scholarly journals BOVINE MILK

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 685-690
Author(s):  
Shafqat Ullah ◽  
Naheed Mahsood ◽  
Ayesha Imtiaz ◽  
Amir Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results

Introduction: Milk and dairy products are consumed by the human on dailybasis throughout the globe and constitute a huge business by the dairy farmers due to its highdemand. The consumers of milk and milk products expect its high quality, free from the artificialpreservatives and threatening agents. Objectives: To determine the chemical quality of rawbovine milk sold in open markets of district Peshawar. Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: 4 towns, Town 1(Sikandar Town and Gul Bahar) ,2 (Shahi Bala,Methra and Pajjagi),3(University Road and Hayatabad Area), 4 (Hazaekhawani and Badabair Area) of districtPeshawar. Period: 6 months; from November 2016 to April 2017. Methodology: 158 sampleswere selected. All samples were analyzed for adulteration in the Public Health Laboratory phase5 Hayatabad Peshawar. Study duration was 6 months; convenient sampling technique hasbeen followed. Results: Among all 158 samples; 32.3% of the sample were adulterated withwater. 8.9% of sample showed hydrogen per oxide adulteration. Starch, cane sugar and ureaadulteration was in 7.6%, 2.5% and 1.9% samples respectively. Vegetable oil, formalin andsynthetic milk adulteration was in 1.9%, 5.7% and 5.7% of samples respectively. We have LargeScale Vendors i.e. Rural Area 10% showing low and Urban Area 90% as high adulteration, SmallScale Vendors 30% low in rural Area and 70% high adulteration in urban area respectively.Conclusion: This study results provided a base line data of chemical composition of bovinemilk used in Peshawar. Chemical were present and can play key role in alteration of milk whichwe use on daily basis. Water content was high, it means that most of the shop-keepers prefer tomix water in milk to increase the quantity of milk. Use of starch, Vegetable Oil and Formalin wasminimal. Use of hydrogen peroxide, Urea and synthetic milk was very less in provided sample.

scholarly journals Consumption of the trans fats and fats in adult females in urban and rural areas of Ludhiana: a population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4769
Author(s):  
Govind Maakhni ◽  
Shavinder Singh ◽  
Deepshikha Kamra
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Adult Females

Background: In India, fast foods are becoming part of our daily lifestyle. Foods prepared in restaurants are very high in trans fats (TFs). Also, alarmingly about 400,000 tonnes of snacks, which are largely prepared in TFs are consumed every year. According to recent studies, TFs levels are 5 to 12 times higher in the oils consumed in India as compared to the world standard. The WHO recommends that TFs intake be less than 1 percent of total caloric intake. The objective of the study was to assess the consumption of TFs and fats in foods by the population in urban and rural areas.Methods: This was a community-based cross-sectional study. All adult females above 18 years of age who took an active part in kitchen were interviewed. Their dietary patterns were assessed. The sampling was done using a systematic random sampling technique and 200 participants each in rural and urban areas were selected.Results: 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding WHO limit of less than 1 percent TFs consumption. The median value of TFs consumption was higher in urban area (0.575 grams/day) than in rural area (0.427 grams/day).Conclusions: The study concludes that 12 percent participants in the urban area and 9 percent participants in the rural area were exceeding TFs consumption. Therefore, a proactive approach to ensure that these WHO regulations have the full intended effect needs to be taken.

scholarly journals A comparative study of prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban, and rural population of South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
B. Babu Rao ◽  
Syam Sundar Junapudi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Study Population

Background: Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health.1 People are generally considered obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height, is over 30 kg/m2, with the range 25–30 kg/m2 defined as overweight.Aims and objectives were to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study population and to compare the study results between urban and rural area population.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study from April 2008 to May 2009 (1 year) conducted at urban health centre, Harazpenta and rural health centre, Patancheruvu. Total of 1409 persons in the age group of above 15 years were involved in this study. Data collection by using pre-designed, pretested questionnaire. Data analysis by using MS office 2016. Epi info2016, rates, ratios, proportions and Chi-square tests were used.Results: Among urban population prevalence of obesity was 12.7% compared to 5.4% in rural area. The prevalence of pre obesity was more among males (26.2%) in urban area than rural area (16.72%). In the study population 42.9% of the individual who had BMI>25 were from upper middle class in urban area, when compared to 43.3% with BMI>25 belongs to upper class in rural area.Conclusions: All over weight and obese subjects should be educated to know about the occurrence of various health problems due to overweight.

