scholarly journals Transport losses in market weight pigs: II. U.S. incidence and economic impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1103-1112
Author(s):  
Matthew J Ritter ◽  
Chad L Yoder ◽  
Corey L Jones ◽  
Scott N Carr ◽  
Michelle S Calvo-Lorenzo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
No Value ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Weighted Averages ◽  
Transport Losses

Abstract An industry survey representing approximately 310 million (M) market weight pigs was conducted with 20 U.S. slaughter facilities over the calendars years of 2012 to 2015 to determine the incidence, seasonal patterns, and estimated economic impact of dead and non-ambulatory pigs. Each plant entered daily totals in a secure online database for the following variables: 1) pigs slaughtered, 2) dead on arrival (DOA; dead on the truck), 3) euthanized on arrival (EOA; non-ambulatory pig with an injury that required euthanasia), 4) dead in pen (DIP; died after unloading), and 5) non-ambulatory (pig unable to move or keep up with the rest of the group from unloading to stunning). Total dead pigs were calculated as DOA + EOA + DIP, and total losses were calculated as non-ambulatory + total dead. The economic impact was estimated based on the 4-yr weighted averages from USDA annual reports for market swine slaughtered (108,470,550 pigs), live market weight (126.9 kg), and live market price ($1.44/kg). The 4-yr weighted averages for total dead, non-ambulatory, and total losses were 0.26%, 0.63%, and 0.88%, respectively. Total dead consisted of 0.15% DOA, 0.05% EOA, and 0.05% DIP. The months with the highest rates of total dead were July (0.29%), August (0.32%), and September (0.30%), while the lowest incidence rates occurred in February (0.22%), March (0.22%), and April (0.22%). The months with the highest rates of non-ambulatory pigs were observed during the months of October (0.70%), November (0.71%), and December (0.70%), whereas the lowest rates of non-ambulatory pigs were observed during the months of April (0.57%), May (0.53%), and June (0.54%). The following assumptions were used in the economic analysis: 1) dead pigs received no value and 2) non-ambulatory pigs were discounted 30%. Based on these assumptions, the annual cost to the industry for dead and non-ambulatory pigs was estimated to be $52 M ($0.48 per pig marketed) and $37 M ($0.35 per pig marketed), respectively. Therefore, total losses represent approximately $89 M in economic losses or $0.83 per pig marketed. This is the first industry-wide survey on the incidence of transport losses in market weight pigs at U.S. slaughter facilities, and this information is important for establishing an industry baseline and benchmark for transport losses that can be used for measuring industry improvements.

scholarly journals Dengue Fever in Italy: The “Eternal Return” of an Emerging Arboviral Disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Matteo Riccò ◽  
Simona Peruzzi ◽  
Federica Balzarini ◽  
Alessandro Zaniboni ◽  
Silvia Ranzieri
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

Enhanced surveillance for dengue virus (DENV) infections in Italy has been implemented since 2012, with annual reports from the National Health Institute. In this study, we summarize available evidence on the epidemiology of officially notified DENV infections from 2010–2021. In total, 1043 DENV infection cases were diagnosed, and most of them occurred in travelers, with only 11 autochthonous cases. The annual incidence rates of DENV infections peaked during 2019 with 0.277 cases per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.187–0.267), (age-adjusted incidence rate: 0.328, 95% CI 0.314–0.314). Cases of DENV were clustered during the summer months of July (11.4%), August (19.3%), and September (12.7%). The areas characterized by higher notification rates were north-western (29.0%), and mostly north-eastern Italy (41.3%). The risk for DENV infection in travelers increased in the time period 2015–2019 (risk ratio [RR] 1.808, 95% CI 1.594–2.051) and even during 2020–2021 (RR 1.771, 95% CI 1.238–2.543). Higher risk for DENV was additionally reported in male subjects compared with females subjects, and aged 25 to 44 years, and in individuals from northern and central Italy compared to southern regions and islands. In a multivariable Poisson regression model, the increased number of travelers per 100 inhabitants (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.065, 95% CI 1.036–1.096), the incidence in other countries (IRR 1.323, 95% CI 1.165–1.481), the share of individuals aged 25 to 44 years (IRR 1.622, 95% CI 1.338–1.968), and foreign-born residents (IRR 2.717, 95% CI 1.555–3.881), were identified as effectors of annual incidence. In summary, although the circulation of DENV remains clustered among travelers, enhanced surveillance is vital for the early detection of human cases and the prompt implementation of response measures.

