Laws of War and Peace

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-168
Author(s):  
Gregory Ablavsky
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Organized Violence ◽  
Indian Country ◽  
Northwest Territory ◽  
Indian War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legitimate Violence ◽  
Culture Of Violence

Alongside individual murders and crimes, the federal government also confronted in the territories a long-standing borderlands law governing organized violence. Both Natives and whites there conducted larger-scale, often brutal expeditions against each other, often with little or no formal authorization from their ostensible governments. The federal government sought to replace this seemingly pathological culture of violence by imposing a definition of war drawn from the newly adopted U.S. Constitution that made the federal government, and particularly Congress, the sole arbiter and source of legitimate violence against Native nations. The effects of this federal assertion of supremacy differed in the two territories. In the Northwest Territory, the conflict known as the Northwest Indian War expanded earlier practices of borderlands violence under federal auspices. Citizens of the Southwest Territory demanded the same, and nearly got it, in what this chapter terms the war-that-nearly-was. What actually followed in the Southwest Territory instead was an intense, polyvocal legal contest between territorial citizens and officials, Congress, the Washington administration, and the Creek, Cherokee, and Chickasaw Nations over the meaning of the categories of war and peace. Yet again, federal officials failed to establish federal supremacy, but they did succeed in insinuating federal law into territorial life and Indian country, including disputes between Native nations.

Equal Footing

2021 ◽  
pp. 201-230
Author(s):  
Gregory Ablavsky
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Cherokee Nation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Equal Footing ◽  
Federal Authority ◽  
Indian Country ◽  
Northwest Territory ◽  
Federal Land ◽  
First Time

In 1796, the Southwest Territory became the first U.S. territory to become a state, joining the union as Tennessee. This new state promptly used its newfound status as a sovereign on “equal footing” with existing states to challenge the persistence of federal authority, especially over land and Indian affairs. A series of collisions followed: over ownership of the public domain; over William Blount’s odd scheme to use his supposed influence in Indian country to challenge federal power; and, above all, over the federal government’s attempt to survey the boundary of the Cherokee Nation, which threatened to dispossess white land claimants. Ultimately, the federal government preserved its formal authority even as it gave Tennessee what it wanted—a seemingly Pyrrhic victory that had important precedential consequences. In particular, when part of the Northwest Territory sought to become the new state of Ohio in 1802, the federal government sought to protect its authority. Most importantly, it decided for the first time to attach conditions to the new state’s admission that guaranteed federal land ownership, a practice that quickly became a constitutional norm; the new state also tacitly accepted continued federal authority over the state’s Native peoples. The result was that the federal government’s power to adjudicate property and jurisdictional conflicts survived despite state challenge; in the process, the federal government ironically became the most visible defender of the earlier, multipolar order against these states’ assaults.

Federal Sovereignty

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-138
Author(s):  
Gregory Ablavsky
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
The Other ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Federal Authority ◽  
Indian Country ◽  
Federal Control ◽  
Secretary Of War

In the territories, the federal government confronted what it regarded as endemic violence between Natives and U.S. citizens based on long-standing racial animosity. At the urging of Secretary of War Henry Knox, the federal government sought to establish itself as a neutral arbiter between both sides, a vision of what the chapter calls federal sovereignty expressed in the Trade and Intercourse Acts. These laws sought to distinguish and separate “Indian country” from “ordinary jurisdiction,” and they established a federal criminal regime to punish both Natives and U.S. citizens who committed crimes against the other, in an effort to replace practices of retaliation. Yet this effort to establish federal sovereignty largely failed. In part, federal officials misunderstood territorial realities, where Natives and whites were entangled by economic and social relationships that could not be easily divided. But they also misunderstood the jurisdictional and institutional limitations within federal law. In particular, their approach converted the question of justice for Natives into a debate over the scope of federal authority in the territories, in which territorial citizens strongly resisted what they regarded as heavy-handed federal control.

