Evaluation of applicability of the online version of HADS-D for depression phenotype screening in the general population

One of the most promising areas of research into the biological underpinnings of depression is genetic studies. However, the absence of generally accepted phenotyping methods leads to the difficulties in generalizing their results due to the heterogeneity of the samples. Thus, the development of a reliable and convenient phenotyping method that allows large sample sizes to be included in studies remains a top priority for the further development of genetic studies of depression.The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the online version of the depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) for depression phenotype screening in the general population. Using online HADS-D we performed screening of depressive symptoms and compared results with known population patterns of depression.We conducted an online survey of 2610 Russian-speaking respondents over the age of 18. The overall HADS-D score was higher in women (p=0.003), in individuals under 30 y.o compared to participants over 42 y.o. (p=0.004) and in individuals reporting cardiovascular diseases (CVD) symptoms (p<0.0001).Linear regression showed that the presence of CVD leads to higher HADS-D scores (p<0.001), male gender (p=0.002) and older age (p<0.001) led to lower scores. Logistic regression showed that CVD increases the risk of having depression symptoms by HADS-D (p=0.033, OR=1.29), older age (p=0.015, OR=0.87) and male sex (as a trend, p=0.052, OR=0.80) decrease this risk.These results are consistent with the known data on the association of sex, age, and the presence of CVD with the prevalence of depression. The online version of HADS-D, given the ease of its usage, can be regarded as an effective tool for phenotyping depression in the general population.

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Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Perceived Stress in Postpartum Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094627 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4627

Author(s):

Blanca Vianey Suárez-Rico ◽

Guadalupe Estrada-Gutierrez ◽

Maribel Sánchez-Martínez ◽

Otilia Perichart-Perera ◽

Carolina Rodríguez-Hernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Online Survey ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Mexican Women ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression

The COVID-19 lockdown represents a new challenge for mental health researchers and clinical practitioners. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and perceived stress in postpartum Mexican women. The study included 293, 4–12-week postpartum women over the age of 18. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), Trait-State Trait Anxiety Inventory (T-STAI), and Ten Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), which are all questionnaires validated for the Mexican population, were applied using a web-based online survey. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of the maternal age was 29.9 ± 6.3 years; the EPDS score: 11 ± 6, T-STAI score: 41.7 ± 12.3, and PSS-10 score: 17.1 ± 7. The prevalence (95% CI) of the postpartum depression symptoms was 39.2% (34–45%), trait anxiety symptoms were found among 46.1% (32–43%) of the participants, and moderate and high perceived stress were in 58% (52–64) and 10.9% (7.8–15) of the participants, respectively. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, and perceived stress was higher among postpartum Mexican women during the COVID-19 outbreak than before the lockdown. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring perinatal mental health during pandemics and the need to design effective psychologic interventions for these patients.

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The impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health in general population in different areas in China

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291720004717 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Mao-Sheng Ran ◽

Ru Gao ◽

Jing-Xia Lin ◽

Tian-Ming Zhang ◽

Sherry Kit Wa Chan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

General Population ◽

General Health ◽

Online Survey ◽

General Health Questionnaire ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Self Rating

Abstract Background This study aimed to explore the impacts of COVID-19 outbreak on mental health status in general population in different affected areas in China. Methods This was a comparative study including two groups of participants: (1) general population in an online survey in Ya'an and Jingzhou cities during the COVID-19 outbreak from 10–20 February 2020; and (2) matching general population selected from the mental health survey in Ya'an in 2019 (from January to May 2019). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used. Results There were 1775 participants (Ya'an in 2019 and 2020: 537 respectively; Jingzhou in 2020: 701). Participants in Ya'an had a significantly higher rate of general health problems (GHQ scores ⩾3) in 2020 (14.7%) than in 2019 (5.2%) (p < 0.001). Compared with Ya'an (8.0%), participants in Jingzhou in 2020 had a significantly higher rate of anxiety (SAS scores ⩾50, 24.1%) (p < 0.001). Participants in Ya'an in 2020 had a significantly higher rate of depression (SDS scores ⩾53, 55.3%) than in Jingzhou (16.3%) (p < 0.001). The risk factors of anxiety symptoms included female, number of family members (⩾6 persons), and frequent outdoor activities. The risk factors of depression symptoms included participants in Ya'an and uptake self-protective measures. Conclusions The prevalence of psychological symptoms has increased sharply in general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. People in COVID-19 severely affected areas may have higher scores of GHQ and anxiety symptoms. Culture-specific and individual-based psychosocial interventions should be developed for those in need during the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Does your neighborhood protect you from being depressed? A study on social trust and depression in Indonesia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-019-7657-5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohamad Fahmi ◽

