Future Mortality in High Mortality Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Garbero ◽  
Elsie Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Definition Of

The theory and empirical basis of the demographic transition includes the important role played by mortality declines in generating a societal shift from high mortality and high fertility to low mortality and low fertility. In particular, it is the improved survival of children into adulthood that initially produces increasingly large populations with a very young age structure. Because the level of childhood mortality is strongly linked to fertility levels (Angeles, 2010; Becker and Barro, 1988) and adult mortality rates, the definition of a high mortality country used in the IIASA–Oxford survey reported in this book is in terms of the level of childhood mortality, that is, the probability of death before the age of five (5q0 in the life table designation). In accordance with recent practice at the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF in monitoring progress toward the Millennium Development Goals, we use a cutoff point of 40 deaths before age 5 per thousand live births to designate a country as having high mortality (Hill et al., 2012). In 2010, the under-5 mortality rate exceeded 40 in one-third of the 193 member countries of United Nations (UN), and in only one of these countries did life expectancy at birth exceed 70 years (Azerbaijan, e0 = 70.1) (United Nations, 2011a). Despite its relatively low under-five mortality rate (estimated at 0.025 in 2011), Botswana is also considered here as a country with high mortality because its life expectancy is estimated at 53 years (United Nations, 2011a). The geographic distribution of these countries is shown in Figure 6.1, while Table 6.1 lists all 65 high mortality countries, along with current estimates of life expectancy, child mortality, and the change in life expectancy between the periods 1995–2005 and 2005–2010. As shown, high mortality countries include all of sub-Saharan Africa except the island nations of Cape Verde, Mauritius, Mayotte, and Réunion. Most of South Asia meets the criterion of high mortality, including the populous countries of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Many demographers have, over the last 50 years, predicted a general convergence worldwide toward low mortality and fertility resulting in higher levels of life expectancy.

Does economic freedom improve health outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa?

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1633-1649
Author(s):  
Anand Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of economic freedom on four key health indicators (namely, life expectancy, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate) by using a panel dataset of 34 sub-Saharan African countries from 2005 to 2016.Design/methodology/approachThe study obtains data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) of the World Bank and the Fraser Institute. It uses fixed effects regression to estimate the effect of economic freedom on health outcomes and attempts to resolve the endogeneity problems by using two-stage least squares regression (2SLS).FindingsThe results indicate a favourable impact of economic freedom on health outcomes. That is, higher levels of economic freedom reduce mortality rates and increase life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa. All areas of economic freedom, except government size, have a significant and positive effect on health outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThis study analyses the effect of economic freedom on health at a broad level. Country-specific studies at a disaggregated level may provide additional information about the impact of economic freedom on health outcomes. Also, this study does not control for some important variables such as education, income inequality and foreign aid due to data constraints.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that sub-Saharan African countries should focus on enhancing the quality of economic institutions to improve their health outcomes. This may include policy reforms that support a robust legal system, protect property rights, promote free trade and stabilise the macroeconomic environment. In addition, policies that raise urbanisation, increase immunisation and lower the incidence of HIV are likely to produce a substantial improvement in health outcomes.Originality/valueExtant economic freedom-health literature does not focus on endogeneity problems. This study uses instrumental variables regression to deal with endogeneity. Also, this is one of the first attempts to empirically investigate the relationship between economic freedom and health in the case of sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Adhesion ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to human cells: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alexandra Rowe ◽  
Antoine Claessens ◽  
Ruth A. Corrigan ◽  
Mònica Arman
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan

Severe malaria has a high mortality rate (15–20%) despite treatment with effective antimalarial drugs. Adjunctive therapies for severe malaria that target the underlying disease process are therefore urgently required. Adhesion of erythrocytes infected withPlasmodium falciparumto human cells has a key role in the pathogenesis of life-threatening malaria and could be targeted with antiadhesion therapy. Parasite adhesion interactions include binding to endothelial cells (cytoadherence), rosetting with uninfected erythrocytes and platelet-mediated clumping of infected erythrocytes. Recent research has started to define the molecular mechanisms of parasite adhesion, and antiadhesion therapies are being explored. However, many fundamental questions regarding the role of parasite adhesion in severe malaria remain unanswered. There is strong evidence that rosetting contributes to severe malaria in sub-Saharan Africa; however, the identity of other parasite adhesion phenotypes that are implicated in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. In addition, the possibility of geographic variation in adhesion phenotypes causing severe malaria, linked to differences in malaria transmission levels and host immunity, has been neglected. Further research is needed to realise the untapped potential of antiadhesion adjunctive therapies, which could revolutionise the treatment of severe malaria and reduce the high mortality rate of the disease.

scholarly journals Poverty And Childhood Survival Rates In Sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Amon O. Okpala ◽  
O. Felix Ayadi ◽  
Pender Gbenedio
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Sub Saharan

Life-expectancy at birth is an important indicator of well-being. Most of the nations with very high life expectancy rates are among the economically advanced nations of the world. This fact leads one to infer that mortality differences exist partly due to economic status. The poverty of women and children remain a major developing challenge for all societies, especially the developing nations. Women in Sub-Saharan Africa play a very important role in food production, bearing and raising children, the prevention/treatment of childhood diseases and malnutrition. As such, the education of mothers and household income could help improve family health, and sanitation. The findings here do show that childhood mortality is significantly influenced by female education, household income, and the feeding practices of mothers.

