Perception and Tolerance Toward Noise: Cross-Sectional Studies in Rural Area and Urban Area of Auvergne (France)

Abstract: Visual impairment is defined as a functional limitation of the eye/eyes or visual system and can manifest in decreased visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, visual field loss, photophobia, visual distortion, visual perceptual difficulties, or a combination of them. Examination of the eye and vision assessment are very important to detect conditions that can cause blindness and serious systemic conditions, which cause problems in school performance, or at a more severe level, life threatening. This study aimed to obtain the occurence of refractive anomalies among junior high school students in rural areas. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in SMP I Wori (rural area) and SMP I Airmadidi (urban area). There were 60 respondents; 30 respondents of each school. Distributions of respondent genders were nearly the same for both schools; the number of females was higher than males. The majority of SMP I Airmadidi students were 11 years old (36.7%), meanwhile the majority of SMP Wori students were 13 years (50%). Most student complaints in SMP I Airmadidi were itchy eyes and drowsiness (16.7%), meanwhile in SMP I Wori was headache (18.4%). Visual impairment was found in 16.6% of students of SMP I Airmadidi, meanwhile in SMP I there was no student with refractive anomaly. Conclusion: There was no refractive anomaly found among students of rural area, however, among students of urban area myopia was the refractive anomaly found.Keywords: refractive anomalyAbstrak: Gangguan penglihatan didefinisikan sebagai suatu keterbatasan fungsional pada mata atau kedua mata atau sistem visual yang dapat bermanifestasi terhadap penurunan ketajaman penglihatan atau sensitifitas kontras, hilangnya lapangan penglihatan, photofobia, distorsi visual, kesulitan perseptual visual atau kombinasi dari semua diatas. Pemeriksaan mata dan penilaian penglihatan sangat penting untuk mendeteksi kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan dan kondisi sistemik serius, yang memicu masalah performa di sekolah, atau pada tingkat yang lebih berat, mengancam kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kelainan refraksi pada anak SMP di daerah pedesaan. Jenis penelitian ini analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di SMPN I Wori (daerah luar Minahasa Utara/pedesaan) dan SMPN I Airmadidi (kota Kabupaten Minahasa Utara), dan diperoleh 60 responden penelitian. Distribusi jenis kelamin responden kedua sekolah hampir sama dimana jumlah perempuan lebih banyak dari laki-laki. Usia terbanyak di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah 11 tahun (36,7%) sedangkan di SMPN Wori 13 tahun (50%). Keluhan terbanyak siswa di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah mata gatal dan rasa kantuk (16,7%), sedangkan di SMPN I Wori ialah sakit kepala (18, 4%). Gangguan penglihatan ditemukan pada responden di SMPN I Airmadidi sebanyak 16,6 % sedangkan di SMPN I tidak ditemukan kelainan visus. Simpulan: Tidak ditemukan adanya gangguan refraksi pada siswa SMP di daerah pedesaan. Kelainan refraksi miopia ditemukan pada siswa SMP di perkotaan.Kata kunci: gangguan refraksi

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Durasi Membaca Buku Merupakan Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Miopia Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Perbandingan Rural dan Urban Area

MEDICA ARTERIANA (Med-Art) ◽

10.26714/medart.1.1.2019.42-47 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Wahju Ratna Martiningsih ◽

