Social Roles of the Clergy

British Gods ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Steve Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
The Social ◽  
Secular Society ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Public Speakers

Changes in two communities studied in the 1950s and 1960s by W. M. Williams (Northlew in Devon and Gosforth in Cumbria) form the springboard for reflections on the social roles of the clergy in a largely secular society. That the clergy are often called on to act as community spokespersons and honest brokers is not, as is sometimes argued, a reflection of the enduring popularity of religion. It is precisely because most people are not religious that the clergy can be seen as disinterested and valued for their organizational skills and their experience as public speakers.

Negotiating Boundaries Between Gender and Social Identities in the Principality of Samos: The Case of Divorces (1902–1911)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Vasilios Gialamas ◽  
Sofia Iliadou Tachou ◽  
Alexia Orfanou
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Gender Ratio ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

This study focuses on divorces in the Principality of Samos, which existed from 1834 to 1912. The process of divorce is described according to the laws of the rincipality, and divorces are examined among those published in the Newspaper of the Government of the Principality of Samos from the last decade of the Principality from 1902 to 1911. Issues linked to divorce are investigated, like the differences between husbands and wives regarding the initiation and reasons for requesting a divorce. These differences are integrated in the specific social context of the Principality, and the qualitative characteristics are determined in regard to the gender ratio of women and men that is articulated by the invocation of divorce. The aim is to determine the boundaries of social identities of gender with focus on the prevailing perceptions of the social roles of men and women. Gender is used as a social and cultural construction. It is argued that the social gender identity is formed through a process of “performativity”, that is, through adaptation to the dominant social ideals.

Institutional actors: Children’s emerging beliefs about the causal structure of social roles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Noyes ◽  
Frank Keil ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Soccer Player ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Children's Beliefs ◽  
Institutional Actors ◽  
The U.S

Institutions make new forms of acting possible: Signing executive orders, scoring goals, and officiating weddings are only possible because of the U.S. government, the rules of soccer, and the institution of marriage. Thus, when an individual occupies a particular social role (President, soccer player, and officiator) they acquire new ways of acting on the world. The present studies investigated children’s beliefs about institutional actions, and in particular whether children understand that individuals can only perform institutional actions when their community recognizes them as occupying the appropriate social role. Two studies (Study 1, N = 120 children, 4-11; Study 2, N = 90 children, 4-9) compared institutional actions to standard actions that do not depend on institutional recognition. In both studies, 4- to 5-year-old children believed all actions were possible regardless of whether an individual was recognized as occupying the social role. In contrast, 8- to 9-year-old children robustly distinguished between institutional and standard actions; they understood that institutional actions depend on collective recognition by a community.

scholarly journals Levelling up: Global examples of reducing health inequalities

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110224
Author(s):  
Clare Bambra
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Health Care Access ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
State Expansion ◽  
Care Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

There are significant inequalities in health by socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, gender, neighbourhood deprivation and other axes of social inequality. Reducing these health inequalities and improving health equity is arguably the ‘holy grail’ of public health. This article engages with this quest by presenting and analysing historical examples of when sizeable population-level reductions in health inequalities have been achieved. Five global examples are presented ranging from the 1950s to the 2000s: the Nordic social democratic welfare states from the 1950s to the 1970s; the Civil Rights Acts and War on Poverty in 1960s USA; democratisation in Brazil in the 1980s; German reunification in the 1990s; and the English health inequalities strategy in the 2000s. Welfare state expansion, improved health care access, and enhanced political incorporation are identified as three commonly held ‘levellers’ whereby health inequalities can be reduced – at scale. The article concludes by arguing that ‘levelling up’ population health through reducing health inequalities requires the long-term enactment of macro-level policies that aggressively target the social determinants of health.

The Social Roles of Bots

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (CSCW) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Seering ◽  
Juan Pablo Flores ◽  
Saiph Savage ◽  
Jessica Hammer
Keyword(s):  
Social Roles ◽  
The Social

Typical Roles and Intergroup Relations Shape Stereotypes: How Understanding Social Structure Clarifies the Origins of Stereotype Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Koenig ◽  
Alice H. Eagly
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Types Of Information

How do stereotypes gain their specific content? Social psychologists have argued that stereotypes of groups, defined by demographic indicators such as sex and race, gain their content from their locations in the social structure. In one version of this claim, observations of group members’ typical roles shape stereotype content. In another version, observations of intergroup relations shape this content. This research addressed the validity and compatibility of these two claims. Three experiments manipulating the roles and intergroup relations of hypothetical groups demonstrated that stereotype content emerged from both roles and intergroup relations even when both types of information were available. Another study yielded substantial correlations between actual groups’ typical roles and their intergroup relations. We conclude that stereotype content reflects groups’ positioning in the social structure as defined by their typical social roles and intergroup relations. Discussion considers the implications of this conclusion for changing the content of stereotypes.