Nur Afni Panjaitan ◽

Ibnu Habibie ◽

Adiatma Y. M. Siregar ◽

Gilang Amarullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Trust ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Total Sample ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

Individual Level ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

The Individual

Abstract Background Prevalence of depression in Indonesia is estimated at about 3.7% of the total population, although the actual may be higher. Studies worldwide have linked the environment where people live to their mental health status. However, little research is found in Indonesia regarding this link. We examined the association between individuals’ perception towards their neighborhood and their depression symptoms. Methods Social trust was measured at the individual (level 1) and community (level 2) levels based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS5) in 2014. Depression was measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R-10) and the scores were transformed into logit form using the Rasch model. Multilevel regression was used to determine correlations. Results Of the total sample of 14,227 respondents in this study, about 19.4% had experienced severe depression symptoms in the past week. Social trust was found to be significantly associated with severe depression symptoms. The weaker the individuals’ social trust towards their neighbourhood, the higher the probability of experiencing severe depression symptoms would be. Conclusions This study shows that social trust is associated with the severity of depression symptoms: the higher the social trust, the lower the probability of having severe depression symptoms is. Depression symptoms may also be attributed to significant differences between communities.

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The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Overweight/Obese and Non-Overweight/Non-Obese Children/Adolescents in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16030340 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 340 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Simeng Wang ◽

Qi Sun ◽

Lingling Zhai ◽

Yinglong Bai ◽

Wei Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meta Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Middle School Student ◽

Chinese Economy ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Obese Children ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Scale Types

With the dramatic growth of the Chinese economy, the number of children/adolescents with being overweight/having obesity is increasing, which has a certain impact on their psychology, such as depression and anxiety symptoms. Our purpose was to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the prevalence and odds ratios of depression and anxiety symptoms among overweight/obese children/adolescents and non-overweight/obese children/adolescents in China. As of July 2018, the three most comprehensive computerized academic databases in China have been systematically screened, namely China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) databases, Wanfang databases and Vip databases. The same operations are performed in PubMed and Web of Science (SCIE) databases without language restrictions. Case-control studies on prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in overweight/obese children/adolescents in China were analyzed. Study selection and evaluation were performed independently by three authors. Unweighted prevalence, pooled random-effects estimates of odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were all calculated. A total of 11 eligible studies involving 17,894 subjects were included. The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in overweight/obese children/adolescents was significantly higher than that in non-overweight/non-obese children/adolescents (depression: 21.73% vs. 17.96%, OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.87, p = 0.003; anxiety: 39.80% vs. 13.99%, OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.79, p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses conducted according to scale types showed that scale types have certain significance to evaluate the relationship between depression symptoms and overweight/obesity. The OR of depression symptoms between overweight/obese children/adolescents and non-overweight/non-obese children/adolescents was greatest on the Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS) was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.41, 3.02, I2 = 0.00%), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.25, I2 = 0.00%), and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.42, I2 = 0.00%). We concluded that the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms in overweight/obese children/adolescents in China is higher than that in the non-overweight/obese children/adolescents. The results of the study indicate that the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among overweight/obese children/adolescents in Chinese medical institutions should receive more attention. Physical exercise and psychological interventions should be strengthened to prevent psychological problems. However, because of some clear limitations (no clinical interview and few studies), these results should be interpreted with caution.