Fitria Devi ◽

Andra Novitasari ◽

Kanti Ratnaningrum

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Purposive Sampling

Latar Belakang: Kelainan refraksi merupakan salah satu penyebab ganggunan penglihatan. Miopia merupakan salah satu kelaian refraksi dan anak-anak merupakan kelompok yang menderita kelainan refraksi berupa miopia. Kebiasaan membaca merupakan salah satu faktor peneybab miopia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan faktor risiko penderita miopia pada anak Sekolah Dasar (SD) yang ada di urban area dan rural areaMetode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel merupakan siswa SD Negeri 03 Sidomukti (rural area) dan SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman 1 (urban area) kelas 4,5, dan 6. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi kelaianan konginetal mata, infeksi, atau pasca operasi intraokuler. Data penelitian menggunakan data primer berupa kuisioner dan pemeriksaan visus. Analisis menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil: Dari 214 sampel terdiri dari 116 sampel rural area dan 98 sampel urban area, hanya faktor durasi membaca buku pada sampel di rural area yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia (p=0,016), sedangkan faktor riwayat keluarga, konsumsi sayur atau buah, jarak baca, intensitas menonton TV, intensitas menggunakan komputer, intensitas menggunakan gadget, aktivitas luar ruangan hari sekolah, dan aktivitas luar ruangan hari libur tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada sampel rural maupun urban area.Kesimpulan: Lama membaca buku berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada rural area.

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Clustering of lifestyle risk factors among Algerian adolescents: Comparison between urban and rural area

10.29117/quarfe.2021.0140 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fatima alzahra Hasan Yakti ◽

Hissa Al-Mannai ◽

Dana Saad ◽

Abdelhamid Kerkadi ◽

Grace Attieh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Positive Association ◽

Negative Association ◽

Design Data ◽

Significant Positive Association ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Lifestyle behavior risk factors (LBRs) such as sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, smoking, unhealthy eating patterns and being overweight/obese play a major role in the development or prevention of NCDs. Objective: Compare the clustering of LBRs between urban and rural Algerian adolescents. We expect differences in LBRs between urban and rural area. Design: Data of this cross-sectional study was derived from GSHS. Self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was filled out by 4532 adolescents (11–16 years), which addressed LBRs of NCDs. LBRs clustering was measured by the ratios of observed (O) and expected (E) prevalence of one or more simultaneously occurring LBRs for urban and rural area separately. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association of LBRs as dependent variable with demographic variables (location, age, gender). Results: The most common LBR was physical inactivity (84.6%: 50.9% for urban and 49.1% for rural). Adolescents in urban area had a higher prevalence of two (56.8% vs. 43.2%) and three and more (61.3 vs. 38.7%) LBRs than rural. In urban area, a significant positive association was found between: (low fruits and vegetables + physical inactivity) [2.06 (1.61-2.64)] and (high SB + smoking) [2.10 (1.54-2.76)], while (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.70 (0.54-0.91)] showed a significant negative association. In rural area, (high SB + overweight/obesity) [1.49 (1.09-2.04)] had a significant positive association. While, (low fruits and vegetables + high SB) [0.75 (0.60-0.94)], (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.65 (0.49-0.86)] and (physical inactivity + smoking) [0.70 (0.49-0.99)] had a negative association. Conclusions: Several socio-demographic factors have been identified to play a role in LBRs clustering among Algerian adolescents. Results of the study suggest the development of intervention aiming to tackle different LBRs rather than focusing on a single LBR.

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Does Rural to Urban Migration Improves Indian Women's Health Status and Knowledge of AIDS

Asian Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.15419/ajhs.v1i1.429 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sutapa Agrawal ◽

Praween Agrawal

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Family Health ◽

Multivariate Techniques ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Condition Of Women

The present paper explores the effect of patterns and duration of migration upon health and morbidity condition of women and knowledge and awareness of AIDS. Cross-sectional data from India's second National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99) is used for this study. Analysis is based on 73,558 women age 15-49 years who belonged to different streams of migration. Bivariate as well as multivariate techniques have been used for data analysis.Women migrating towards rural area are more underweight than migrating towards urban area whereas reverse for overweight. However, women migrating from rural to rural area were more anaemic than women migrating from rural to urban area. Significant differences were also found for morbidity conditions like Asthma, Tuberculosis, Jaundice, Malaria and some reproductive health problems according to streams of migration. Knowledge of AIDS also significantly differs according to the stream and duration of migration. We found stream of migration and duration of migration plays a key role in health, morbidity condition and knowledge of AIDS among women. Therefore, quality of health care in urban areas should be more widely disseminated in rural areas to improve the health status of women. Also the information-education-communication (IEC) programmes related to AIDS should be made more strengthened and effective through television, radio and also through the school teachers to reach the rural masses in India.