scholarly journals Kelainan refraksi pada siswa SMP daerah pedesaan

e-CliniC ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Indo Mamesah ◽  
Josefien S. M. Saerang ◽  
Laya M. Rares
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract: Visual impairment is defined as a functional limitation of the eye/eyes or visual system and can manifest in decreased visual acuity or contrast sensitivity, visual field loss, photophobia, visual distortion, visual perceptual difficulties, or a combination of them. Examination of the eye and vision assessment are very important to detect conditions that can cause blindness and serious systemic conditions, which cause problems in school performance, or at a more severe level, life threatening. This study aimed to obtain the occurence of refractive anomalies among junior high school students in rural areas. This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in SMP I Wori (rural area) and SMP I Airmadidi (urban area). There were 60 respondents; 30 respondents of each school. Distributions of respondent genders were nearly the same for both schools; the number of females was higher than males. The majority of SMP I Airmadidi students were 11 years old (36.7%), meanwhile the majority of SMP Wori students were 13 years (50%). Most student complaints in SMP I Airmadidi were itchy eyes and drowsiness (16.7%), meanwhile in SMP I Wori was headache (18.4%). Visual impairment was found in 16.6% of students of SMP I Airmadidi, meanwhile in SMP I there was no student with refractive anomaly. Conclusion: There was no refractive anomaly found among students of rural area, however, among students of urban area myopia was the refractive anomaly found.Keywords: refractive anomalyAbstrak: Gangguan penglihatan didefinisikan sebagai suatu keterbatasan fungsional pada mata atau kedua mata atau sistem visual yang dapat bermanifestasi terhadap penurunan ketajaman penglihatan atau sensitifitas kontras, hilangnya lapangan penglihatan, photofobia, distorsi visual, kesulitan perseptual visual atau kombinasi dari semua diatas. Pemeriksaan mata dan penilaian penglihatan sangat penting untuk mendeteksi kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan kebutaan dan kondisi sistemik serius, yang memicu masalah performa di sekolah, atau pada tingkat yang lebih berat, mengancam kehidupan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kelainan refraksi pada anak SMP di daerah pedesaan. Jenis penelitian ini analitik observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di SMPN I Wori (daerah luar Minahasa Utara/pedesaan) dan SMPN I Airmadidi (kota Kabupaten Minahasa Utara), dan diperoleh 60 responden penelitian. Distribusi jenis kelamin responden kedua sekolah hampir sama dimana jumlah perempuan lebih banyak dari laki-laki. Usia terbanyak di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah 11 tahun (36,7%) sedangkan di SMPN Wori 13 tahun (50%). Keluhan terbanyak siswa di SMPN I Airmadidi ialah mata gatal dan rasa kantuk (16,7%), sedangkan di SMPN I Wori ialah sakit kepala (18, 4%). Gangguan penglihatan ditemukan pada responden di SMPN I Airmadidi sebanyak 16,6 % sedangkan di SMPN I tidak ditemukan kelainan visus. Simpulan: Tidak ditemukan adanya gangguan refraksi pada siswa SMP di daerah pedesaan. Kelainan refraksi miopia ditemukan pada siswa SMP di perkotaan.Kata kunci: gangguan refraksi

scholarly journals Durasi Membaca Buku Merupakan Faktor Risiko Terjadinya Miopia Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar: Studi Perbandingan Rural dan Urban Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Wahju Ratna Martiningsih ◽  
Fitria Devi ◽  
Andra Novitasari ◽  
Kanti Ratnaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Purposive Sampling

Latar Belakang: Kelainan refraksi merupakan salah satu penyebab ganggunan penglihatan. Miopia merupakan salah satu kelaian refraksi dan anak-anak merupakan kelompok yang menderita kelainan refraksi berupa miopia. Kebiasaan membaca merupakan salah satu faktor peneybab miopia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan faktor risiko penderita miopia pada anak Sekolah Dasar (SD) yang ada di urban area dan rural areaMetode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel merupakan siswa SD Negeri 03 Sidomukti (rural area) dan SD Hj. Isriati Baiturrahman 1 (urban area)  kelas 4,5, dan 6. Kriteria eksklusi meliputi kelaianan konginetal mata, infeksi, atau pasca operasi intraokuler. Data penelitian menggunakan data primer berupa kuisioner dan pemeriksaan visus. Analisis menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil: Dari 214 sampel terdiri dari 116 sampel rural area dan 98 sampel urban area, hanya faktor durasi membaca buku pada sampel di rural area yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia (p=0,016), sedangkan faktor riwayat keluarga, konsumsi sayur atau buah, jarak baca, intensitas menonton TV, intensitas menggunakan komputer, intensitas menggunakan gadget, aktivitas luar ruangan hari sekolah, dan aktivitas luar ruangan hari libur tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada sampel rural maupun urban area.Kesimpulan: Lama membaca buku berhubungan dengan terjadinya miopia pada rural area.

scholarly journals Influence of Customer Loyalty, Consumer Animosity and Purchase Intention on Consumer Ethnocentrism

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bukola Victoria Bada ◽  
Chibuzor Uchenna Onuoha
Keyword(s):  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cultural Relevance ◽  
Additional Result ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consumer Ethnocentrism ◽  
Consumer Animosity ◽  
Study Results