scholarly journals The Impact of Dividend Policy on the Shareholders Value of Listed Firms in the Nigerian Petroleum Marketing Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S9) ◽  
pp. 902-905
Keyword(s):  
Dividend Policy ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Current Income ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Marketing Firms ◽  
The Impact

Dividend policy is directed towards establishing the proportion of current income that should be retained in the firm and the proportion that should be distributed among its shareholders. This study, therefore, assessed the impact of dividend policy on the value of listed firms in the Nigerian petroleum marketing industry. six firms, out of eight that are quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) were selected as sample for the study. Data were collected from secondary sources. Annual reports and accounts of the selected firms, daily official lists and facts books of the NSE for the period of 2008-2017 form the source of the data. egression was used in analyzing the data. The findings revealed that payment of dividend by petroleum marketing firms in Nigeria positively influence the market price of their shares. Based on these findings, the study concluded that dividend policy of petroleum marketing firms in Nigeria affects the value of the firms. Based on this conclusion, the study recommends that management need to identify the shareholder’s interest in setting up a dividend policy that would balance their needs and retention for recapitalization to maximize value of the firms.

scholarly journals Economic losses due to bovine mastitis in Dutch dairy herds.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92
Author(s):  
M.H.W. Schakenraad ◽  
A.A. Dijkhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Streptococcal Infections ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Fat Yield

Current annual losses due to mastitis in Dutch dairy herds were calculated to av. Dfl 136/cow per yr, which equals approx. 12% of net return on labour and management per cow on a typical farm. Reduction in milk and fat yield accounts for 70% of these losses. Streptococcal infections were found to have the highest economic impact, causing almost 40% of total losses. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Abstract TP178: Walk Score and Risk of Ischemic Stroke Among Town Residents

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik M Adil ◽  
Mariam Suri ◽  
Basit Rahim ◽  
Sarwat I Gilani ◽  
Adnan I Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Online Database ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Walk Score ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Ready Availability ◽  
Adjusted Incidence

BACKGROUND: Regular physical activities, including light-to-moderate activities, such as walking, have well-established benefits for reducing the risk of ischemic stroke. It remains unknown whether certain area characteristics can influence the risk of stroke through promoting such activities. OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that how walkable an area is will be negatively associated with the risk of ischemic stroke in persons residing in the area. METHODS: We calculated the age- adjusted annual incidence rates of ischemic stroke among residents in each of the 63 cities in Minnesota between 2007 and 2011. The walk score, an online database, provides a numerical walkability score for any location within the United States, ranging between 0 and 100 that is computed by using exclusive algorithms. The route to amenities is sorted into nine different categories: grocery, restaurants, shopping, coffee, banks, parks, schools, books, and entertainment, which are weighed according to their prominence. RESULTS: There are 2,901,389 persons residing in 63 cities in Minnesota (average population per town is 46053). The average walk score of the 63 towns in Minnesota was 37, ranging from 14 to 69. The average median age of residents was similar in tertiles of towns based on walk score as follows: ≤25 (n=9) 36 years; 26-50(n=46) 36 years; and 51-100(n=8) 34 years. The age adjusted incidence of ischemic stroke was similar in tertiles of towns based on walk score as follows: ≤25 (n=9) 2157 per 100,000; 26-50(n=46) 1924 per 100,000; and 51-100(n=8) 2856 per 100,000 residents. The correlation between age adjusted ischemic stroke incidence and walk score was low (R2=0.32) within Minnesota. CONCLUSIONS: The ready availability of indices such as walk score makes it an attractive option but currently such indices lack the sensitivity to measure the magnitude and health benefits of light-to-moderate activities performed within a town.

