A Menu of Clientelist Methods to Buy and Coerce Voters

2020 ◽  
pp. 795-813
Author(s):  
Gilles Serra
Keyword(s):  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The World

This chapter provides a new typology of clientelist methods of manipulating voters based on three characteristics: the nature of the inducements to voters, the broker providing the inducements, and the voters receiving the inducements. The chapter postulates two types of inducements (positive and negative), three types of brokers (bureaucrats, partisans, and employers), and three types of voters (supporters, undecided, and opposed). Combining the types of brokers and the types of voters with the types of inducements leads to twelve possible methods of manipulation that patrons (i.e., politicians) may use to influence their clients (i.e., citizens). These subcategories are illustrated with empirical cases from the large and rapidly growing literature on clientelism around the world. Developing such typology may bring conceptual clarity to a series of important phenomena that hinder the proper functioning of elections in many new and old democracies, and which have been collectively labeled “clientelism.”

scholarly journals Where have we been and where are we going? The state of contemporary health promotion

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Charlotte Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Policy And Practice

This paper seeks to critically discuss the current state of health promotion, arguing that ambiguity remains in its conceptual foundation, practice and education, which is contributing to its decline in several parts of the world. Drawing on relevant literature, the paper re-examines the status of health promotion as a specialist discipline in its own right and suggests that the reaffirmation of this status can move health promotion from the margins to the mainstream of public health policy and practice. The paper briefly rehearses some common conceptualisations of health promotion before suggesting four tensions which, if resolved, could offer greater conceptual clarity and galvanise the contribution of the discipline in addressing individual and community health across the globe.

scholarly journals Protection of Critical Infrastructure Facilities as a Component of the National Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (71) ◽  
pp. 789-799
Author(s):  
Andrii Ighorovych Denysov ◽  
Hennadii Yevhenovych Bershov ◽  
Viacheslav Vitaliiovych Krykun ◽  
Olha Zhydovtseva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Security ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Internal State ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
The World ◽  
Security Infrastructure

The issue of protecting critical infrastructure as one of the components of national security is analyzed. The following methods were used in the study: bibliographic, dialectical, empirical, and theoretical, comparative, and legal. The essence of the term "critical infrastructure” is explained both according to the opinions of scientists and from the very position of the authors of the article. The importance of proper protection and proper functioning of infrastructure in Ukraine is well founded. It emphasizes the fact that for many years the issue of the importance of protecting critical infrastructure has been almost forgotten and is not relevant to the governing bodies of the state. In addition, this situation applies to many other countries in the world. The current situation shows that there are countries that, despite being among the most prosperous and innovative, did not pay attention to their situation with their own security infrastructure. It is concluded that, based on a comparative analysis of international experience, in addition to exploring the peculiarities of national realities, the article proposed measures to improve the internal state of protection of critical infrastructure.

scholarly journals International experience of ensuring discipline and legality in law enforcement bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Kobzar ◽  
Serhiy Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
National Space ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
The World ◽  
National Police

The article analyzes the international experience of functioning of bodies and institutions ensuring observance of discipline and law and order in law enforcement bodies, the corresponding data are compared with functioning of inspections on personnel of department of personnel of National police of Ukraine and, on the basis of the received information. In different countries of the world, control bodies are called differently, and in the system of the National Police of Ukraine, there are several such bodies, one of which is the inspection of personnel, but, in turn, the author proposes to investigate the functioning of disciplinary bodies and legality in law enforcement agencies in the world, as this positive experience can make it possible to optimize the functioning of the institution in the national space. International experience of the relevant processes is characterized by various features that set out the essence and importance of discipline and legality in the activities of law enforcement agencies. The issue of using international experience in improving the functioning of institutions that ensure discipline and legality in law enforcement is one of the most important. From the proper functioning of law enforcement agencies, first of all, depends on the level of human and civil rights and freedoms in each state where they exist. Based on a survey of the concept of discipline and legality, as well as determining its importance in the law enforcement system, analyzing the international experience of ensuring discipline and legality by relevant bodies in law enforcement agencies, namely the police and identifying, based on analysis, the main methods of achieving appropriate bodies set goals, the authors identified the relevant conclusions.