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BOVINE MILK

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.05.309 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (05) ◽

pp. 685-690

Author(s):

Shafqat Ullah ◽

Naheed Mahsood ◽

Ayesha Imtiaz ◽

Amir Hamza

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Cane Sugar ◽

Base Line ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Results

Introduction: Milk and dairy products are consumed by the human on dailybasis throughout the globe and constitute a huge business by the dairy farmers due to its highdemand. The consumers of milk and milk products expect its high quality, free from the artificialpreservatives and threatening agents. Objectives: To determine the chemical quality of rawbovine milk sold in open markets of district Peshawar. Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: 4 towns, Town 1(Sikandar Town and Gul Bahar) ,2 (Shahi Bala,Methra and Pajjagi),3(University Road and Hayatabad Area), 4 (Hazaekhawani and Badabair Area) of districtPeshawar. Period: 6 months; from November 2016 to April 2017. Methodology: 158 sampleswere selected. All samples were analyzed for adulteration in the Public Health Laboratory phase5 Hayatabad Peshawar. Study duration was 6 months; convenient sampling technique hasbeen followed. Results: Among all 158 samples; 32.3% of the sample were adulterated withwater. 8.9% of sample showed hydrogen per oxide adulteration. Starch, cane sugar and ureaadulteration was in 7.6%, 2.5% and 1.9% samples respectively. Vegetable oil, formalin andsynthetic milk adulteration was in 1.9%, 5.7% and 5.7% of samples respectively. We have LargeScale Vendors i.e. Rural Area 10% showing low and Urban Area 90% as high adulteration, SmallScale Vendors 30% low in rural Area and 70% high adulteration in urban area respectively.Conclusion: This study results provided a base line data of chemical composition of bovinemilk used in Peshawar. Chemical were present and can play key role in alteration of milk whichwe use on daily basis. Water content was high, it means that most of the shop-keepers prefer tomix water in milk to increase the quantity of milk. Use of starch, Vegetable Oil and Formalin wasminimal. Use of hydrogen peroxide, Urea and synthetic milk was very less in provided sample.

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Consumption of the trans fats and fats in adult females in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana: a population-based study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (11) ◽

pp. 4769

Author(s):

Govind Maakhni ◽

Shavinder Singh ◽

Deepshikha Kamra

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Trans Fats ◽

Adult Females

Background: In India, fast foods are becoming part of our daily lifestyle. Foods prepared in restaurants are very high in trans fats (TFs). Also, alarmingly about 400,000 tonnes of snacks, which are largely prepared in TFs are consumed every year. According to recent studies, TFs levels are 5 to 12 times higher in the oils consumed in India as compared to the world standard. The WHO recommends that TFs intake be less than 1 percent of total caloric intake. The objective of the study was to assess the consumption of TFs and fats in foods by the population in urban and rural areas.Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All adult females above 18 years of age who took an active part in kitchen were interviewed. Their dietary patterns were assessed. The sampling was done using a systematic random sampling technique and 200 participants each in rural and urban areas were selected.Results: 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding WHO limit of less than 1 percent TFs consumption. The median value of TFs consumption was higher in urban area (0.575 grams/day) than in rural area (0.427 grams/day).Conclusions: The study concludes that 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding TFs consumption. Therefore, a proactive approach to ensure that these WHO regulations have the full intended effect needs to be taken.

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Career choices of the first year students of Madha Medical College

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171330 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 1094

Author(s):