Economic Impact of Cyber Attacks on Critical Infrastructures

2019 ◽  
pp. 291-314
Author(s):  
Merve Şener
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Financial Losses

Critical infrastructures ensure that activities that are vital and important for individuals can be safely delivered to the society uninterruptedly. The damage on these critical infrastructures caused by cyber-attacks whose control is carried out through computers and network systems is very large. Cyber-attacks directly or indirectly affect companies, institutions, and organizations economically and cause great financial losses. In this chapter, two different categories, energy and finance sector, which are described as critical infrastructure, are discussed; cyber-attacks carried out on these sectors, cyber-attack weapons, and economic losses caused by these attacks are examined.

scholarly journals Association between Accounting Numbers and Value of Food and Beverages Firms in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Nyor Terzungwe ◽  
Nasiru Rabiu
Keyword(s):  
Value Relevance ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Accounting Numbers

<p>The degree of statistical relationship between the contents of financial statements and market price of equity is what is termed Value relevance of accounting information. It explains stock market measures using financial information variables and it is a very useful guide to investors in pricing of shares. This study examines the extent of association between accounting information variables of earnings, dividend and book value of equity and market value of listed Food and Beverages firms in Nigeria. Data were collected from the published annual reports of the sampled firms and their market values obtained from the official daily list of the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) over a period of 10 years (2001-2010). Using multivariate regression as technique for data analysis, the study established that accounting information of Food &amp; Beverages companies in Nigeria is value relevant. Accordingly, the study recommends the use of financial statements figures of Food and Beverages firms for investment decision.</p>

Accounting for the ravages of war: Corporate reporting at a troubled American railroad during the Civil War

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Richard Heier
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Entire Length ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Institutional Integrity

From 1861 to 1865, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad suffered cruelly from Civil War actions along its entire length. The railroad’s annual reports from this era left a chronicle of the destructive nature of war and its effect on the economic fortunes of the business. These reports show the resilience of the company for its ability to both plan for and cope with the depredations inflicted by the war. They also provide an excellent look at the procedures developed by the railroad to account for the extraordinary business situations brought on by the physical and economic losses of war. These inventive procedures maintained the institutional integrity of the railroad and eventually would be the foundation for some modern accounting procedures for troubled companies.

scholarly journals Economic impact of harmful algal blooms on human health: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R. C. Kouakou ◽  
Thomas G. Poder
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Harmful Algal Blooms ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Health Costs ◽  
Life Years

Abstract Harmful algal blooms (HABs) damage human activities and health. While there is wide literature on economic losses, little is known about the economic impact on human health. In this review, we systematically retrieved papers which presented health costs following exposure to HABs. A systematic review was conducted up to January 2019 in databases such as ScienceDirect and PubMed, and 16 studies were selected. Health costs included healthcare and medication expenses, loss of income due to illness, cost of pain and suffering, and cost of death. Two categories of illness (digestive and respiratory) were considered for health costs. For digestive illness cost, we found $86, $1,015 and $12,605, respectively, for mild, moderate and severe cases. For respiratory illness, costs were $86, $1,235 and $14,600, respectively, for mild, moderate and severe cases. We used Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) to access the loss of well-being due to illness caused by HABs. We found that breathing difficulty causes the most loss of QALYs, especially in children, with a loss of between 0.16 and 0.771 per child. Having gastroenteritis could cause a loss of between 2.2 and 7.1 QALYs per 1,000 children. Misleading symptoms of illness following exposure to HABs could cause bias in health costs estimations. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

scholarly journals The epidemiology and socio-economic impact of Rift Valley fever epidemics in Tanzania: A review

