Quetta City and the Baluch Guerrilla

Author(s):  
Luc Bellon

This article explores the incidents linked to Baloch nationalism, highlighting what is at play behind this urban armed struggle, with a special focus on the city of Quetta—the capital city of Balochistan, Pakistan's most underdeveloped province. Since 2000, and for the first time, violent clashes of very different natures coincided in the city: target killings by Baloch nationalists, suicide attacks from militant Islamist groups, assassinations against the Shi'ite (primarily Hazara) community, and a growing non-politically motivated criminality perpetuating a number of murders and kidnappings. The legitimization of some aspects of this violence by a population witnessing but not producing it enables the reconfiguration of social relationships and/or spaces in the urban context. In particular, the chapter argues that violence, far from bringing about a rejection and delegitimization of groups using it, can on the contrary redefine the relationship between social groups, leading in particular to the marginalization of the groups it targets.

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Çılga Resuloğlu ◽  
Elvan Altan Ergut

This paper aims to examine the formation of Kavaklıdere as a ‘modern’ residential district during the 1950s. Contemporary urbanization brought about changes in various regions of Ankara, among which Kavaklıdere emerged as an important location with features that defined a new stage in the development of the identity of the capital city. The construction of houses in this district from the early 1950s onwards was in accordance with new functional requirements resulting from the needs of the contemporary socio-economic context, and exemplified the relationship between architectural approaches and social developments. In line with the rapid urbanization of Ankara throughout the 1950s, daily life in Kavaklıdere was transformed, as experienced in the apartment blocks that were the newly constructed sites of modernization. The contemporary transformation of Kavaklıdere was apparently formal and spatial, with the modernist architectural approach of the period, i.e. the so-called International Style, beginning to dominate in the shaping of its changing character. Nonetheless, the transformation was not only architectural but also social: the characteristics of this part of the city were then defined by structures like these apartment blocks, which brought modernist design features, together with modern ways of living, into wider public use and appreciation. The paper discusses how the identity of Kavaklıdere as a residential district was formed in the context of the mid-twentieth century, when these new residences emerged as pioneering modernist architectural housing, the product of social change, which housed and hence facilitated the ‘modern’ lifestyle of that time.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Totaforti

The research presented in this article adopts an urban sociology perspective to explore the relationship between spaces designed with biophilic principles and people’s pro-environmental values and behaviors. The research hypothesized that biophilic design and planning promote connectedness with nature and are positively related to pro-environmental and more sustainable values and behaviors. The contemporary city asserts the need for new paradigms and conceptual frameworks for reconfiguring the relationship between the urban environment and the natural environment. In order to understand whether biophilic design, planning, and policies can meet the global challenges regarding the future existence on earth of humans, focus groups were conducted to investigate how people’s relationship with the built-up space and the natural landscape is perceived, and to what extent the inclusion of nature and its patterns at various levels of urban planning meets people’s expectations. The results suggest that biophilic design and planning can be considered a useful paradigm to deal with the challenges that are posed by the city of the future, also in terms of sustainability, by reinterpreting and enhancing the human–nature relation in the urban context.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-722
Author(s):  
Julia Sandahl

This study employs Macro-level Strain Theory (MST) as a framework to provide a better understanding of the way in which the structural and social context of Stockholm schools covaries with self-reported violent and general offending. The findings contribute to the literature in this area by directing a special focus at the interplay between the theory’s macro-level components and some individual-level mechanisms that may be assumed to condition the effect of strain on offending. Using multi-level data on 4789 students nested in 82 schools (violent offending) and 4643 students nested in 83 schools (general offending) in the City of Stockholm, the study notes significant contextual effects of anger, meaninglessness and life dissatisfaction on offending. School-level deprivation appears to have a confounding effect on the relationship between school-contextual negative affect and offending. Further, school-contextual anger influences some individuals more than others. Implications of these findings are discussed.


