scholarly journals Factors favouring the evolution of multidrug resistance in bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (168) ◽  
pp. 20200105
Author(s):  
Eliott Jacopin ◽  
Sonja Lehtinen ◽  
Florence Débarre ◽  
François Blanquart
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Multiple Drugs

The evolution of multidrug antibiotic resistance in commensal bacteria is an important public health concern. Commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli , Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus , are also opportunistic pathogens causing a large fraction of the community-acquired and hospital-acquired bacterial infections. Multidrug resistance (MDR) makes these infections harder to treat with antibiotics and may thus cause substantial additional morbidity and mortality. Here, we develop an evolutionary epidemiology model to identify the factors favouring the evolution of MDR in commensal bacteria. The model describes the evolution of antibiotic resistance in a commensal bacterial species evolving in a host population subjected to multiple antibiotic treatments. We combine statistical analysis of a large number of simulations and mathematical analysis to understand the model behaviour. We find that MDR evolves more readily when it is less costly than expected from the combinations of single resistances (positive epistasis). MDR frequently evolves when bacteria are in contact with multiple drugs prescribed in the host population, even if individual hosts are only treated with a single drug at a time. MDR is favoured when the host population is structured in different classes that vary in their rates of antibiotic treatment. However, under most circumstances, recombination between loci involved in resistance does not meaningfully affect the equilibrium frequency of MDR. Together, these results suggest that MDR is a frequent evolutionary outcome in commensal bacteria that encounter the variety of antibiotics prescribed in the host population. A better characterization of the variability in antibiotic use across the host population (e.g. across age classes or geographical location) would help predict which MDR genotypes will most readily evolve.

scholarly journals Genomic Characterization of New Variant of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)-Producing Escherichia coli with Multidrug Resistance Properties Carrying the mcr-1 Gene in China

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silpak Biswas ◽  
Mohammed Elbediwi ◽  
Guimin Gu ◽  
Min Yue
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
New Variant ◽  
Genomic Characterization ◽  
Human Infections

Colistin is considered to be a ‘last-resort’ antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, carrying the transferable colistin resistance gene mcr-1, has recently provoked a global health concern. This report presents the first detection of a hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producing Escherichia coli variant isolated from a human in China, with multidrug resistance (MDR) properties, including colistin resistance by the mcr-1 gene, which could have great implications for the treatment of human infections.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of enterobacteria isolated from wild grey-breasted parakeets (Pyrrhura griseipectus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Jackson F. Beleza ◽  
William Cardoso Maciel ◽  
Arianne S. Carreira ◽  
Adson R. Marques ◽  
Fabio P. Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Hafnia Alvei ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

ABSTRACT: The grey-breasted parakeet (Pyrrhura griseipectus) is an endangered psittacine species that have been affected by illegal trade and deforestation. Currently, this endemic species is only found in three areas in Ceará state, in Brazil. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and diversity of Enterobacteriaceae in wild adult grey-breasted parakeets and determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Cloacal swab samples were collected from 27 individuals and environmental swabs (drag swabs) from five nests used by these birds. Twenty-seven strains from nine species of Enterobacteriaceae were recovered from cloacal swabs, and the most prevalent bacteria strains were Hafnia alvei (22%) and Pantoea agglomerans (22%). From environmental nest samples, seven strains from three bacterial species were isolated, being the P. agglomerans the most frequent species (100%). Twenty-two of the 27 isolates (81.4%) exhibited antibiotic resistance, varying from one to eight of the 12 antimicrobials commonly used. Resistance to amoxicillin was the most prevalent (70.4%), followed by azithromycin (22.2%) and ceftriaxone (18.5%). None of the strains were resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or tetracycline. The H. alvei was the main species presenting multidrug resistance, including resistance against meropenem, which is an important finding. These results could provide interesting information on the health of these endangered wild grey-breasted parakeets. They could also indicate that the obtained isolates are part of a group of bacteria that are typical components of the enteric microbiota of birds, which present elevated rates of resistance to amoxicillin.

scholarly journals Sprouts as functional food- an approach towards the identification of natural antibiotic resistance breakers