The study examined the influence of customer loyalty, consumer animosity and purchase intention on consumer ethnocentrism. The research was a cross-sectional survey which made use of purposive sampling technique to select 196 (males = 109; females = 87) undergraduates from two public universities in Nigeria. Standardized scales that measured customer loyalty, consumer animosity, purchase intention and consumer ethnocentrism were adapted into a questionnaire format and used for data collection after theywere revalidated for cultural relevance. Three hypotheses were tested in the study. Results showed significant positive relationships among customer loyalty, consumer animosity, purchase intention and consumer ethnocentrism (p<.01). Additional result revealed significant independent and combined influence of customer loyalty, consumer animosity and purchase intention on consumer ethnocentrism. However, gender did not influence consumer ethnocentrism. It was concluded that customer loyalty, consumer animosity and purchase intention were strongly related to consumer ethnocentrism. The findings of the study were discussed alongside recommendation.

Indigenous context of vertigo: translation and validation of dizziness handicap inventory for diagnosis and evaluation of patients in Pakistani hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammar Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel ◽  
Naeem Aslam Chughtai
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Main Study ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Dizziness Handicap Inventory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the indigenous need for public health challenges being faced by the patients in Pakistan because of vertigo symptoms. Vertigo or benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is described as short episodes of dizziness (spinning sensations) that are caused because of movements of head in varying directions. Various published accounts have linked vertigo to psychological and psychiatric symptoms, which include stress, anxiety and depression. The aim of present study is to examine the validity and reliability of Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) Urdu version that is vital in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of patients coming in hospitals. Design/methodology/approach This present study included two segments, namely, preliminary and main study. Preliminary study results indicated that the overall scale had high internal consistency of DHI Urdu version α = 0.95. The overall scale retained a high test-retest correlation tested over a period of 15 days (r = 0.93). Main study was performed on 222 vestibulocochlear disorder patients having chief complaints of tinnitus and vertigo, age ranged from 18 to 89 (M = 46.14; SD = 16.64) and recruited from various hospitals of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Purposive sampling technique was applied based on cross-sectional design. Findings Significant correlations were noted between dizziness symptoms rating on the translated scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the structure of the scales; an orthogonal rotation (Varimax) was conducted on the data collected from patients. A three-factor solution was obtained for DHI, the factors obtained were associated to the subscales vestibular handicap, vestibular disability and visuo-vestibular disability, demonstrating a strong factorial validity in the Pakistani cultural context. Originality/value Vertigo is a symptom that initiates various psychological issues among vestibulocochlear disorder patients (patients having ear related problems) around the world and therefore the investigated inventory offers an initial assessment for the severity of dizziness. Current research will help in the development of indigenous measures to ascertain the severity of the symptoms triggering various other mental health-related issues.

scholarly journals Pattern and Extent of Street Food Consumption in Hohoe, Volta Region, Ghana: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Winnifred Ekua Baidoe ◽  
Mark Kwame Ananga ◽  
Elorm Kwame Nyinaku
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Street Food

Background. For most people in developing countries, street food is a major source of sustenance, and Ghana is no exception. Street food vending has seen tremendous growth in Ghana as a result of the insurgence of urbanisation. Despite being one of the largest sectors of national economy in terms of employment and sales of food, very little is known about street food consumption patterns in Ghana. The current study explored the patterns and extent of street food consumption in the Hohoe township. Methods. A cross-sectional design which recruited 403 subjects through a multistage sampling technique. A semistructured questionnaire was used to gather information on demographics, types of street foods, extent of street food consumption, safety concerns, and diversity of street foods patronised. Means, standard deviations, and Chi-square tests were used to determine the association between selected variables at <0.05 level of significance. Results. The top 5 foods mostly patronised by respondents are porridge foods-Koko (17.9%), rice and stew (17.4%), banku (12.6%), waakye (11.5%), and kenkey (8.7%) with porridge foods consumed almost on a daily basis. Convenience (37.2%) and affordability (17.1%) greatly influenced the choice of street foods among consumers. Occupation and the level of education are strongly correlated with the concern for safety of street foods {(X2 = 17.3094, P<0.008); (X2 = 17.1731, P<0.002)}. The dietary diversity score of most respondents was in the high tercile (77.7%) (≥6 food groups), whilst the cereals dominate the food group mostly consumed by respondents. Conclusion. The study suggests that patronising street food is very high in Hohoe municipality, irrespective of the gender, occupation, or educational level. As an “informal” sector of food business, street foods often escape formal inspection and control. They can, therefore, both be the source of food safety problems and contribute to the deterioration of environmental hygiene. This is a call on policy makers and regulators to take a critical look at the sector.