REVIEW OF COPPER DEFICIENCY AND METABOLISM IN RUMINANTS

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. GOONERATNE ◽  
W. T. BUCKLEY ◽  
D. A. CHRISTENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Cu Uptake ◽  
Ruminant Livestock

The importance of copper (Cu) for the proper functioning of many biological systems is well recognized. Copper deficiency significantly affects ruminant livestock production in large areas of Canada as well as many other parts of the world. Selected aspects of recent research into Cu deficiency in ruminants have been reviewed, including the biochemistry and physiology of Cu deficiency as well as the metabolism of Cu. Because of the wide occurrence of Cu deficiency in ruminants grazing in areas of high molybdenum (Mo) and/or sulfur (S), research on the mechanisms of interference in Cu metabolism has received wide attention. Similarities in the physiological effects of the combination of molybdate and sulfide (or sulfate) and of thiomolybdates in ruminants, strongly suggest that thiomolybdates are primarily involved in the induction of Cu deficiency. Thiomolybdates appear to induce Cu deficiency by (i) limiting Cu absorption, (ii) binding Cu in albumin, thus delaying Cu uptake by the liver, (iii) depleting liver Cu, (iv) altering liver Cu and Cu from other tissues to a less available form, (v) increasing biliary Cu excretion, (vi) limiting reabsorption of biliary Cu, (vii) increasing urinary Cu excretion, and (viii) increasing endogenous secretion of Cu. Copper, S and/or Mo have also been identified as factors in the etiology of polioencephalomalcia and abmosal ulcers but the mechanisms involved are not clear. Key words: Ruminants, copper, defiency, metabolism, sulfur

Concepts and effects: ordering and practice in foresight

foresight ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Bussey
Keyword(s):  
First Principles ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Social Goal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Resilience ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This article seeks to reflect on the role of key concepts in foresight and futures work. The goal is to explore a set of concepts and link them to the effects they have in the world of foresight practice. It is argued that concepts order foresight practice and that though each foresight context and practitioner is unique, concepts bring a sense of order and coherence to foresight work and futures thinking. This reflection is placed in the context of a set of first principles the author acknowledges as his starting place for futures thinking and foresight practice. Design/methodology/approach – The paper takes the form of conceptual analysis. Findings – Concepts have effects and these can be assessed based on their ability to increase social and personal resilience in contexts characterised by change, complexity and uncertainty. Research limitations/implications – Foresight practitioners clarify their own values and ethics through reflection on the concepts they use and the processes they deploy when working with clients. Practical implications – More reflective foresight practice; greater conceptual clarity when reflecting on and communicating/teaching foresight and futures thinking. Originality/value – This paper offers a basis for orienting foresight work towards the broader social goal of resilience through a deepened appreciation of how concepts inform process and structure meaning.

NGO Accountability: A Conceptual Review across the Engaged Disciplines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Kaba
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

AbstractNon-governmental organizations (NGOs) are pivotal actors in international affairs. They manage billions of dollars in funding, work all around the world, and shape global policies and standards. It thus comes as no surprise that the subject of accountability has drawn the interest of an increasing number of scholars across disciplines. Though there seems to be agreement about its desirability, accountability is also described as chameleon-like and ambiguous. And despite calls for more cross-disciplinary learning and conceptual clarity, there does not exist a comprehensive review of accountability conceptualizations across and within disciplines, or how the different meanings relate to each other. Based on the conceptual review of 217 research articles published within the last twenty years, this study identifies and analyzes conceptualizations of accountability in the major journals of five engaged disciplines: accounting, development studies, international relations and political science, organization studies and management, and public administration. Integrating this broad scholarship reveals that: (1) there exist 113 different conceptualizations of accountability, 90 of which are rarely used and appear in less than 5 percent of all analyzed articles, (2) scholars have used forty-three different conceptualizations in 2019 compared to seventeen conceptualizations in 2009, (3) many conceptualizations refer to same phenomena by different name (duplication), and different phenomena by the same name (conflict), and that (4) conceptual ambiguity contributes to ambiguity among the forty different terms used to measure and operationalize accountability. These findings illustrate a lack of cross-disciplinary learning and accumulation of knowledge, and suggest that new conceptualizations be introduced only if one or more of the 113 existing ones don't already capture an idea sufficiently. The purpose of this article is to serve as a concept map for scholars when debating and charting new directions for the study of accountability.