2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-137
Author(s):  
Vytautas Petrušonis

In contemporary society marginalization, alienation of social groups is increasing. Among other things, it is related to changes in the phenomenon of social solidarity, which are influenced by the processes of individualization, diversification, globalization, segmentation. Architectural works of modern architects, that together with customers represent the attitudes of nowadays, often reflect the desire to dominate. While educating young architects it is important to provide them not only with technical and artistic skills, but also to make them understand how architecture can take part in the the actualization of harmonic social behaviour stereotypes, the psychological attitude to encourage the pursuit of social solidarity. It is therefore important to learn how architectural composition can ensure a harmonious social interaction. The related adequate experience is worth studying. It is particularly important to evaluate the works of different periods of our country’s famous architects. V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis could be distinguished as one of such architects to whom responsibility to society was particularly significant. Analysis revealed that V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis‘ works are characterized by predominance of an organic compositional type what means that the programming of social solidarity attitudes by architectural compositional measures is ensured. In particular, these properties are characteristic of V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis‘ buildings realized in the heart of Kaunas city. These buildings are better harmonizing with adjacent buildings and the whole street space. Moving away from the center, in the buildings erected by V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis design, the number of vertical elements increases, separate parts of a building have a more distinct height, the silhouette becomes more active, more dynamic. Typologically such a building could be assigned to the hierachical compositional type. In contrast to ’’buildings of the street”, ”of the city”, these buildings represent ’suburban” buildings, what claims to be a local compositional center. Altogether V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis‘ works illiustrate his ability to ”read” the situation in an urban context and use properly selected compositional building parameters, especially properly chosen measures operating in a dense group of existing buildings where the solidarity phenomenon is of great importance. Santrauka Šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje didėja atskirtis, socialinių grupių nesusikalbėjimas, užsisklendimas, kuriant grupinius idealus, siekiant nereikšmingų tikslų. Greta kitų dalykų, tai susiję su socialinio solidarumo kaita, kuri veikiama tokių šiuolaikinės civilizacijos reiškinių kaip individualizacija, diversifikacija, globalizacijos procesas, segmentacija. Šiuolaikinės kartos architektų, kartu su užsakovais esančių savojo laikotarpio atstovais, darbai ypač dažnai atspindi siekį dominuoti, išsiskirti bet kokioje miesto dalyje, bet kokioje pastatų apsuptyje, todėl ugdant šiuolaikinius architektus svarbu perteikti jiems ne tik meninio komponavimo įgūdžius, bet suvokimą, kaip architektūra gali prisidėti prie harmoningos socialinės elgsenos stereotipų aktualizavimo, ypač skatinant socialinį solidarumą (nes tai susiję su visuomenės grupių santykių harmonizavimo užtikrinimu). Todėl svarbus kompozicinių priemonių, galinčių užtikrinti harmoningos socialinės sąveikos nuostatų aktualizavimą, socialinio solidarumo nuostatų įtvirtinimą, pažinimas, o tam ypač svarbu šiuo aspektu įvertinti mūsų šalies įvairių laikotarpių įžymių architektų kūrybą. Vienu iš tokių architektų yra V. Landsbergis-Žemkalnis, kuriam architekto atsakomybė visuomenei buvo ypač svarbi. Architekto V. Landsbergio-Žemkalnio darbų analizė parodė, kad jo kūrybai būdingas organiškojo kompozicinio tipo vyravimas, o kartu – socialinio solidarumo programavimą užtikrinančių architektūrinių kompozicinių priemonių dominavimas. Ypač šiomis programuojančiomis savybėmis pasižymi V. Landsbergio-Žemkalnio pastatai, esantys pačioje Kauno miesto širdyje – Naujamiestyje. Tai pasireiškia tuo, kad šie pastatai yra daugiau miestietiško tipo, aktyviai „bendradarbiauja“ su gretimais pastatais, su visa gatvės erdve. Tolstant nuo centro, pastatuose gausėja vertikalių elementų, daugiau skiriasi atskirų pastato dalių aukštis, siluetas darosi aktyvesnis, dinamiškesnis. Tipologiškai tai būdingi priemiesčių ar užmiesčio pastatų, kurie pretenduoja į lokalinio kompozicinio centro vaidmenį, bruožai. V. LandsbergioŽemkalnio kūryba liudija apie jo sugebėjimą suprasti urbanistinę situaciją ir joje deramai parinkti statinio kompozicinius parametrus, ypač – tankiai užstatytoje aplinkoje, kur solidarumo vaizdinis reprezentavimas yra itin aktualus.


