Fair allocation of healthcare research funds by the European Union?

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the distribution of European Union (EU) healthcare research grants across EU countries, and to study the effect of the potential influencing factors on grant allocation. We analysed publicly available data on healthcare research grants from the 7th Framework Programme and the Horizon 2020 Programme allocated to beneficiaries between 2007 and 2016. Grant allocation was analysed at the beneficiary-, country-, and country group-level (EU-15 versus newer Member States, defined as EU-13). The investigated country-level explanatory variables included GDP per capita, population size, overall disease burden, and healthcare research excellence. Grant amounts per 100,000 inhabitants was used as an outcome variable in the regression analyses.Research funds were disproportionally allocated to EU-15 versus the EU-13, as 96.9% of total healthcare grants were assigned to EU-15 countries. At the beneficiary level, EU funding was positively influenced by participating in previous grants. The average grant amount per beneficiary was higher for EU-15 organizations. In univariate regression analyses at the country level, higher GDP per capita (p<0.001) and better medical research excellence (p<0.001) were associated with more EU funding, and a higher disease burden was associated with less EU funding (p=0.003). In the multiple regression analysis GDP per capita (p=0.002) and research excellence (p<0.001) had a significant positive association with EU funding. Population size had an inverted U-shaped relationship with EU funding for healthcare research, having the largest per capita funding in second and the third quartiles (p=0.03 and p=0.02).The uneven allocation of healthcare research funds across EU countries was influenced by GDP per capita, medical research excellence and population size. Wealthier countries with an average population size and strong research excellence in healthcare had more EU funding for healthcare research. Higher disease burden apparently was not associated with more EU research funding.

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Contribution of ICOH to Address the Different OSH Needs among Countries: Results of a Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18094665 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 4665

Author(s):

Bruna Rondinone ◽

Antonio Valenti ◽

Valeria Boccuni ◽

Erika Cannone ◽

Pierluca Dionisi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Occupational Safety ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Research Education ◽

Country Level ◽

Safety And Health ◽

Per Capita ◽

And Training

The aim of this study is to map the coverage of occupational safety and health (OSH) rules and provisions and their enforcement at a country level worldwide. Members’ participation in the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) activities was also investigated. We used a questionnaire-based survey to collect data. An online questionnaire was administered from February 14 to March 18, 2018 to all ICOH members for the triennium 2015 to 2017 (n = 1929). We received 384 completed questionnaires from 79 countries, with a 20% response rate. To synthesize information about the coverage of OSH rules and provisions and their level of enforcement, a synthetic coverage index was calculated and combined with country, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the human development index (HDI). We used multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to analyze the members’ participation in ICOH activities. More than 90.0% of the sample declared that in their own country there is a set of rules and provisions regulating OSH in the workplace, and training procedures and tools to improve workers’ awareness. However, these rules and training procedures are mainly “partially” enforced and utilized (39.0% and 45.4%). There was no statistically significant association between country and GDP per capita and the synthetic coverage index, whilst controlling for HDI. The level of engagement in ICOH activities is higher in senior members (aged 65 years or older), coming from high-income countries, having held a position within ICOH, with a higher level of education and a researcher position. An integrated and multidisciplinary approach, which includes research, education and training, is needed to address OSH issues and their impact both at global and country level.

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HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND PRIMORSKOGORANSKA COUNTY AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH∗

Tourism and hospitality management ◽

10.20867/thm.15.1.2 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 13-24

Author(s):

Nada Karaman Aksentijevic ◽

Zoran Jezic

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Human Capital ◽

Human Resources ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Human Resources Development ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Theoretical Part ◽

Educational Structures ◽

Indirect Indicator ◽

Per Capita

In the theoretical part of research authors will establish connections and diversities between human capital and human resources categories. In the empirical part of research, via HDI, it will be evaluated the development of human resources in Republic Of Croatia and in Primorsko-goranska County and in will be evaluated relation between HDI and GDP per capita of Croatia and in Primorsko-goranska County. Authors will also analyze how much development of human resources has contributed to the economic growth of Republic Of Croatia. In order to demonstrate this it will be measured influence of investment, employment and educational structures (the indirect indicator of development of human resources) on the growth of GDP in the period of 1997-2005 with usage of regression analyses.