Overcoming Reconciliation as a Wicked Problem

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-211
Author(s):  
Demaine Solomons
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Unintended Consequence ◽  
Wicked Problem ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Political Expediency ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Heaven And Earth

Abstract This contribution provides clues as to why (the quest for) reconciliation in South Africa fits the broad definition of a wicked problem. Popularized by Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber (1973), wicked problem refers to something that is either too difficult or nearly impossible to resolve. It is abundantly clear from the available literature that reconciliation is understood in very different ways. Not only is there a lack of conceptual clarity, but strategies aimed at working towards this ideal reveal or produce new problems as an unintended consequence. Some strategies approach the discourse for the purpose of political expediency, while others are more interested in its theological (or existential) properties. This tension is referenced as the dominant split between heaven and earth. Notwithstanding the complexity of the problem, this contribution alludes to the limitations of such approaches if those who propagate them insist that such views remain mutually exclusive. Building on the theology of Allan Aubrey Boesak and Curtiss Paul DeYoung (2012), this contribution is an attempt to avoid the polarization of such views and highlight the fundamental asymmetry between divine and human action. This is underscored by the work of Christ through which God reconciled the world to himself (2 Cor. 5:19) and the ministry of reconciliation in society. In taking this approach, one avoids the tendency to provide superficial answers to a complex (wicked) problem.

AMPHIBIAN: FRIENDS OF FARMERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Newton Paul
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Amphibian Population ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Insect

Amphibians are vital for proper functioning of an ecosystem. Different genera of frogs and toads play a dual role as prey and predator in an ecosystem. The most important role is they act as a food for higher chordates like snakes, birds and mammals. Due to huge use of pesticides and chemical fertilizer in agriculture sector is one of the important cause of decline of amphibian population in the world. On medical point of view they are very signicant in controlling the different genera of mosquitoes like Anopheles, Aedes and Culex which are responsible for malaria, yellow fever and dengue in human population. The rice eld lled with water give opportunity to frogs to live in that in return they control insect and pest of rice crops.

Cosmopolitan Justice, Democracy, and the World State

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Lu
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Political Reform ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
First Century ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World State ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter argues that being a good democrat in the twenty-first century requires, rather than precludes, engaging in both domestic and international political reform and struggle that will culminate in the establishment of a world state, or a global political authority that can command and enforce duties of cosmopolitan justice. Cosmopolitan justice constitutes the background essential supporting conditions for the proper functioning and legitimacy of domestic, regional, and global political orders. Under contemporary global circumstances, the effective realization of cosmopolitan justice requires institutional cosmopolitanism in the form of an impartial global political authority that can adjudicate and enforce the rights and duties of states so that they are consistent with their cosmopolitan duties. Only with the realization of institutional cosmopolitanism in the form of a cosmopolitan world state can the principles and values of collective self-determination and social justice championed by democratic theorists be based on a morally acceptable foundation.

On Simmel's Pure Concept of Money: A Response to Ingham

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Meaningful Engagement ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Conceptual Confusion ◽  
Pure Concept ◽  
Agreed Definition

In “Laundering ‘Money’: On the Need for Conceptual Clarity within the Sociology of Money”, I explored the conceptual ramifications of recent developments in the sociology of money. These developments corresponded to what appear to be two countervailing trends in the world of money: homogenisation and diversification. The second trend, particularly, raises important conceptual questions about how money should be defined, and I sought to address these through an analysis of the work of prominent monetary scholars such as Cohen, Hart, Ingham and Zelizer. My central aim was to bring greater clarity to a field – the sociology of money – lacking a commonly agreed definition of its core object of study, namely money. The article was motivated by an underlying sense that these scholars were talking past each other. One significant reason seemed to be that two terms that should be central to a meaningful engagement among leading sociologists of money – money and currency – were being used in different and incompatible ways. This was the “conceptual confusion” I referred to: not a confusion specific to any individual monetary scholar, but rather a confusion bound to arise from any comparison of their work. I aimed to propose a conceptual framework wherein their different analyses could be more usefully compared (2). Of these scholars, both Hart (3) and Zelizer have constructively responded to my proposals without, of course, agreeing with them all.

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