scholarly journals Absolute Generality and Singularization

2021 ◽  
pp. 239-267
Author(s):  
Salvatore Florio ◽  
Øystein Linnebo
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Plural Logic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Absolute Generality ◽  
One To One ◽  
The Cost

Is it possible to assert something of absolutely everything there is? While such absolute generality appears possible, it faces serious theoretical challenges. This chapter examines one such challenge, based on the possibility of one-to-one mappings from pluralities to objects. The challenge gives rise to a trilemma. First, generality relativists deny the possibility of absolute generality, at the cost of being unable to express various important insights. Second, traditional generality absolutists deny the possibility of the mentioned mappings, but are pushed up a hierarchy of logics of higher and higher order, resulting in an expressibility deficit akin to that of the relativists. This motivates taking a closer look at the third option, which restricts traditional plural logic.

scholarly journals The costs of functional gastrointestinal disorders and related signs and symptoms in infants: a systematic literature review and cost calculation for England

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e015594 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mahon ◽  
Carlos Lifschitz ◽  
Thomas Ludwig ◽  
Nikhil Thapar ◽  
Julie Glanville ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Party Payer ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cost

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and related signs and symptoms in infants to the third party payer and to parents.Study designTo estimate the cost of illness (COI) of infant FGIDs, a two-stage process was applied: a systematic literature review and a COI calculation. As no pertinent papers were found in the systematic literature review, a ‘de novo’ analysis was performed. For the latter, the potential costs for the third party payer (the National Health Service (NHS) in England) and for parents/carers for the treatment of FGIDs in infants were calculated, by using publicly available data. In constructing the calculation, estimates and assumptions (where necessary) were chosen to provide a lower bound (minimum) of the potential overall cost. In doing so, the interpretation of the calculation is that the true COI can be no lower than that estimated.ResultsOur calculation estimated that the total costs of treating FGIDs in infants in England were at least £72.3 million per year in 2014/2015 of which £49.1 million was NHS expenditure on prescriptions, community care and hospital treatment. Parents incurred £23.2 million in costs through purchase of over the counter remedies.ConclusionsThe total cost presented here is likely to be a significant underestimate as only lower bound estimates were used where applicable, and for example, costs of alternative therapies, inpatient treatments or diagnostic tests, and time off work by parents could not be adequately estimated and were omitted from the calculation. The number and kind of prescribed products and products sold over the counter to treat FGIDs suggest that there are gaps between treatment guidelines, which emphasise parental reassurance and nutritional advice, and their implementation.

Gescheiden en dan ? :Herpartneren in Vlaanderen anno 2010

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
Inge Pasteels ◽  
Dimitri Mortelmans
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Partner Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Partner ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Unmarried Cohabitation ◽  
Mate Waarin

In deze bijdrage wordt het herpartneren na een scheiding uit een eerste huwelijk beschreven. Met gegevens van “Scheiding in Vlaanderen” verzameld bij 1192 mannen en 1448 vrouwen gescheiden tussen 1981 en 2005, wordt vooreerst de timing van het herpartneren alsook de leefvorm waarvoor men kiest in postmaritale relaties, bestudeerd. We onderscheiden LAT‐relaties, ongehuwd samenwoonrelaties en tweede huwelijken. Daarna wordt de huidige partnerstatus van gescheidenen anno 2010 in kaart gebracht. Ten derde komt de mate waarin partners uit eerste huwelijken of postmaritale relaties gelijkend zijn aan bod. Vervolgens wordt de stabiliteit van LAT‐relaties of ongehuwde samenwoonrelaties na een eerste huwelijk bestudeerd. Een beschrijving van postmaritale relatietrajecten met aandacht voor relatierang en relatietype rondt deze bijdrage af. Alle analyses worden apart uitgevoerd voor mannen en vrouwen van verschillende scheidingscohorten. Abstract : Using surveydata of “Divorce in Flanders” for 1192 men and 1448 women, divorced between 1981 and 2005, we explore repartnering after a first divorce. Firstly, prevalence and timing of repartnering are examined. LAT‐relationships, unmarried cohabitation and remarriage are considered as different types of repartnering. Secondly, the current partner status for divorcees in 2010 is described. Homogamy in first marriages and in higher order relationships is the third topic in this article. At last, stability of postmarital relationships and partnership trajectories are explored. Data are analyzed using a cohort perspective and a gender perspective.

scholarly journals PELATIHAN DAN SOSIALISASI SISTEM INFORMASI KEUANGAN PADA SEKOLAH ISLAM TERPADU PEKANBARU

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219
Author(s):  
Wenni Syafitri ◽  
Muhamad Sadar ◽  
Eddisyah Putra Pane
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Reporting System ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
The Third ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Government ◽  
Reporting Mechanism ◽  
The Cost