Der Wald im Lichte der neueren bundesgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung | Forest legislation in the recent jurisdiction of the Federal Supreme Court

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (9) ◽  
pp. 263-274
Author(s):  
Alois Keel ◽  
Willi Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Forest Law ◽  
Federal Jurisdiction ◽  
Forest Legislation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Forest Status ◽  
Area Planning ◽  
Federal Supreme

With the entry into force of the new Swiss Federal Law on Forests on the 1st of January 1993, the basis of decision-making for the Federal Supreme Court concerning forestry issues has, at least formally, fundamentally changed. This article depicts the development of the Federal Supreme Court's jurisdiction during 2000–2008 concerning the legislation on forests. The analysis of about 100 decisions reveals that the federal jurisdiction has, with regard to contents, barely changed in comparison to that of the federal law on supervision of the forest police of 1902. The most frequent causes of dispute are assessments of forest status, authorizations for deforestation, and forest distance regulations. The Federal Supreme Court merely refined the jurisdiction; it did not, or did not need to disclose fundamentally new lines [benchmarks]. It rather adheres to the restrictive definition of forest and the strict conservation of forests, while the cantons do not dispose of a large scope for the deforestation jurisdiction or the definition of the term “forest”. The Federal Supreme Court grants the cantons more freedom to regulate and implement the forest distance. Obvious changes can be observed concerning the number of forest law cases that have been dealt with by the Federal Supreme Court. Compared to the 1980ies and early 1990ies, they have decreased by more than half. Among others, reasons for this decrease are the cantons' obligation to appoint courts only as last cantonal resort, the improvement of the formal and material coordination of the proceedings, and the introduction of the “static forest term” with respect to building zones in the sense of the federal law on area planning.

HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE «TERRORISM» CONCEPT FORMATION UNDER THE NATIONAL LEGISLATION OF RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Яна Валерьевна Самиулина
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
International Community ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Internal Security ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Definition Of

В статье освещен вопрос, связанный с эволюцией понятия терроризма по законодательству России. Актуальность темы определяется, прежде всего, тем, что проявление терроризма представляет собой серьезную угрозу международной и внутренней безопасности каждого отдельного государства, всего международного сообщества в целом. В результате проведенного теоретического анализа отечественного законодательства об ответственности за совершение преступлений террористического характера автором выделено пять исторических этапов (периодов) его становления, представлена их характеристика. В заключение делается вывод о существовании на современном этапе проблемы выработки определения сложного и многогранного понятия «терроризм». Законодательная дефиниция «терроризм» должна быть принципиально полной, содержать характеризующие специфические признаки, соответствующие современным способам его проявлений. Полагаем, что современная дефиниция, изложенная в п. 1 ст. 3 Федерального закона «О противодействии терроризму», пока не идеальна и продолжает требовать к себе внимания со стороны исследователей и законодателя с целью корректировки терминологии. The issue related to the evolution of the concept of terrorism under Russian legislation is examined in the article The relevance of the topic is determined, first of all, by the fact that the manifestation of terrorism is a serious threat to the international and internal security of each individual state, the entire international community as a whole. As a result of the theoretical analysis of domestic legislation on responsibility for crimes of a terrorist nature, the author has identified five historical stages (periods) of its formation, and presented their characteristics. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the existence at the present stage of the problem of developing a definition of the complex and multifaceted concept of «terrorism». The definition of terrorism should be fundamentally complete, include characterizing specific features characteristic of modern ways of its manifestations. We believe that the modern definition set forth in paragraph 1 of Art. 3 of the Federal Law «On Countering Terrorism» is not ideal yet and continues to require attention from researchers and legislators in order to correct the terminology.

Antitrust compliance: system standardization issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
V. V. Soloviev, ◽  
S. V. Yushkin ◽  
S. V. Maksimov*
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
General Compliance

The article examines the etymology and prehistory of the introduction of the institution of antimonopoly compliance in Russian business practice, the relationship of this institution with the institution of general compliance. The article considers the definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance, enshrined in the new article 91 of the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition".The authors propose their own definition of the concept of antimonopoly compliance as an activity of an economic entity aimed at ensuring compliance with antimonopoly legislation by employees of an economic entity and an economic entity as a whole by preventing and suppressing violations of the requirements of such legislation and regulatory legal and law enforcement acts based on it.The authors also substantiate the advisability of developing a special national standard GOST R "System of internal compliance with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation (antimonopoly compliance system) of an economic entity".It is noted that the effectiveness of the antimonopoly compliance system will depend not only on the ability of an economic entity to form an antimonopoly compliance system on the basis of an appropriate national standard, but also on the state's ability to determine and guarantee effective incentives to comply with antimonopoly legislation.The authors substantiate the advisability of supplementing the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation with provisions that provide for the obligation and limits to reduce the amount of punishment or replace the punishment with a softer one in the event of an anticompetitive administrative offense by a person who has implemented an effective system of antimonopoly compliance.