scholarly journals Clustering of lifestyle risk factors among Algerian adolescents: Comparison between urban and rural area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima alzahra Hasan Yakti ◽  
Hissa Al-Mannai ◽  
Dana Saad ◽  
Abdelhamid Kerkadi ◽  
Grace Attieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Lifestyle behavior risk factors (LBRs) such as sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, smoking, unhealthy eating patterns and being overweight/obese play a major role in the development or prevention of NCDs. Objective: Compare the clustering of LBRs between urban and rural Algerian adolescents. We expect differences in LBRs between urban and rural area. Design: Data of this cross-sectional study was derived from GSHS. Self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was filled out by 4532 adolescents (11–16 years), which addressed LBRs of NCDs. LBRs clustering was measured by the ratios of observed (O) and expected (E) prevalence of one or more simultaneously occurring LBRs for urban and rural area separately. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the association of LBRs as dependent variable with demographic variables (location, age, gender). Results: The most common LBR was physical inactivity (84.6%: 50.9% for urban and 49.1% for rural). Adolescents in urban area had a higher prevalence of two (56.8% vs. 43.2%) and three and more (61.3 vs. 38.7%) LBRs than rural. In urban area, a significant positive association was found between: (low fruits and vegetables + physical inactivity) [2.06 (1.61-2.64)] and (high SB + smoking) [2.10 (1.54-2.76)], while (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.70 (0.54-0.91)] showed a significant negative association. In rural area, (high SB + overweight/obesity) [1.49 (1.09-2.04)] had a significant positive association. While, (low fruits and vegetables + high SB) [0.75 (0.60-0.94)], (physical inactivity + high SB) [0.65 (0.49-0.86)] and (physical inactivity + smoking) [0.70 (0.49-0.99)] had a negative association. Conclusions: Several socio-demographic factors have been identified to play a role in LBRs clustering among Algerian adolescents. Results of the study suggest the development of intervention aiming to tackle different LBRs rather than focusing on a single LBR.

scholarly journals Academic Stress among High School Students in a Rural Area of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (225) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minani Gurung ◽  
Natkamol Chansatitporn ◽  
Kanittha Chamroonsawasdi ◽  
Punyarat Lapvongwatana
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Academic Stress ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: The period of adolescence undergoes many physical and mental changes.Changing emotional and physical status along with increasing social, family, and academicpressure lead to various impairments in the mental health of adolescents. Academic failureleads to the suicide rate in adolescents, predominantly high during the declaration of examresults which is significantly high in a rural area in comparison with urban. The study examinedthe prevalence of academic stress among high school students in a rural area of Rolpa, Nepal. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 schools in Rolpa from July to October 2019. The sample size calculated was 521. A convenient sampling technique was used for this study.The target population was adolescents enrolled in high schools of Rolpa. Ethical approval was takenbefore data collection. The scale for assessing academic stress was used to find out the prevalence.A questionnaire was translated in local language and pre-testing was done in Nepal Police School,Sanga among 10% of the calculated sample size. Data entry was done in Statistical Package for theSocial Sciences version 18. Descriptive statistical analysis was done for prevalence calculation.  Results: Out of a total of 521 students, the prevalence of academic stress was seen among 138 (26.5%)students at a 95% confidence interval (22.72-30.28). Conclusions: The prevalence of academic stress in our study was high and was consistent with otherSouth Asian studies. Understanding academic stress and providing help and support to the studentswould help ease the burden for them.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PRE-MENOPAUSE DENGAN KEJADIAN HIERTENSI PADA WANITA DI RT 11 RW 05 KELURAHAN BANJARBENDO SIDOARJO

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Umamah ◽  
Aprillia Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Health Staff ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Analytic Design ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between pre-menopause women with incidence of hypertension in RT 11 RW 05 Banjarbendo village Sidoarjo. Menopause women have increasing blood pressure is higher than pre-menopause women, it caused by decreasing of hormonal levels. Initial data showed in February 2015 in RT 11 RW 05 Banjarbendo village was obtained 6 out of 10 women or 60% women had symptoms of hypertension in pre- menopause women. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between pre- menopause women with incidence of hypertension in RT 11 RW 05 Banjarbendo village Sidoarjo.It use analytic design, with cross sectional approach. The population were 61 women. The sample were 52 respondents taken by simple random sampling technique. The independent variable was the incidence of hypertension and the dependent variable was the incidence of pre-menopause. Data were collected by using check list. Analyzed by chi square test ( α = 0.05 ) . Study results showed almost all pre–menopause women and most women them had hypertension. Results test ρ = 0.001 < α = 0.05. so H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted . The conclusion of this study is there is relationship between Pre-menopause with incidence of hypertension In women In RT 11 RW 05 Banjarbendo village Sidoarjo. Suggested for women to understand and have knowledge about the signs of pre-menopause and the incidence of hypertension and Health staff to provide information to the women about the signs of pre-menopause and hypertension .

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