SMP IT Madani as one of the schools that apply the concept of islamic in its education practice. SMPIT Madani is a school formed by amil zakat self-supporting institution ummah Riau by using theconcept of free school. SMP IT stands in 2011 with a total of 20 students. Over time, the currentnumber of junior Madani IT students amounted to 75 students. The average students who attendjunior high school IT is the students who come from poor families.SMP IT Madani has received School Operational Assistance (BOS) a few years back. The BOSprogram uses a different approach than Special Assistance for Students (BKM) ie BOS funds are notgiven to poor students but are provided to schools and managed by schools. The mechanism forcalculating BOS funds is based on the number of students in each school. So the goal of this BOScan be achieved is to free the cost of education for poor students or not able and can alleviate forother students so they can get 9 years basic education services.The obligations of schools receiving BOS programs should report the realization of the use of theprogram to the government. Currently schools are having difficulties to make reporting realizationof BOS program to government and foundation. Differences in reporting formats to foundations andgovernments make the school experience serious problems. If it does not sync between reportingbetween the government and the foundation will cause many other questions and problems. Wheninterviewed, the school is very eager for this matter to be resolved immediately.Based on the problems of the partners, it can be concluded the solution of the problem is a reportinginformation system synchronized to the government and the foundation. So that SMP IT Madani nolonger experience obstacles to the reporting of BOS program activities. As a result the name ofUnilak increasingly fragrant in the eyes of society, especially SMP IT Madani.Method of implementation of activities used is direct observation to the location of partners toperform the first phase, this stage includes data collection and data processing. When this stage takesplace, we will get an overview of the Information Technology environment, and the partner's needfor the BOS program reporting mechanism. After the first phase is done, it will be held the secondphase of socialization, this stage to do the sosiasisasi about the benefits of synchronizing BOSreporting to the government and the foundation. Then in the third stage, the authors do the designand implementation of BOS reporting system based on information obtained from the foundation.Finally, the training phase: Each partner school sends its representative two people, to attend trainingon the use of reporting system that can synchronize BOS and foundation reporting.

scholarly journals A THEORY OF AGENCY LAW

2011 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J Dalley
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Internalization Theory ◽  
Agency Relationship ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Despite the ubiquity of agents in the modern world, agency law does not have a coherent explanation or unified theory. The Restatement (Third) of Agency updates and attempts to explain the law, but its explanations are limited in scope and at times unpersuasive. Like other contemporary commentary on agency law, the Third Restatement draws from contract and tort theory, an approach which ignores the unique features of agency law. Agency law enables principals to act through agents; it also ensures that principals using agents do not thereby escape liability or other consequences of their choices. This paper develops a theory to fit agency law. The "costbenefit internalization theory" is based on the simple premise that the principal, who has chosen to conduct her business through an agent, must bear the foreseeable consequences of that choice. Conversely, as the bearer of the risks, the principal is entitled to receive the benefits created by the agency relationship. The cost-benefit internalization theory explains and illuminates virtually all agency law doctrine.

scholarly journals Behnke_Armbruster_Strobel - The needs of the many - Influence of personality on third-party judgments of utilitarian rule violations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Behnke ◽  
Diana Armbruster ◽  
Anja Strobel
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Online Study ◽  
The Third ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
The Many ◽  
Personality Features ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sense Of Justice

Safeguarding the rights of minorities is crucial for just societies. However, there are conceivable situations were minority rights might seriously impede the rights of the majority. Favoring the minority in such cases constitutes a violation of utilitarian principles. To investigate the emotional, cognitive, and punitive responses of observers of such utilitarian rule transgressions, we conducted an online study with 1004 participants. Two moral scenarios (vaccine policy and epidemic) were rephrased in the third-party perspective. In both scenarios the protagonist opted against the utilitarian option which resulted in more fatalities in total, but avoided harm to a minority. The scenarios varied in whether the minority would have been harmed accidentally or deliberate. The majority of participants chose not to punish the scenarios’ protagonists at all. However, 30.5% judged that protecting the minority over the interests of the majority when only accidental harm would have occurred (vaccine policy) was worthy of punishment. In comparison, only 11.5% opted to punish a protagonist whose decision avoided deliberate harm to a minority at the cost of the majority (epidemic). Emotional responses and appropriateness ratings paralleled these results. Furthermore, complex personality × situation interactions revealed the influence of personality features, i.e., psychopathy, empathy, altruism, authoritarianism, need for cognition and faith in intuition, on participants’ responses. The results further underscore the need to consider the interaction of situational features and inter-individual differences in moral decisions and sense of justice.