Politics, Economics, and Political Economy

1973 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279
Author(s):  
Trevor Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Measure ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Critical Literature

DISSATISFACTION WITH ESTABLISHED MODES OF SCHOLARSHIP IS A contemporary manifestation common to all the social sciences in varying degrees. In the terminology of Thomas Kuhn, which in its widespread adoption seems in no small measure to have contribted to the new waves of methodological consciousness, the prevailing ‘paradigms’, which were largely consolidated in the 1950s, are being explicitly and often vehemently challenged. A burgeoning critical literature is readily apparent throughout the social sciences and, for that matter, beyond.

scholarly journals Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Spanish Citizens Abroad

2020 ◽  
pp. 457-472
Author(s):  
Pau Palop-García
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract This chapter outlines the social protection policies that Spain has adopted to target Spanish nationals abroad. First, it describes the diaspora infrastructure and the key engagement policies developed in the last years by Spain. Subsequently, the chapter focuses on five social protection policies: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The findings reveal that Spain has adopted a diaspora strategy that targets different emigrant groups such as exiles of the Civil War and early Francoism and their descendants, Spaniards that emigrated to other European countries during the 1950s and 1960s, and new emigrants that left the country due to the consequences of the financial crisis of 2008. Findings also show that, although Spain has developed a wide array of services to target its diverse diaspora, it still lacks a comprehensive scheme of social protection abroad. Moreover, the results suggest that Spain has adopted a subsidiary social policy strategy abroad that is triggered when the social protection offered by states of reception is lacking.

scholarly journals Social Role of the Librarians of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline da Rosa Ferreira Becker
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Educational Institute ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Science

The study was carried out through the theoretical foundation about the conceptions and objectives of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, and also on the social role of the librarians of this educational institute. These Federal Institutes were created in Brazil in 2009 and they offer basic and higher education. This study aims at investigating, analyzing, and understanding if the librarians of the Federal Institutes of Education, Science, and Technology recognize their social roles as professionals that can contribute to the development of cognitive skills with regards to the information in the library’s users. A case study was carried out with all the librarians of the Federal Institutes and questionnaires were the method used for collecting data. It should be noted in the librarians’ answers that they recognize their social roles, and they act according to what they recognize. In their everyday practices, these librarians try to minimize the difficulties that the library’s users face in relation to the search, location, use, assessment, dissemination, and understanding of information.

scholarly journals The Pioneers of Parents' Centre: Movers and Shakers for Change in the Philosophies and Practices of Childbirth and Parent Education in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Marie Bell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Changing Times

<p>This thesis presents the voices of 17 pioneers of the organisation parents' Centre, founded in Wellington, New Zealand, in 1952. They reflect on Parents' Centre's contribution to the welfare and happiness of young children and their parents, and the challenges and satisfactions for them as 'movers and shakers' of an entrenched system. The pioneers, 13 women and 3 men, were a group of professionals and parents educated in the progressive tradition who worked as volunteers to found and develop the organisation. They challenged the well-established and generally respected views of the policymakers of the 1950s about the management of childbirth and parent education for young children. They believed that the education and care of the child from birth to three needed to be brought into line with the progressive principles and practices which had been gaining ground in the schools and pre-schools of New Zealand since the 1920s and which emphasised holistic development, especially the psychological aspects. Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory I set the study within the social climate of the 1950s to assess the contribution the changing times made to the success of the organisation. I identified the social and economic forces which brought change both in the institutions of society and within every day family life, particularly for young children and their parents. As researcher, I added my voice to their reflections while also playing the role of analyst. The study used an oral history method to record the stories of the participants from a contemporary perspective. My involvement in the organisation over 50 years gave me insider knowledge and a rapport with the people interviewed. Using a loosely structured interview I adopted a collegial method of data gathering. A second interview, two years after the first, informed the pioneers about my use of the interview material and gave opportunities for critical comments on my analysis. It became apparent that under the leadership of Helen Brew, parents' Centre was able to influence change. Analyses of the background of the pioneers and of the educationalists who influenced them in training, career and parenthood show that key influences on the pioneers were lecturers at Wellington and Christchurch Training Colleges and Victoria University of Wellington. The liberal thrust of these educational institutions reinforced similar philosophical elements in the child rearing practices experienced by the pioneers. Overall, the pioneers expressed satisfaction with the philosophies and practice they advocated at that time, their achievements within Parent's Centre, and pride in founding a consumer organisation effective for New Zealand conditions. They saw Parents' Centre as having helped to shape change. This study documents the strategies used by Parents' Centre to spread its message to parents, policy makers and the general public. At the end of the study the pioneers were in agreement that the change in the role of women, particularly as equal breadwinners with men, presented a challenge to the consumer and voluntary aspects of the organisation of Parents' Centre today. Some felt the organisation had lost its radical nature and was at risk of losing the consumer voice. Nonetheless, all the pioneers felt that Parents' Centre still had a part to play in providing effective ante-natal education 'by parents for parents' and a continuing role in working for change in the services in accordance with the needs of parents and children under three.</p>

scholarly journals WAHYU DAN KEBERHASILAN DAKWAH MUHAMMAD (Sebuah Kajian Sosiologis)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Khadziq Khadziq
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
The Social

Islam is embraced by many people through a relatively fast spread. This fact cannot be separated firom the role of its preacher, Muhammad. His success in da’wa activities was contributed by his social roles as well as the revelation that he brought. This article tries to explain that both the revelation and the social factors greatly supported his da’wa. Beside his positives, the existence of Quran as a revelation contributed the social legitimacy that Muhammad was considered as a figure to be followed in spite of his contrary values to the cultures of his time.

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