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin Sindato ◽  
Esron Karimuribo ◽  
E.G. Mboera
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Animal Movements ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

A review was conducted to provide comprehensive update on Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Tanzania, with particular attention devoted to trend of occurrence, epidemiological factors, socio-economic impact and measures which were applied to its control. Information presented in this paper was obtained through extensive literature review. Rift Valley fever was documented for the first time in Tanzania in 1977. This was followed by epidemics in 1997 and 2007. Contrary to the latest epidemic in 2007 sporadic cases of RVF during the previous epidemics were confined to mainly livestock and mostly affecting northern parts of Tanzania. The latest disease epidemic expanded to cover wider areas (mostly northern and central zones) of the country involving both human and domestic ruminants. During the latest disease outbreak 52.4% (n = 21) of regions in Tanzania mainland were affected and majority (72.7, n = 11) of the regions had concurrent infections in human and animals. Phylogenetic comparison of nucleotide and amimo acid sequences revealed different virus strains between Kenya and Tanzania.Epidemiological factors that were considered responsible for the previous RVF epidemics in Tanzania included farming systems, climatic factors, vector activities and presence of large population of ruminant species, animal movements and food consumption habits. Majority of the RVF positive cases in the latest epidemic were livestock under pastoral and agro-pastoral farming systems.The disease caused serious effects on rural people’s food security and household nutrition and on direct and indirect losses to livestock producers in the country. Psycho-social distress that communities went through was enormous, which involved the thinking about the loss of their family members and/or relatives, their livestock and crop production. Socially, the status of most livestock producers was eroded in their communities.Cessation of lucrative trade in ruminants resulted in serious economic losses to the populations who were totally dependent upon this income. Livestock internal market flows drastically dropped by 37% during latest epidemic. Rift Valley fever epidemics had dramatic impact of RVF outbreak on the international animal trade in which there was a 54% decline in exports equivalent to loss of $352 750.00. The estimate of loss as a result of deaths for cattle was $4 243 250.00 whereas that of goats and sheep was $2 202 467.00.Steps taken to combat epidemics included restriction of animal movements, ban of the slaughter of cattle and vaccination of livestock and health education.From past epidemics we have learnt that each subsequent outbreak had expanded to cover wider areas of the country. The disease had dramatic socio-economic impacts both at community and nation at large. The main challenges related to the control of RVF outbreaks included lack of preparedness plan for RVF, poor coordination and information transmission, limited facilities and manpower for RVF outbreak intervention. Control of the 2007 RVF epidemic was largely the result of animal and human health agencies working in an integrated manner.

scholarly journals Valuing Economic Impact Reductions of Nutrient Pollution from Livestock Waste

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorva Sampat ◽  
Andrea Hicks ◽  
Gerardo Ruiz-Mercado ◽  
Victor M. Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Nutrient Pollution ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Phosphorus Runoff

Nutrient pollution from livestock waste impacts both fresh and marine coastal waters. Harmful algae blooms (HABs) are a common ecosystem-level response to such pollution that is detrimental to both aquatic life and human health and that generates economic losses (e.g., property values and lost tourism). Waste treatment and management technologies are not well established practices due, in part, to the difficulty to attribute economic value to associated social and environmental impacts of nutrient pollution. In this work, we propose a computational framework to quantify the economic impacts of HABs. We demonstrate the advantage of quantifying these impacts through a case study on livestock waste management in the Upper Yahara watershed region (in the state of Wisconsin, USA). Our analysis reveals that every excess kilogram of phosphorus runoff from livestock waste results in total economic losses of 74.5 USD. Furthermore, we use a coordinated market analysis to demonstrate that this economic impact provides a strong enough incentive to activate a nutrient management and valorization market that can help balance phosphorus within the study area. The proposed framework can help state, tribes, and federal regulatory agencies develop regulatory and non-regulatory policies to mitigate the impacts of nutrient pollution.

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