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Forecasting global road traffic injury mortality for 2030

Injury Prevention ◽

10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 339-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haruhiko Inada ◽

Qingfeng Li ◽

Abdulgafoor Bachani ◽

Adnan A Hyder

Keyword(s):

Road Traffic ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Road Traffic Injury ◽

Population Projection ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Country Level ◽

The World ◽

Per Capita ◽

Years Of Schooling

ObjectiveTo forecast the number and rate of deaths from road traffic injuries (RTI) in the world in 2030.MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of annual country-level data of RTI mortality rates for 1990–2017 in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study, population projection for 2030, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for 1990–2030 and average years of schooling among people aged 15 years+ for 1990–2030. We developed up to 6884 combinations of forecasting models for each subgroup stratified by country, sex and mode of transport using linear and squared year, GDP per capita and average years of schooling as potential predictors. We conducted a fixed-size, rolling window out-of-sample forecast to choose the best combination for each subgroup. In the validation, we used the data for 1990–2002, 1991–2003 and 1992–2004 (fit periods) to forecast mortality rates in 2015, 2016 and 2017 (test periods), respectively. We applied the selected combination of models to the data for 1990–2017 to forecast the mortality rate in 2030 for each subgroup. To forecast the number of deaths, we multiplied the forecasted mortality rates by the corresponding population projection.ResultsDuring the test periods, the selected combination of models produced the number of deaths that is higher than that estimated in the GBD Study by 5.1% collectively. Our model resulted in 1.225 million deaths and 14.3 deaths per 100 000 population in 2030, which were 1% and 12% less than those for 2017 in the GBD Study, respectively.ConclusionsThe world needs to accelerate its efforts towards achieving the Decade of Action for Road Safety goal and the Sustainable Development Goals target.

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Regional disparities and convergences in America

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201260040037 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 37-46

Author(s):

Petr Blížkovský

Keyword(s):

Convergence Analysis ◽

Gini Coefficient ◽

Regional Disparity ◽

Status Quo ◽

Regional Disparities ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Country Level ◽

The Us ◽

Disparity Range ◽

Per Capita

This paper analyses the levels and trends of regional disparity and convergence in the two American macro-regions, NAFTA and MERCOSUR. In the case of NAFTA, 95 micro-regions were analysed (12 in Canada; 32 in Mexico; 51 states in the US). In MERCOSUR, the regions are represented by four countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). The analysis covers the period 2000–2008 (or rather 2000 to 2005 for Mexico). The regional disparities were calculated with the Gini coefficient based on nominal GDP, GDP per capita and GDP per capita PPS. Convergence analysis was done with the Disparity Range Coefficient (DRC), the Average Disparity Range Coefficient (ADRC), σ- convergence and β-convergence. The results of regional disparity were as follows. Based on the nominal GDP, it was at high levels in both macro-regions, with a Gini coefficient above 0.55. With the disparities calculated on GDP per capita, the level of regional disparity in both macro-regions was lower at 0.36 in NAFTA and 0.28 in MERCOSUR in 2000. Based on GDP per capita in PPP, the levels were lower than based on the GDP per capita analysis starting at 0.31 in NAFTA and 0.16 in MERCOSUR. The disparities further decreased by half in NAFTA while slightly increasing in MERSCOSUR. The convergence analysis results based on the DRC analysis showed that neither NAFTA nor MERCOSUR regions converged. The speed of divergence varied significantly. The disparities among the richest and poorest regions in GDP per capita increased 6.26 times more than the average GDP per capita in PPP in NAFTA as a whole. It was only 0.52 in MERCOSUR. The ADRC analysis also resulted in divergence trends for both macro-regions but with lower rates. Convergence calculated with the σ- convergence analysis confirmed that both macro-regions diverged. The divergence rate for NAFTA was 1.41% and for MERCOSUR 0.74. Calculated with the β-convergence analysis, the NAFTA region showed a status quo (convergence of 0.01%) and a divergence trend was registered for MERCOSUR (0.99%). At the country level, the micro-regions in Canada were diverging (1.62% per year) while the ones in the US and Mexico converging (0.02% and 0.77%, respectively).