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Persistence of anxiety symptoms after elective caesarean delivery

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2018.48 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 354-360 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anna B. Janssen ◽

Katrina A. Savory ◽

Samantha M. Garay ◽

Lorna Sumption ◽

William Watkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Elective Caesarean Section ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

University Hospital ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Expectant Mothers ◽

The Uk

BackgroundIn the UK, 11.8% of expectant mothers undergo an elective caesarean section (ELCS) representing 92 000 births per annum. It is not known to what extent this procedure has an impact on mental well-being in the longer term.AimsTo determine the prevalence and postpartum progression of anxiety and depression symptoms in women undergoing ELCS in Wales.MethodPrevalence of depression and anxiety were determined in women at University Hospital Wales (2015–16; n = 308) through completion of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS; ≥13) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; ≥40) questionnaires 1 day prior to ELCS, and three postpartum time points for 1 year. Maternal characteristics were determined from questionnaires and, where possible, confirmed from National Health Service maternity records.ResultsUsing these criteria the prevalence of reported depression symptoms was 14.3% (95% CI 10.9–18.3) 1 day prior to ELCS, 8.0% (95% CI 4.2–12.5) within 1 week, 8.7% (95% CI 4.2–13.8) at 10 weeks and 12.4% (95% CI 6.4–18.4) 1 year postpartum. Prevalence of reported anxiety symptoms was 27.3% (95% CI 22.5–32.4), 21.7% (95% CI 15.8–28.0), 25.3% (95% CI 18.5–32.7) and 35.1% (95% CI 26.3–44.2) at these same stages. Prenatal anxiety was not resolved after ELCS more than 1 year after delivery.ConclusionsWomen undergoing ELCS experience prolonged anxiety postpartum that merits focused clinical attention.Declaration of interestNone.

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Effect of lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of final year students of Maharashtra

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 5100

Author(s):

Roli R. Gupta ◽

Lohit S. Vaishnao ◽

Shivani Shinde ◽

Ishani Singh ◽

Tanaya Mishra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Medical Students ◽

Mental Status ◽

Online Survey ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

New Disease ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Medical Crisis ◽

The Relationship

Background: A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease and currently COVID‑19 has become a major medical crisis. The worldwide rapid increase of infected cases has created a sense of uncertainty and anxiety about the situations and upcoming exams period. It also leads to stress amongst the students. Objectives of the study was to evaluate and analyse the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among final year students of Maharashtra using DASS-21.Methods: It was an online survey which was conducted using Google Forms with link sent using Whatsapp. A standard DASS-21 questionnaire was used for the study. The survey questionnaire would take around 3-4 min to complete. Total 324 responses were received by the stipulated time.Results: The study showed that the engineering final year students are more depressed than others. 34 engineering and 26 medical students were suffering from anxiety. The relationship between anxiety level and course was statistically significant. On depression scale 47% participants were suffering from mild to moderate stress.Conclusions: Index survey suggested that the pandemic affected the preparation of the respondents to a great extent and affected their mental status negatively.

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Psychometric Properties of the PHQ-9, HADS, and CES-D Questionnaires and the Prevalence of Depression in Patients with Cancer Receiving Radiotherapy

Siriraj Medical Journal ◽

10.33192/smj.2021.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 793-800

Author(s):

Kantanut Yutrirak ◽

Woraphat Ratta-apha ◽

Pittaya Dankulchai ◽

Panate Pukrittayakamee

Keyword(s):

Psychometric Properties ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Somatic Symptom ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Depression Subscale ◽

Sum Score ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Patient Health ◽

Score Method

Objective: The primary aim was to compare the psychometric properties among the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (both including and excluding somatic symptom items), the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in detecting depression in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy. The secondary aim was to investigate the prevalence of depression in this group of patients.Materials and Methods: Overall, 198 participants with cancer diagnosis from a radiology clinic took part in the study. They completed PHQ-9, HADS-D, and CES-D questionnaires and were interviewed in line with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) to confirm the diagnosis. The PHQ-9 was analyzed for three scoring methods: sum-score, inclusive (including all items), and exclusive (excluding 4 somatic symptom items) methods. The psychometric properties of each questionnaire were analyzed. The prevalence of depression measured by the M.I.N.I. was evaluated.Results: The sum-score method of the PHQ-9 had an equal sensitivity (100%) to the HADS-D and CES-D, and had a slightly higher specificity (91.1%) than the HADS-D (87.4%) and CES-D (90.6%). When compared results within the PHQ-9, the sum-score method had greater sensitivity than the inclusive (71.4%) and exclusive (42.9%) methods, and had a slightly lower specificity than the inclusive (96.9%) and exclusive (97.4%) methods. The prevalence of depression assessed by the M.I.N.I was 3.5%.Conclusion: The sum-score method of the PHQ-9 seemed to be the best tool to use for depression screening in cancer patients receiving radiotherapy due to its excellent sensitivity and specificity.