Emamectin benzoate is a safe and effective anthelmintic against coelomic nematode Philometra rubra in striped bass Morone saxatilis

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
K Béland ◽  
G Séguin ◽  
S Lair
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Morone Saxatilis ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Fish Hatchery ◽  
Parasitic Burden

An unusually high mortality rate due to verminous (Philometra rubra) coelomitis was documented in wild-hatched striped bass Morone saxatilis raised in a fish hatchery as part of a stock restoration program. To decrease the parasitic burden and therefore potentially minimize mortality, the effectiveness of 2 different anthelmintics was evaluated. Two trials were conducted on wild-collected fingerlings naturally infected by P. rubra. In 2006, 144 yearling fish were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups: (1) levamisole (Levasol®) at 2 mg l-1 via immersion for 8 h once weekly for 3 wk; (2) levamisole at a dose of 2.5 mg kg-1 biomass via feed once daily for 7 d; (3) emamectin benzoate (Slice®) at a dose of 0.05 mg kg-1 biomass via feed once daily for 7 d; and (4) control. Emamectin successfully eliminated live nematodes in 84.9% of the fish, whereas the administration of levamisole, either via immersion or feed, was not successful in significantly reducing the number of live P. rubra. In 2007, the administration of the same dosage of emamectin to approximately 1000 naturally infected yearling striped bass was associated with a 100% mortality rate of P. rubra in the 30 fish randomly examined 5 wk after the beginning of the treatment. Results of these trials indicate that, at the dosage used, the administration of emamectin at the end of the summer is safe for striped bass yearlings and considerably reduces the prevalence and intensity of the infection by this parasite.

African Islam and Islam in Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. i-xi
Author(s):  
Ali A. Mazrui
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Black Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Definition Of

Sub-Saharan Africa is often regarded as part of the periphery, rather thanpart of the center, of the Muslim world. In the Abrahamic world, Africa isoften marginalized. But is there anything special about Islam’s relationshipwith Africa? Are there unique aspects of African Islam? Islam has exerted anenormous influence upon Africa and its peoples; but has Africa had anyimpact upon Islam? While the impressive range of articles presented in thisspecial issue do not directly address such questions, my short editorialattempts to put those articles within the context of Africa’s uniqueness in theannals of Islam. One note: Although these articles concentrate on sub-Saharan Africa (“Black Africa”), our definition of Africa encompasses thecontinent as a whole – from South Africa to Egypt, Angola to Algeria, andMozambique to Mauritania ...

Inovasi Teknologi Pembuatan Pakan Udang dengan Penambahan Tepung Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) di Desa Tamangapa Kecamatan Ma’rang Kab. Pangkep

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Harlina Harlina ◽  
Hadijah Hadijah ◽  
Kamaruddin Kamaruddin ◽  
Ernaningsih Ernaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Community Service ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Counseling Training ◽  
Shrimp Feed ◽  
Simple Technology

Tamangapa village, Ma’rang district is part of the community development program conducted by Universitas Muslim Indonesia in Pangkajene Kepulauan regency. The local shrimp farmers of Tamangapa village have been facing major issue due to expensive artificial feed and high mortality rate. In order to solve the needs of feed and high mortality rate for farmed fish or shrimp, the source of the natural ingredients using kopasanda leaves Chromolaena odorata L is required. The use of a natural ingredient is also used to prevent the vibriosis using simple technology such as the utilization of local raw materials which is affordable and locally available. The present community service aimed to provide the proper knowledge and skills to members of the fish/shrimp farmer’s group through counseling, training and mentoring. This community service program encouraged the local farmers to be able to utilize the local raw materials as a source of shrimp feed, use the feed pellet machine, and packaging leading to independent feed production. The participatory training method, lectures, forum group discussions, and practices of making shrimp feed and packaging were applied. The Implementation of the Community Partnership Program of Shrimp and Fish Cultivation Groups is independently able to produce organic fish or shrimp feed for farmer’s group leading to higher productivity of aquaculture.

Candida albicans endocarditis involving a normal native aortic valve in an immunocompetent patient

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. e236902
Author(s):  
Taha Sheikh ◽  
Jeremy C Tomcho ◽  
Mohammed T Awad ◽  
Syeda Ramsha Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Immunocompetent Patient ◽  
Fungal Endocarditis ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Valves ◽  
Serious Infection

Fungal endocarditis, specifically from Candida species, is a rare but serious infection with a high mortality rate. Most cases occur in bioprosthetic or mechanical valves and are uncommon in native, structurally normal valves. When Candida endocarditis is detected and appropriate treatment is initiated earlier, there is an improvement in mortality. While the recommendation is usually to treat with a combination of surgery and antifungal medications, patient comorbidities may limit treatment options.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

scholarly journals Bowel necrosis in patient with severe case of COVID-19: a case report

BMC Surgery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ardian Soeselo ◽  
Wirawan Hambali ◽  
Sandy Theresia
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Severe Case ◽  
Bowel Necrosis ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Manifestations ◽  
Emergent Laparotomy

Abstract Background In patients who are critically ill with COVID-19, multiple extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease have been observed, including gastrointestinal manifestations. Case presentation We present a case of a 65 year old man with severe COVID-19 pneumonia that developed hypercoagulation and peritonitis. Emergent laparotomy was performed and we found bowel necrosis in two sites. Conclusions Although rare, the presentation of COVID-19 with bowel necrosis requires emergency treatments, and it has high mortality rate.

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