scholarly journals A VINCULAÇÃO DO PRINCÍPIO PROCESSUAL DA NÃO-SURPRESA E A APLICAÇÃO DA LEI DE INTRODUÇÃO ÀS NORMAS DO DIREITO BRASILEIRO – LINDB

Percurso ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (30) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Frabriccio Petreli TAROSSO
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
National Tax ◽  
Definition Of

RESUMOO presente artigo pretende aproximar alguns conceitos da novel Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro – LINDB ao princípio da não-surpresa aplicável ao processo tributário, seja ele Administrativo ou Judicial. A Lei Federal n. 13.655 de 25/04/2018 houve por incluir no Decreto-Lei nº 4.657, de 4 de setembro de 1942 - Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro - disposições sobre segurança jurídica e eficiência na criação e na aplicação do direito público. Deste modo, muitas dúvidas têm surgido acerca da convivência entre a regra geral de direito tributário, inserta no Art. 144 do Código Tributário Nacional, de que a lei vigente à época dos fatos geradores deve ser levada em conta ao deslinde de uma questão e que a jurisprudência majoritária à época dos mesmos fatos – se modificada – não deve servir de parâmetro para a tomada das decisões. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro – LINDB; Princípio Processual da não-surpresa.ABSTRACTThe present article intends to approximate some concepts of the novel Law of Introduction to the Norms of Brazilian Law - LINDB to the principle of non-surprise applicable to the tax process, be it Administrative or Judicial. Federal Law n. 13,655 dated 04/25/2018, there was a need to include in Decree-Law No. 4.657, dated September 4, 1942 - Law on Introduction to the Rules of Brazilian Law - provisions on legal certainty and efficiency in the creation and application of public law. In this way, many doubts have arisen about the coexistence between the general rule of tax law, inserted in Article 144 of the National Tax Code, that the law in force at the time of the generating facts must be taken into account in the definition of an issue and that the majority case-law at the time of the same facts - if modified - should not serve as a parameter for decision-making. The study will have as a method the legal and bibliographical research on the subject.KEYWORDS: Law of Introduction to the Norms of Brazilian Law – LINDB; Procedural Principle of Non-Surpris

scholarly journals Standard Measurement of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust Smoke

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Champagne
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Standard System ◽  
Turbine Engines ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Standard Measurement ◽  
Definition Of

A standard system (equipment and procedures) for measuring smoke emitted by aircraft turbine engines has been developed. It has been adopted by several Federal Government agencies. In this paper, the system is explained and its accuracy defined. An experimentally determined relationship between the system’s parameters and true smoke density (weight of solids per unit volume) is presented and theoretically examined. The definition of smoke plume visibility in terms of the system’s parameters is also developed. This work led to the conclusion that aircraft turbine engine exhaust smoke is composed of two groups of particles: the very small, which are primarily responsible for visible obscuration, and larger particles, which may constitute as much as half of the total by weight, but do not appreciably contribute to plume visibility.

The Term “Library Service” in the Conceptual Framework of Library Science

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-363
Author(s):  
Yuri N. Stolyarov
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Library Science ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Library Service ◽  
Service Information ◽  
Library Staff ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Content

The article considers the contradiction in concepts connected with key content of the library activity. Some fundamental documents use the term “library service”, others use “information and library service”, “library and information service” terms. The different content is also given to these concepts. The inconsistency is increased by the fact that since Soviet times the library services have often been understood as library activity in general. There is given the brief review of primarily positions on the conceptual framework of library service: library activity, work with readers, guidance of reading, library service, library and information service, information and library service. In violation of the Federal Law № 78-FZ “On Librarianship”, the term “library and information service” is enshrined in the names of textbooks, GOST R 7.0.103—2018 “Library and information service. Terms and definitions” and GOST R 7.0.104—2019 “Library and information services of scientific library. Types, forms and modes of delivery”. While library science is striving hard to integrate itself into information science, information science itself is far from recognising library and bibliographic science as an integral part of it. “Library service” is considered both as specific and general library science concept. The definition of “work” in relation to library science is given: it is the function of library staff to create values, provide benefits or meet the informational, cultural, educational needs of readers. The author proposes to intensify the concept of “library readers study”, to develop thoroughly its theory and methodology. The paper provides additional arguments in favour of the concept of “library readers study” in addition to the well-known ones. It is argued that in addition to revealing the links between the readers’ contingent and the library staff, it is necessary to reveal the links of the “readers’ contingent” subsystem with other subsystems of the first and second circuits of the library as a system.