Author(s):  
Tatiana Pogossian

 London exerts attraction and repulsion upon travellers, writers and artists alike. Its past is overshadowed by the never-ending process of change, yet a close investigation helps unveiling hidden parts of a collective memory. Peter Ackroyd, Iain Sinclair and Gilbert & George have explored the memory of London through the prism of cultural studies, psychogeography or contemporary art. London: The Biography by Peter Ackroyd, Lights Out for the Territory, London Orbital by Iain Sinclair and the 20 London E 1 Pictures by Gilbert & George may serve as a basis for retrieving fragile realms of memory. We may wonder whether these realms cannot be likened to « ecology of knowledge ». If ecology designates an environment regulated by specific rules and mechanisms, what do “ecologies of knowledge” refer to in the urban context?  Besides, the nature of the relationship between the experience of London and the ecology of knowledge prompts questions. Does the experience of London dislocate the artistic universes created by Peter Ackroyd, Iain Sinclair and Gilbert & George? Or do the artistic works partake in the dislocation of urban experience? 
My contention in this paper is to unveil the ways in which the polymorphism of the city is translated into writerly and iconographic codes. As the understanding of the urban ecology keeps receding, similarly the works adopt process and metamorphosis as structuring principles. 
First, the destabilising exploration of London shall be assessed by its impact upon the physical experience, and the renegotiation of concepts such as body, empiricism, and the spirit of the place. Then, the frustrating exploration of London may be analysed through literary and artistic devices that echo the dislocation in the works. Eventually, these works will lead us to consider the dis-membering of the city body as the only  means to the re-membering of London.     Londres ejerce atracción y repulsión entre  los viajeros, artistas y escritores. Su pasado, aunque ocultado por el proceso de cambio que caracteriza la ciudad, se deja  domesticar, desvelando una memoria  colectiva descuidada. Peter Ackroyd, Iain Siclair y Gilbert & George han registrado la memoria de Londres a través del prisma de estudios culturales de la psicogeografía o de las artes plásticas contemporáneas.  London : The Biography de Peter Ackroyd, Lights Out For the Territory, London Orbital de Iain Sinclair y los 20 London E 1 Pictures de Gilbert & George  sirven de punto de partida para la exploración de trozos  de memoria que van desvaneciéndose. ¿Si la ecología designa un entorno regulado por mecanismos específicos, que mecanismo regula esta ecologia urbana ? En este artículo, analizaremos la dislocación de la ciudad y su codificación  textual e iconográfica. Dado que la comprensión de la ecología urbana se revela  problemática, las obras adoptan  a su vez el proceso y la metamorfosis como principios estructurantes. ¿Como la ecologia urbana y los universos artisticos  ecologia artistica interactuan : ¿la experiencia de Londres disloca los universos artísticos de Peter Ackroyd , Iain Sinclair et Gilbert & George? ¿O sus obras participan en la dislocación de la experiencia urbana? En primer lugar, la experiencia desestabilizante de Londres se valorará a partir de su impacto sobre la experiencia física, ajustando  conceptos como el cuerpo, el empirismo o el alma del lugar. Luego, la exploración de Londres se analizará con procedimientos que imitan la dislocación. Por fin, el análisis del corpus nos llevará a contemplar el desmembramiento  del cuerpo de la ciudad como único medio para encontrarse con la memoria  evanescente de Londres..     


2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Fujimori ◽  
Luciane Simões Duarte ◽  
Áurea Tamami Minagawa ◽  
Daniela Laurenti ◽  
Rosali Maria Juliano Marcondes Montero

This study assessed the relationship between anemia in infancy and the social reproduction profile of the families. It was conducted with a representative sample of 254 children of the city of Itupeva, SP. Hemoglobin < 11g/dL, determined by portable hemoglobin analyzer, was used to define anemia. Profiles of social reproduction had been built by 2 groups of indicators: working and living conditions. Three social homogeneous groups had been defined: upper, intermediate, lower. Anemia was prevalent in 41.7%, and more frequent in lower social groups (13.2%; 40.6%; 46.2%), but with no significant difference (p>0.05). However, profile of social reproduction of anemic families showed significant difference (p<0.05). Occurrence of anemia was related to poor working conditions in lower social groups and consequently inappropriate living conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Marina Bonnici ◽  
Eun Kim

<p class="DidefaultA">The area is located in Città studi, on the edge of the dense complex of Politecnico di Milano and the large green space Giuriati Sports Field: two areas have no spatial continuity. The design intention is to establish a mutual relationship between campus and the urban context. By working on the concept of the threshold space as an opportunity for mediation, we were able to envision public and open spaces that interact with the city. The design of the new complex is based on a principle of balance between horizontality (public sphere) and verticality (private sphere), taking into consideration how, according to the principle of urban mixité, the relationship between public, social, working and private life will take on a new shape. The complex will therefore represent a transition between the urban setting and the rest of the campus. Its interior is based on the use of different threshold and mediation levels: these are configured as a gradual sequence starting from the more urban context of the work space, which is connected to the residence through the underground, to the exhibition and archive centre, which embodies the reciprocal relationship between city and campus, to the more private sphere of the residential complex, envisioned as a mix of domestic and work spaces that is reflected in each individual housing unit as well as the common areas. The dissertation was built upon a research on the formation of the threshold space, paying particular attention to the spatial continuity between indoors and outdoors.</p>