Ashrof Raja ◽

G. Jahnavi ◽

Satya Ranjan Patra

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Career Choices ◽

First Year ◽

Personal Interest ◽

Undergraduate Medical Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

First Choice

Background: It is not very clear about the factors that influence the career choices of the undergraduate medical students. Experiences in the college during their curriculum are the strong determinants in developing an attitude to different subjects and attitude plays a very important role in choosing the speciality. This study is sought to find out the career choices of the first year medical students and what influenced them to take up that particular careerMethods: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in the first semester students of the Madha Medical College. The questionnaire was designed to find out the first choice of speciality, awareness of various subjects taught in a medical college, location preferences, and reasons influencing the preference, education level and occupation of their parents.Results: Out of a total of 150 students 141 (94%) were present on that day who had completed the questionnaire successfully. The mean age of the students was 17.8±0.6 (min=17, max=20). About 54% of the students were females and the rest 46% were males. The students belonging to urban area were 67% and that of rural area were 33%. The reasons quoted by the students for joining the MBBS course were personal interest 82%, parent’s interest 18%. None of the students could correctly answer the number of subjects taught in a medical college during the course. About half of the students did not know the duration of a specialization course after MBBS. The students interested to do specialization were 97% and interested to do IAS, or IPS were 2%. The most preferred career choices among the students were clinical subjects (71%), of which General Medicine and obstetrics & gynecology topped the list, followed by surgery and paediatrics; 24% chose pre-clinical subjects and anatomy was the most favoured, followed by physiology and the least preferred was biochemistry; only 2% were interested in paraclinical subjects of which community medicine, pharmacology and forensic medicine shared equal status but none of them wanted to specialize in pathology and microbiology. Personal interest was rated among 81% of the students in influencing their choice of speciality. After completion of education about 45% of the students wanted to settle in urban area and equal percentage of students in rural area. The students who wanted to settle in India after specialization was 87%, who wanted to go abroad were 7%. About 46% of the students wanted to join the corporate set up after specialization, 36% wanted to become private practitioners. About 46% of the students felt that 1 year is adequate for basic sciences.Conclusion: The career choices among the students of our institution were biased among the clinical subjects. The choices may change during the course of time which would be followed up. The role modelling by the faculty could be a factor in influencing their choices.

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Highlighting a population-based re-emergence of Syphilis infection and assessing associated risk factors among pregnant women in Cameroon: Evidence from the 2009, 2012 and 2017 national sentinel surveillance surveys of HIV and syphilis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0241999 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0241999

Author(s):

Cyprien Kengne-Nde ◽

Jean de Dieu Anoubissi ◽

Gabriel Loni-Ekali ◽

Celine Nguefeu-Nkenfou ◽

Yasmine Moussa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Urban Area ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Sentinel Surveillance ◽

Syphilis Infection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Associated Risk Factors

Background Syphilis and HIV can be transmitted from pregnant women to their children and they remain a public health problem in Africa. Our study aimed to determine the trends of seroprevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection and syphilis infection overtime through the national surveillance system in Cameroon and to explore associated risk factors. Methods We conducted cross-sectional studies of HIV and syphilis, targeting each year 7000 first antenatal care (ANC-1) attendees at the same sites during the 2009, 2012 and 2017 sentinel surveillance surveys. Pregnant women were enrolled at their ANC-1, sociodemographic and clinical information were collected. HIV and Syphilis test were performed by serial algorithm as per the national guidelines. Trends were assessed for HIV, syphilis and HIV/syphilis by estimating seroprevalence from cross-sectional studies. Associated risk factors were explored using multinomial logistic regression with 4 outcomes: HIV/syphilis co-infection, HIV infection only, syphilis infection only and no infection. Results Overall, 6 632, 6 521 and 6 859 pregnant women were enrolled in 2009, 2012 and 2017 respectively. In 2017, a total of 3 901 pregnant women enrolled were tested for syphilis. Almost half of them (47.9%) were living in urban area and were aged less than 25 years (44.7%). While HIV epidemic was on a decline (from 7.6% (95% CI: 6.99–8.28) in 2009 to 5.7% (95% CI: 4.93–6.4) in 2017), a huge significant increase of syphilis prevalence was observed (from 0.6% (95% CI:0.40–0.80) in 2009 to 5.7% (95% CI:4.93–6.40) in 2017). Pregnant women residing in rural areas were more likely to be infected with syphilis than those living in the urban area (aOR = 1.8 [95% CI: 1.3–2.4]). Unmarried pregnant women were three time more likely to be infected by HIV/Syphilis Co-infection than married, cohabiting, widow or divorced pregnant women (aOR = 2.8 [95% CI: 1.3–2.4]). Furthermore; living in Northern region was associated with a lower risk of being infected with HIV (aOR = 0.6 [95% CI: 0.5–0.9]) and Syphilis infection (aOR = 0.6 [95% CI: 0.4–0.9]). Conclusion The epidemiological dynamics of syphilis suggests a growing burden of syphilis infection in the general population of Cameroon. Our findings support the fact that while emphasizing strategies to fight HIV, huge efforts should also be made for strategies to prevent and fight syphilis infection especially among HIV positive women, in rural area, and southern regions.