To the Issue of Bringing Legal Definitions in the Normative Legal Regulation of National Security and Its Individual Types into a Single System: Legal and Theoretical Dimension

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.A. Kolotkina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
National Security ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
Industry Affiliation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

The article deals with the issues related to the definition of the essence, role and meaning of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security. The author emphasizes the uniqueness of the phenomenon of national security, which acts as a guarantor of ensuring the national interests of the state, society, and the individual and as a basis for the unhindered implementation of the strategic national priorities of the state. It is possible to ensure these interests and implement strategic priorities by creating an effective legal regulation that includes various legal means, as well as regulatory requirements. An important role in the regulatory legal regulation is played by legal definitions, which contain definitions of concepts that act as integral elements of the legal basis for ensuring national security. It is indicated that legal definitions of concepts are generally binding and contribute to the formation of a single legal space. It is stated that the current Federal Law «On Security» does not contain a legislative definition of key concepts in the field of national security. The article raises the problem of unification of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of ensuring national security, through the adoption of fundamental documents of strategic planning. The author attempts to evaluate the legal definitions in the field under consideration in terms of their universality and industry affiliation, the problems of the completeness of their textual expression, as well as the state policy implemented in the field of national security. The author proposes the formulation of the concept «national security», which could become the basis for adjusting the legal definitions of certain types of national security, enshrined in legislative acts and strategic planning documents. The functions of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security are identified and disclosed.

Modern ideas about natural monopolies and their tariff regulation. Part 1. Natural monopolies

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Павел Юрьевич Сериков ◽  
Надежда Викторовна Гончарова ◽  
Ирина Павловна Серикова
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of

Определение естественных монополий, закрепленное в российском законодательстве, недостаточно корректно, что негативно сказывается на практике их государственного регулирования в нашей стране. В этой связи авторами рассмотрено становление отечественного института естественных монополий, исследована «эволюция» понятия «естественная монополия», проанализированы подходы российских и зарубежных экономистов к регулированию деятельности естественных монополий. Отмечено, что у отечественных исследователей отсутствует консолидированный взгляд на природу и процедуру идентификации естественных монополий, в то же время имеющиеся теоретические разработки в этой области недостаточно учитываются на практике. Констатируется, что дискуссия по вопросам регулирования естественных монополий продолжается. Необходимость заполнения пробелов в законодательстве очевидна, и в первую очередь это касается обоснования собственно понятия естественных монополий и процедуры их идентификации. По мнению авторов, предпочтительным с указанной целью является обновление Федерального закона «О естественных монополиях» № 147-ФЗ - его своего рода реновация, которая позволила бы наполнить закон содержанием, соответствующим современным реалиям, в том числе актуализировать определение естественных монополий как объектов регулирования, определить адекватные времени методические подходы к их регулированию и т. д. The definition of natural monopolies, enshrined in Russian legislation, is not correct enough, which negatively affects the practice of their state regulation in our country. In this regard, the authors considered formation of national institute of natural monopolies, investigated the “evolution” of “natural monopoly” concept, analysed the approaches of Russian and foreign economists to regulate natural monopoly activities. It is stated that the discussion on the regulation of natural monopolies continues. The need to fill the gaps in legislation is obvious, and first of all it concerns the substantiation of the actual concept of natural monopolies and the procedure for their identification. According to the authors, it is preferable for this purpose to update the Federal Law “On Natural Monopolies” No. 147-FZ - a kind of renovation that would fill the law with content that meets modern realities, including updating the definition of natural monopolies as objects of regulation, determining adequate time methodical approaches to their regulation, etc.

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