out of the implemented technologies. To understand the interdependencies between these three areas, this chapter explores research into other large-scale social systems (beyond information systems) to try to draw out some possible insights for information infrastructure research. In this effort, this chapter draws and adapts the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework–which was initially developed to study natural resource commons arrangements such as inshore fisheries, forests, irrigation systems, and pastures–while placing great emphasis on the complex problems and social dilemmas that often arise in the negotiations. The chapter concludes by highlighting the contribution of a commons perspective to understanding the development of information infrastructures.

Werken Met de 'Discursieve Actie Methode'

2007 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Joyce Lamerichs ◽  
Hedwig te Molder ◽  
Μ.Α. Koelen
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Discursive Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Everyday Talk ◽  
Interactional Features ◽  
Key Questions

This article describes a method that aims to stimulate adolescents to become critically aware of the social practices accomplished through talk. A key feature of the method is that adolescents are invited to analyse their own conversation materials to accomplish this goal. We will explain how central concepts in the analytical framework employed in discursive psychology are translated into an approach consisting of five stages. Each stage is accompanied by a number of key questions, which constitute the method's backbone. We refer to this approach as the Discursive Action Method. We want to show how this method stimulates youngsters to critically reflect on everyday talk while maintaining a safe position (as 'distant observers'). We stress the importance of inviting youngsters to examine specific interactional features of their talk themselves, as an important 'active ingredient' of this method.

scholarly journals Epigenomics and gene regulation in mammalian social systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania P Guerrero ◽  
Jörns Fickel ◽  
Sarah Benhaiem ◽  
Alexandra Weyrich
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
The Social

Abstract Social epigenomics is a new field of research that studies how the social environment shapes the epigenome and how in turn the epigenome modulates behavior. We focus on describing known gene–environment interactions (GEIs) and epigenetic mechanisms in different mammalian social systems. To illustrate how epigenetic mechanisms integrate GEIs, we highlight examples where epigenetic mechanisms are associated with social behaviors and with their maintenance through neuroendocrine, locomotor, and metabolic responses. We discuss future research trajectories and open questions for the emerging field of social epigenomics in nonmodel and naturally occurring social systems. Finally, we outline the technological advances that aid the study of epigenetic mechanisms in the establishment of GEIs and vice versa.

scholarly journals Insights into the evolution of social systems and species from baboon studies

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Fischer ◽  
James P Higham ◽  
Susan C Alberts ◽  
Louise Barrett ◽  
Jacinta C Beehner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Ecological Flexibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan

Baboons, members of the genus Papio, comprise six closely related species distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa and southwest Arabia. The species exhibit more ecological flexibility and a wider range of social systems than many other primates. This article summarizes our current knowledge of the natural history of baboons and highlights directions for future research. We suggest that baboons can serve as a valuable model for complex evolutionary processes, such as speciation and hybridization. The evolution of baboons has been heavily shaped by climatic changes and population expansion and fragmentation in the African savanna environment, similar to the processes that acted during human evolution. With accumulating long-term data, and new data from previously understudied species, baboons are ideally suited for investigating the links between sociality, health, longevity and reproductive success. To achieve these aims, we propose a closer integration of studies at the proximate level, including functional genomics, with behavioral and ecological studies.

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