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Which Measures are Effective in Containing COVID-19? — Empirical Research Based on Prevention and Control Cases in China

10.1101/2020.03.28.20046110 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shanlang Lin ◽

Junpei Huang ◽

Ziwen He ◽

Dandan Zhan

Keyword(s):

Population Size ◽

Traffic Control ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Social Distancing ◽

The Public ◽

Two Measures ◽

Per Capita ◽

And Control

AbstractVarious epidemic prevention and control measures aimed at reducing person-to-person contact has paid a certain cost while controlling the epidemic. So accurate evaluation of these measures helps to maximize the effectiveness of prevention and control while minimizing social costs. In this paper, we develop the model in Dirk Brockmann and Dirk Helbing (2013) to theoretically explain the impact mechanism of traffic control and social distancing measures on the spread of the epidemic, and empirically tests the effect of the two measures in China at the present stage using econometric approach. We found that both traffic control and social distancing measures have played a very good role in controlling the development of the epidemic. Nationally, social distancing measures are better than traffic control measures; the two measures are complementary and their combined action will play a better epidemic prevention effect; Traffic control and social distancing do not work everywhere. Traffic control only works in cities with higher GDP per capita and population size, while fails in cities with lower GDP per capita and population size. In cities with lower population size, social distancing becomes inoperative; the rapid and accurate transmission of information, a higher protection awareness of the public, and a stronger confidence of residents in epidemic prevention can promote the realization of the measure effects. The findings above verify the effectiveness and correctness of the measures implemented in China at present, at the same time, we propose that it is necessary to fully consider the respective characteristics of the two measures, cooperating and complementing each other; what’s more, measures should be formulated according to the city’s own situation, achieving precise epidemic prevention; Finally, we should increase the transparency of information, improve protection awareness of the public, guide emotions of the public in a proper way, enhancing public confidence.

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The Association of Country-Level Factors with Outcomes of COVID-19: Analysis of the pandemic after one million cases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-25834/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Omar S. Aldibasi ◽

Naif K. Alharbi ◽

Mohamed Alkelya ◽

Hosam Zowawi ◽

Suliman Alghnam

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Recovery Rate ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Current Response ◽

Health Measures ◽

Country Level ◽

Per Capita

Abstract Background: Coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic. Without a vaccine or an effective treatment in the near horizon, only public health measures have been effective in potentially reducing its impact. Due to the wide disparity in current response from individual countries, studying factors associated with public health measures may inform ongoing efforts. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the contributing factors across the globe with specific measures of the disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that used publicly available data of COVID-19 cases as of April 6, 2020. We analyzed country public information on demographic and socioeconomic indicators published in different sources. The association between country-level variables and the incidence rate, the recovery rate, severity of the cases, and mortality rate were evaluated using regression techniques. Results: Multiple factors were found to be significantly associated with COVID-19 outcomes. The number of tests per million, GDP per capita, a country population size of 2020, country median age, and life expectancy are associated with the incidence rate of COVID19. The yearly net change population, migrants, and tourism are associated with the recovery rate of COVID-19. The number of tests per million and male life expectancy are associated with the critical cases rate of COVID-19. Finally, the GDP per capita, land area (Km2), life expectancy, and tourism are associated with the mortality rate of COVID-19. Conclusion: Overall, higher GDP per capita, median age, and a higher number of lab tests were found to be associated with more incidents of COVID-19 cases, which indicates a better and maintained system for detection, reporting, and management of the pandemic. This study suggests that investing in better screening and testing may reveal more cases that can be managed and controlled; while limiting travelers would further support the pandemic control.