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Levels and determinants of maternal morbidity in Sangli, Maharashtra, India: a community based study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170756 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 769

Author(s):

Sanjay R. Quraishi ◽

Anuradha P. Gaydhanker ◽

Girish B. Dhumale

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

Maternal Morbidity ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Based ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: In developing countries, the leading cause of disability in women aged 15-44 years is pregnancy and childbirth related complications. Many women do not die of causes related to pregnancy but suffer severe morbidities due to pregnancy related physiological stress.Methods: It is a Community based cross sectional study, conducted at randomly selected villages, towns and households in Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Sampling was done by simple random sampling, with a computed sample size of 3200. Study tool was a pre-tested questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using percentages and Chi-square test. Microsoft Excel and SPSS 22 were used for analysis.Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of maternal morbidity in Sangli, Maharashtra, India. 52.65% women in urban area and 96.53% in rural area suffered from at least one morbidity. In rural area of Sangli, Maharashtra, India maximum of the women surveyed i.e., 30% have primary school education as compared to urban area of Sangli, Maharashtra, India which constitute 34%. A majority of the women in both the districts were suffering from mild complications but the percentage of serious complications is very high in the rural area (15%) than in the urban area (6%).Conclusions: In spite of low levels of perception about maternal morbidities, relatively higher utilization of health services during antepartum period should be taken as an advantage for initiating complete antenatal services, i.e. beyond the coverage of women by TT injection and supply of IFA tablets. The governmental initiation of supplying protein-rich food to pregnant and lactating mothers through ICDS programme has significantly lowered the morbidity levels probably by lessening the levels of anaemia.

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Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Sanitasi Lingkungan Masyarakat Di Rural Area Dan Urban Area Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat 2020

Jurnal Keselamatan Kesehatan Kerja dan Lingkungan ◽

10.25077/jk3l.2.2.119-128.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 119-128

Author(s):

Aulia Rahman ◽

Fea Firdani ◽

Defriman Djafri ◽

Nur Intan Rahmi Andafia

Keyword(s):

Urban Area ◽

Rural Area ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional

Hampir 25 juta penduduk di Indonesia belum menggunakan toilet. Selain itu, akses air bersih pada penduduk Indonesia juga masih belum baik pada sebagian besar wilayah. Provinsi Sumatera Barat menempati urutan ketiga dalam daftar provinsi dengan kondisi sanitasi terburuk di Indonesia. Salah satu daerah yang paling buruk tingkat sanitasinya beberapa tahun terakhir adalah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. Sementara, area di sebelahnya yaitu Kota Pariaman, tercatat sebagai salah satu daerah dengan sanitasi terbaik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apa saja faktor yang berhubungan dengan sanitasi lingkungan masyarakat di kedua area. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Sebanyak 100 orang dari Kabupaten Padang Pariaman (Rural Area) dan 100 orang dari Kota Pariaman (Urban Area) menjadi respoden dalam penelitian Ini. Penelitian ini berlangsung dari Maret-Oktober 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara sanitasi lingkungan masyarakat dengan variabel pengetahuan, kepemilikan jamban, sumber air bersih dan dukungan pemerintah pada kedua area (p-value < 0,05). Sedangkan variabel tingkat pendidikan tidak memiliki hubungan dengan sanitasi lingkungan masyarakat di kedua area (p-value > 0,05). Disarankan kepada pemerintah, bekerjasama dengan instansi lain seperti Puskesmas, Bappeda, Dinas PU dan lain-lain untuk terus meningkatkan upaya perbaikan cakupan sanitasi di wilayah kerja masing-masing

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