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-s) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Valli. S Abiraami ◽  
S. Uma Gowrie
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
In Silico Docking ◽  
Horse Gram ◽  
Macrotyloma Uniflorum

Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. Investigation studies related to discovery of novel antibiotics to deal with antibacterial resistance from natural edible food products have been one of the significant research interests in recent years. The main objective of the study is to identify the bioactive compounds having the natural antibiotic resistance breaking property, by giving scientific validation to the existing bioactive compounds present in the sprouts and recommending the horse gram and mixed sprouts as a natural dietary supplement, a measure for the management of the disease, Shigellosis. Qualitative screening of the phytoconstituents (using different solvent extracts) and quantitative analysis of the primary and secondary phytoconstituents were carried out in methanol and aqueous extracts of the horse gram and mixed sprouts (fresh and dried) using standard protocols in two different samples- horse gram sprouts (Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.) and mixed sprouts of combination (Cicer arietinum L. (Chick pea), Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. (horse gram) and Vigna radiata (L.). Antibacterial activity of both the samples against human pathogens namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri were studied. In horse gram and mixed sprouts, maximum zone of inhibitions were shown by Shigella flexneri, a food and water borne pathogen leading to outbreaks of Shigellosis, a major public health concern. Ciprofloxacin is a broad spectrum of antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinolones. The bactericidal action of Ciprofloxacin is by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase and topoisomerase IV, which are required for bacterial DNA replication. Phytochemical characterization (FTIR and GC-MS) and antibacterial studies proved the presence of essential phytoconstituents like terpenoids, fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Several bioactive compounds obtained from GC-MS analysis were screened for Ciprofloxacin antibiotic resistance. The specific phytoconstituents, DL-Proline from horse gram sprouts and Geranyl geraniol from mixed sprouts was tend to act as novel antibiotic resistance breakers which was proved through in silico docking.   

scholarly journals Investigating colistin drug resistance: The role of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dickson Aruhomukama ◽  
Ivan Sserwadda ◽  
Gerald Mboowa
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative

Bacterial infections involving antibiotic resistant gram-negative bacteria continue to increase and represent a major global public health concern. Resistance to antibiotics in these bacteria is mediated by chromosomal and/or acquired resistance mechanisms, these give rise to multi-drug resistant (MDR) or extensive drug resistant (XDR) bacterial strains. Most recently, a novel acquired plasmid mediated resistance mechanism to colistin, an antibiotic that had been set apart as the last resort antibiotic in the treatment of infections involving MDR and XDR gram-negative bacteria, has been reported. Plasmid mediated colistin resistant gram-negative bacteria have been described to be pan-drug resistant, implying a state devoid of alternative antibiotic therapeutic options. This review describes the evolution of antibiotic resistance to plasmid mediated colistin resistance, and discusses the potential role of high-throughput sequencing technologies, genomics and bioinformatics towards improving antibiotic resistance surveillance, the search for novel drug targets and precision antibiotic therapy focused at combating colistin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance as a whole.

scholarly journals Co-Opting Host Receptors for Targeted Delivery of Bioconjugates—From Drugs to Bugs

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1479
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Tummillo ◽  
Karsten R.O. Hazlett
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Advanced Treatments

Bioconjugation has allowed scientists to combine multiple functional elements into one biological or biochemical unit. This assembly can result in the production of constructs that are targeted to a specific site or cell type in order to enhance the response to, or activity of, the conjugated moiety. In the case of cancer treatments, selectively targeting chemotherapies to the cells of interest limit harmful side effects and enhance efficacy. Targeting through conjugation is also advantageous in delivering treatments to difficult-to-reach tissues, such as the brain or infections deep in the lung. Bacterial infections can be more selectively treated by conjugating antibiotics to microbe-specific entities; helping to avoid antibiotic resistance across commensal bacterial species. In the case of vaccine development, conjugation is used to enhance efficacy without compromising safety. In this work, we will review the previously mentioned areas in which bioconjugation has created new possibilities and advanced treatments.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Trends Among Ocular Pathogens in the US—Cumulative Results from the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular Microorganisms (ARMOR) Surveillance Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny A Asbell ◽  
Christine M Sanfilippo ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Surveillance Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Antibacterial Drug ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistance Monitoring ◽  
Ongoing Surveillance

Antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is a public health concern. The multicenter, prospective Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Ocular micRoorganisms (ARMOR) study is an ongoing surveillance study designed to report on antibiotic resistance rates and trends among Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS; includes Staphylococcus epidermidis), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae isolates from ocular infections. Results for more than 4,000 isolates collected from 2009 –2015, representing 7 years of ARMOR, were recently presented. More than a third of S. aureus and almost half of all CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to methicillin. Staphylococcal isolates also showed high levels of multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 antibacterial drug classes) with 76.4% and 73.7% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) isolates, respectively, demonstrating multidrug resistance. Resistance among S. pneumoniae was notable for azithromycin (36.8%) and for penicillin (34.0%), whereas P. aeruginosa and H. influenzae were generally susceptible to the antibiotic classes tested. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated a small decrease in methicillin resistance among S. aureus over the 7-year study period, which may be a result of improved antibiotic stewardship. Continued surveillance of antibiotic resistance among ocular pathogens is warranted.

scholarly journals Development of a Tetracycline Resistant Strain of E. coli Sensitive to Ultraviolet Radiation

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Meredith Joy Reesor ◽  
Isaac Joseph King ◽  
Jeffrey Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
E Coli

Multidrug resistance bacteria pose a significant threat to human health and the efforts of the medical community.  Given our reliance on antibiotics for therapeutic treatment of bacterial infections it is imperative to understand the mechanism by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance.  In the present report we develop a strain of Escherichia coli capable of resisting high levels of tetracycline and other protein synthesis inhibitors.  Furthermore the tetracycline resistant strain is approximately 1/3rd in length and is sensitive to UV radiation.

scholarly journals Impact of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Bacterial Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jishnu Basu ◽  
Tiffany Grimes
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease which causes the production of viscous mucus in airways which limits airflow and creates the perfect conditions for bacterial growth. Unfortunately, deaths due to bacterial infections in Cystic Fibrosis patients have increased as bacterial strains have developed antibiotic resistance.  Researchers have found that silver nanoparticles offer a solution to growing antibiotic resistance due to how no resistance has been developed to them in clinical trials. Current research is focusing on the bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles which does not produce the harmful waste products seen with the industrial production of silver nanoparticles. However, there is a lack of comparative research concerning the effectiveness of silver nanoparticles produced by different microorganisms, which is what the researcher’s work addressed. The researcher’s work primarily focused on determining how effective silver nanoparticles produced by different bacterial species were at inhibiting bacterial growth. Through the collection of nanoparticles via extracellular synthesis, antimicrobial assays were conducted to determine the efficacy of silver nanoparticles produced by different microorganisms. The results indicated that silver nanoparticles produced by B. subtilis were the most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth. This provides a crucial as research in the field should increasingly focus on bacteria which utilize assimilatory nitrate reduction like B. subtilis because of the increased efficacy of silver nanoparticles produced by this method in inhibiting bacterial growth in aerobic conditions. Advances in this area could increase the efficiency of nanoparticle production and make it viable for industrial production.

Isolation frequency of uropathogenic strains and search for ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients with UTI in Bechar (Algeria)