scholarly journals A Panel Data Study of the Effects of Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, and Taxation on the Growth Rate of Per Capita Real GDP

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cebula ◽  
Maggie Foley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Regulatory Quality ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This study empirically investigates three hypotheses. The first is that higher levels of economic freedom in an economy promote a higher growth rate of economic activity and hence yield a higher growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. The second hypothesis is that higher quality government regulation leads to a more efficient economic system, in large part by interfering less with market functioning and in part by not adding unnecessarily to the cost of conducting business in the marketplace, and thereby leads to a higher per capita real GDP growth rate. The third hypothesis is that the higher the taxation level/burden relative to GDP in an economy, the lower the growth rate of private sector spending and hence the lower the growth rate of per capita real GDP in that economy. Using a panel dataset for OECD nations over the 2003 through 2006 period, fixed effects PLS estimations find compelling evidence in support of all three of these hypotheses.

Enterprise Inventory Management and Simulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 933 ◽  
pp. 874-878
Author(s):  
Yun Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inventory Strategy ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

Inventory is an important link in supply chain, according to characteristics and objectives of inventory control, the reasonable safety inventory, order point, the highest inventory and inventory strategy were determined based on historical sales data. Using Witness simulation software, the optimal strategy was selected from nine inventory strategies by running simulation model for one year. If goods shortage was allowing, the seventh schemes (72000,158100) was better ,the minimum total cost was 888158 yuan ; considering allowing a small amount of shortage, the cost of eighth schemes ( 82000,158100) was least of 1095167; the third scenarios (92000,138100) was selected if without shortage, and the minimum total cost was 1254909 yuan. This shows, the application of computer simulation to assist in the management of inventory is scientific and feasible, it can help enterprises to save the order and operation cost.

Psalmodic Adaptation as Musical Translation

2020 ◽  
pp. 194-254
Author(s):  
Peter Mercer-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
One To One

The psalmodic adaptation of classical music constitutes a distinctive creative act in instances in which we find adapters not simply importing excerpts essentially unchanged (a chiefly curatorial service), but making substantive musical decisions to bridge the gap dividing art music from psalmody. This chapter explores such “translational actions,” unfolding in four phases. The first concerns low-level decisions, involving rhythm, ornamentation, and texture. The second centers on syntactic challenges that arise in drawing brief excerpts from larger works (negotiating European passages that begin and end in different keys, for instance). The third focuses on “purposeful substitution”: the replacement of musical effects inappropriate to psalmody with wholly different effects calculated to achieve comparable goals. The fourth explores adaptations that challenge the very notion of a one-to-one correspondence between “excerpt” and “psalm tune”: tunes that draw on more than one European movement, say, or adjacent pairs of tunes drawn from a common source.

10. Alternative Dispute Resolution

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Stuart Sime
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Court Involvement ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Cost

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR), particularly mediation, plays a key role in reducing the costs of civil disputes by fomenting the early settlement of cases. This chapter discusses ADR processes; advantages or disadvantages of ADR and litigation; the cost of ADR; reference to ADR; and court involvement in ADR. Adjudicative ADR results in the third party neutral deciding the dispute or difference between the parties. Non-adjudicative ADR processes involve moving the parties towards reaching a compromise agreement between themselves. Rules of court require parties to consider using ADR. Sanctions may be imposed on parties who act unreasonably.

scholarly journals Triple-Binder-Stabilized Marine Deposit Clay for Better Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4633
Author(s):  
Mohamad Hanafi ◽  
Abdullah Ekinci ◽  
Ertug Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Marine Clay ◽  
The Third ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Marine clay deposits are commonly found worldwide. Considering the cost of dumping and related environmental concerns, an alternative solution involving the reuse of soils that have poor conditions is crucial. In this research, the authors examined the strength, microstructure, and wet–dry resistance of triple-binder composites of marine-deposited clays and compiled a corresponding database. In order to evaluate the wetting–drying resistance of the laboratory-produced samples, the accumulated mass loss (ALM) was calculated. The use of slag alone as a binder, at any percentage, increased the ALM up to 2%. However, the use of lime as the third binder seemed to accelerate the chemical reactions associated with the hydration of clay and cementitious material and to enhance the chemical stability, i.e., specimens that included both lime and slag experienced the same ALM as specimens treated with cement only. Scanning electron microscopy analysis confirmed the durability improvements of these clays. The proposed unconfined compressive strength–porosity and accumulated mass loss relationship yielded practical approximation for the fine- and coarse-grained soils blended with up to three binders until 60 days of curing. The laboratory-produced mixes showed reduction of embodied energy and embodied carbon dioxide (eCO2) emissions for the proposed models.

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