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Prevalence of depression in psychiatry trainees in 22 countries: Findings from the international burnout syndrome study (BoSS)

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.836 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S569-S569 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.N. Beezhold ◽

D. Durant ◽

A. Ginzler ◽

R. Sherman ◽

A. Podlesek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Help Seeking ◽

Online Survey ◽

Average Rate ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Burnout Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Formed Part

AimsThe Burnout Syndrome Study screened for burnout in psychiatric trainees in 22 countries, along with associated factors. This paper reports the results of the PHQ-9 depression screen that formed part of the study.BackgroundIt is well documented that physicians have higher rates of mental illness compared to the general population. Post-graduate medical trainees may work long hours and be exposed to stressful or saddening situations regularly. Their environment and workload means they may not exhibit appropriate help-seeking behaviours and be at significant risk of depression.MethodsThe study used a cross sectional, multi-country online survey. Participants were asked to participate via an email invitation. The participants were asked to complete the PHQ-9 questionnaire, which is validated as a primary care self-administered screen for depression. Mixed methodology was used when recruiting trainees to obtain the most representative sample possible from each country. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.ResultsComplete data was obtained from 1980 trainees with an average age of 31.9 years and with 2.8 years of training. The prevalence of depression in psychiatric trainees varied by country from 50% in Latvia to 7.1% in Belarus. The average rate of depression was 20.8%.ConclusionsPrevalence of depression in the US general population is estimated at 6.7%, making the prevalence of depression in trainees of 20.8% a sign that action needs to be taken to reduce depression rates in trainees.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Psychological Impact of COVID-19 on People with Pre-Existing Chronic Disease

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115972 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5972

Author(s):

Michael Owusu Budu ◽

Emily J. Rugel ◽

Rochelle Nocos ◽

Koon Teo ◽

Sumathy Rangarajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Illness ◽

Online Survey ◽

Psychological Impact ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Positive Association ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increase in anxiety and depression levels across broad populations. While anyone can be infected by the virus, the presence of certain chronic diseases has been shown to exacerbate the severity of the infection. There is a likelihood that knowledge of this information may lead to negative psychological impacts among people with chronic illness. We hypothesized that the pandemic has resulted in increased levels of anxiety and depression symptoms among people with chronic illness. We recruited 540 participants from the ongoing Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study in British Columbia, Canada. Participants were asked to fill out an online survey that included the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) to assess anxiety and depression symptoms. We tested our hypothesis using bivariate and multivariable linear regression models. Out of 540 participants, 15% showed symptoms of anxiety and 17% reported symptoms of depression. We found no significant associations between having a pre-existing chronic illness and reporting higher levels of anxiety or depression symptoms during COVID-19. Our results do not support the hypothesis that having a chronic illness is associated with greater anxiety or depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our results were similar to one study but in contrast with other studies that found a positive association between the presence of chronic illness and developing anxiety or depression during this pandemic.

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Depression and anxiety symptoms to COVID-19 outbreak among the public, medical staff and patients during the initial phase of the pandemic: an online questionnaire survey by a WeChat Mini Program

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. e046350

Author(s):

Xianglan Wang ◽

Jiong Tao ◽

Qi Zhu ◽

Xiuhua Wu ◽

Tong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Medical Staff ◽

Initial Phase ◽

Online Survey ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

The Public ◽

Self Rating

ObjectivesTo survey anxiety and depression symptoms to COVID-19 outbreak in the public, medical staff and patients during the initial phase of the pandemic.DesignCross-sectional online survey administered through WeChat Mini Program using Chinese versions of Zung Self-rating Depression Scale and Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale.SettingGuangzhou, China.Participants47 378 public, 1512 medical staff and 125 patients with COVID-19.ResultsHigher rates of depression (47.8%) and anxiety symptoms (48.7%) were shown by patients who were screened positive compared with those of the public (35.6%, 25.7%) or medical staff (15.4%, 13.3%). The professional identity of a nurse, conditions of ‘with an infected family member’ and ‘working at the frontline’ were risk factors to depression or anxiety symptoms for the medical staff. Younger age, lower educational level, female and not having adequate masks were the risk factors for the public.ConclusionThe COVID-19 outbreak increased people’s depression or anxiety emotion responses, which varied extensively among the patients, public and medical staff.

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