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elhassan Benyagoub ◽  
Miaad K. Alkhudhairy ◽  
S. Mohamed Benchaib ◽  
Abdelmadjid Zaalan ◽  
Youcef Mekhfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogenic strains mainly the global spread of extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) genes accompanied both by uncontrolled use of antibacterial agents and a considerable decrease in their activities makes the monitoring of the resistance pattern one of necessary means that could help the medical practitioners to choose the best treatment. For this purpose and during four months from March 1 to June 30 (2019), an experimental study has been carried out on urine specimens of 123 inpatients (IP) and outpatients (OP) at infectious disease service Boudjemaa TOURABI Public Hospital of Bechar (Algeria), aiming the detection of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae uropathogenic strains. Methods: Firstly, the antibiotic susceptibility testing has been carried out by using the disk diffusion method to determine not only the multidrug resistance patterns, but also the multiple antibiotic resistance indexes of uropathogenic strains isolated from clinical IP and OP samples. Secondly, the ESBL detection was done by using the following methods: synergy tests based on the synergy between a thirdgeneration cephalosporin and clavulanate, double-disc synergy test (DDST) and phenotypic tests on a cloxacillin-containing agar. Results: As a result, 56 patients had a urinary tract infection (UTI) in overall 123 patients; a frequency of 45,52%. Through a UTI’s frequency of 64,7%, the female gender was the most affected. All age groups were affected by UTI, with a mean age of 38,47±19,97 years old. Knowing that UTIs’ patients having ages ranged from 16 to 49 years old were most affected compared to other ages’ groups, with a frequency of 66,6 and 50% for female and male gender, respectively. The microbial strains represented by the bacteria group were predominant, ie (98,22%) followed by yeasts (1,78%), where Gram-negative bacilli showed (96,36%) of the uropathogenic agents, so (3,64%) were Gram-positive bacteria. The antibiotic resistance profile of isolated Enterobacteriaceae showed very high resistance rates for the species of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, and Proteus spp to aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, and less against carbapenems and other drug groups. E. coli had presented the highest multidrug resistance followed by Klebsiella spp with a MAR index ranged from 0,53 to 0,82. Within this range, a total of 28 isolate (25 E. coli, 2 Klebsiella spp, and 1 Proteus mirabilis) had shown resistance against 9 to 14 out of the 17 tested antibiotics. The rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains was 23,07 and 55,26% for inpatients and outpatients respectively, where E.coli was the most important ESBL producers out of all isolated strains. Conclusion: An alarming ESBLs rate for outpatients which is usually higher among inpatients with UTI, who receive several classes of antibiotics. Such condition should be considered as a major public health concern, and measures must be taken to establish the sources and drivers of this issue. Thus, the findings of this research pushes health sector stakeholders as well as scientific communities to act on reducing the transmission of the multidrug-resistant strains that threatens several classes of life-saving antibiotics.

scholarly journals Predicting Antibiotic Resistance in Hospitalized Patients by Applying Machine Learning to Electronic Medical Records

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ohad Lewin-Epstein ◽  
Shoham Baruch ◽  
Lilach Hadany ◽  
Gideon Y Stein ◽  
Uri Obolski
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Electronic Medical Records ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Empiric Therapy ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Computerized Decision Support

Abstract Background Computerized decision support systems are becoming increasingly prevalent with advances in data collection and machine learning (ML) algorithms. However, they are scarcely used for empiric antibiotic therapy. Here, we predict the antibiotic resistance profiles of bacterial infections of hospitalized patients using ML algorithms applied to patients’ electronic medical records (EMRs). Methods The data included antibiotic resistance results of bacterial cultures from hospitalized patients, alongside their EMRs. Five antibiotics were examined: ceftazidime (n = 2942), gentamicin (n = 4360), imipenem (n = 2235), ofloxacin (n = 3117), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (n = 3544). We applied lasso logistic regression, neural networks, gradient boosted trees, and an ensemble that combined all 3 algorithms, to predict antibiotic resistance. Variable influence was gauged by permutation tests and Shapely Additive Explanations analysis. Results The ensemble outperformed the separate models and produced accurate predictions on test set data. When no knowledge regarding the infecting bacterial species was assumed, the ensemble yielded area under the receiver-operating characteristic (auROC) scores of 0.73–0.79 for different antibiotics. Including information regarding the bacterial species improved the auROCs to 0.8–0.88. Variables’ effects on predictions were assessed and found to be consistent with previously identified risk factors for antibiotic resistance. Conclusions We demonstrate the potential of ML to predict antibiotic resistance of bacterial infections of hospitalized patients. Moreover, we show that rapidly gained information regarding the infecting bacterial species can improve predictions substantially. Clinicians should consider the implementation of such systems to aid correct empiric therapy and to potentially reduce antibiotic misuse.

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