Author(s):  
Yuri S. Sushkov

Migration of the population is an objective reality and is subject to universallaws throughout the world. International migration affects all aspects of thelife of the world community, leads to the evolution of the perception of universal values and rules of behavior, as well as to the emergence of countries with great cultural and ethnic diversity. The speed of migration processes is growing rapidly with the progress of science and technology. The relationship between the place of employment and the place of residence is graduallylosing its significance. The causes of migration need to be divided (and this is done for the first time) into two categories: the causes that cause the displacement oflarge masses of the population in relatively short periods of time, and the reasons thatlead to the constant displacement of small social groups and citizens for a long time. The revealed patterns of internal migration processes in Russia are extremely negative centripetal and hamper the development of the country's economy as a whole and its regions. In conclusion, the article formulates the theoretical prerequisites for solving the problems caused by migration, particularly attention is drawn to the advantage of dispersed migration in front of a compact one.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Pritam Dey ◽  
Paridhi Kedia

The year 2009 shall remain a milestone year in the century as the year which witnessed the major shift of diaspora in urban centers of India for the first time in human history. In this context, it is essential to understand the socio-spatial negotiations happening and may happen ahead between the physically growing city and the everyday life, work-live relationship of these invisible communities within the city. Does the growing city with an economic disparity and tremendous polarization of amenities consider their criticality and social aspects which are deeply rooted within these communities, thriving in the vast and continually changing physical fabric?The planning framework of the cities are manifestations of a bigger play of byelaws and demonstration of power often blurs out the existence of inculcating the ‘excluded’ quarters of the city within a holistic whole. As a result, these quarters grow sporadically within the city creating a sense of anarchy. This paper tries to seek the relationship of state and political hegemony with these “excluded zones” where profit, political stability, and a constant saga of the failure of proposals to regenerate a highly diverse settlement within the financial capital of India. The Dharavi slum in Mumbai is a sprawling 525‐acre area with shanty roofs and deleterious sanitation conditions, housing over one million residents diversified in terms of its religious and ethnic matrix along with a wide gamut of informal occupations which makes it unique. Dharavi’s residents like most slum dwellers around the world, live in illegal housing units lacking basic amenities and suffer from social exclusion.The paper would critically investigate the failure of community engagement and mobilization attempts forming cooperatives, formation of the several schemes across three decades and failures of almost all policies raising questions of redevelopment, how costing and finance schemes were mostly inefficient at large.The paper would also try to understand the scale and scalability of various neo-liberal redevelopment processes initiated by political will, largely vested in the interest of capitalistic gains and focusing less on addressing the complexities and issues of the existing socio-economic conditions.


2021 ◽  
pp. 156-189
Author(s):  
Phil Alexander

This chapter presents the third element fundamental to an overall picture: the music itself, with specific focus on the relationship between music, text, and the city. The chapter begins with a wider discussion of music’s role in sounding urban geographies. This is then set against the indeterminacy and ambiguities of “placing” klezmer music—a result of mid-twentieth-century rupture, subsequent postwar cultural submergence, and the transnationalism of its contemporary revival. The main body of the chapter is devoted to the specific ways that the city of Berlin is articulated through its klezmer music. In order to do this, the chapter takes as its starting point sociologist Adam Krims’s flexible concept of “urban ethos,” applying this for the first time to the processes of traditional music. Through detailed analysis of a series of musical examples, it shows the important ways in which the city of Berlin is made meaningful in its klezmer music—how exactly, through both music and text, the city functions as a significant musical-semantic unit. The musicians discussed include ?Shmaltz!, Daniel Kahn, and Knoblauch Klezmer Band, and the analysis is supported by detailed transcriptions and interview material. Throughout the chapter and through the work of these different artists, certain themes reappear—themes particularly pertinent to Berlin and Jewish musical production. These include notions of escape, borders, and transgression and the dialogue between visible and hidden histories. The chapter also uses David Kaminsky’s theorization of the “New Old Europe Sound” to question and problematize some of the urban expressions discussed.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document