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FCTC Ratification, Smoking Prevalence and GDP per Capita : Lesson Learn for Indonesia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-369151/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdillah Ahsan ◽

Rifai Afin ◽

Nadira Amalia ◽

Martha Hindriyani ◽

Ardhini Risfa Jacinda

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

Smoking Prevalence ◽

Tobacco Industry ◽

Well Being ◽

Least Square ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Country Level ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Government ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background The stagnated tobacco control progress in Indonesia needs to be accelerated through a more comprehensive implementation of Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) measurement. Nevertheless, the tobacco industry argument concerning the negative economic impacts of tobacco control still hinders the government to ratify or even sign the FCTC, which has been ratified by more than 180 countries. This study aims to bring the empirical evidence on the tobacco industry argument concerning FCTC. This study applied two stage least square estimation strategy to unbalanced panel data at country level. On the first stage we estimate the impact FCTC ratification on smoking activity, and on the second step, estimating the influence of smoking activities on macroeconomic performance.Results The result of this study shows that FCTC ratification is negatively related to a country’s smoking prevalence, in which the ratifying party of FCTC has lower smoking prevalence. Moreover, country who ratifies FCTC longer is also associated with lower smoking prevalence. Whereas FCTC ratification is beneficial in reducing smoking prevalence, the declining smoking prevalence is not related to the decline in GDP per capita.Conclusions The result of this study shows the decrease in smoking prevalence has nothing to do with the macroeconomic indicator. Hence, FCTC ratification, which is an important driver for tobacco control actions acceleration, should not be seen as a backfire to the economy. Instead, FCTC ratification could be mutually beneficial for the health and economic aspects as it provides comprehensive guidance and protocols by taking into account the well-being states of both aspects.

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The Environment as Part of the E-Government Agenda

E-Government Services Design, Adoption, and Evaluation ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-2458-0.ch011 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 184-200

Author(s):

Gisela Gil-Egui ◽

William F. Vásquez ◽

Alissa M. Mebus ◽

Sarah C. Sherrier

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Methodological Approach ◽

Frame Analysis ◽

Public Image ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Environmental Advocacy ◽

Per Capita ◽

Government Websites ◽

National Governments

This paper explores national governments’ prioritization of environmental matters within their e-government websites, in order to provide empirical evidence related to the way “green” issues are articulated in different countries’ policymaking agendas. Through a multi-pronged methodological approach combining frame analysis, factor analysis, inferential statistics, and qualitative interpretation, explicit and visual allusions related to environmental policies, initiatives, challenges, and agencies in the home page or main portal of the national governments for 189 UN members were coded. Results show that only 39.1% of the analyzed e-government sites included environmental references, and no strong pattern characterized the framing of environmental concerns by governments. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that GDP per capita and contribution to global CO2 emissions have more weight than other variables in a nation’s propensity to highlight environmental issues within their e-government websites. Findings are discussed in light of framing theory, as well as in light of implications for governments’ public image and for actual environmental advocacy.

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The gender gap in adolescent mental health: a cross-national investigation of 566,827 adolescents across 73 countries

10.1101/2020.06.12.20129312 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Olympia Campbell ◽

David Bann ◽

Praveetha Patalay

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Mental Health Outcomes ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Complex Nature ◽

Country Level ◽

Different Dimensions ◽

Per Capita ◽

Cross National

AbstractMental ill-health is a leading cause of disease burden worldwide. While women suffer from greater levels of mental health disorders, it remains unclear whether this gender gap differs systematically across regions and/or countries, or across the different dimensions of mental health. We analysed 2018 data from 566,827 adolescents across 73 countries for 4 mental health outcomes: psychological distress, life satisfaction, eudaemonia, and hedonia. We examine average gender differences and distributions for each of these outcomes as well as country-level associations between each outcome and purported determinants at the country level: wealth (GDP per capita), inequality (Gini index), and societal indicators of gender inequality (GII, GGGI, and GSNI). We report four main results: 1) The gender gap in mental health in adolescence is largely ubiquitous cross-culturally, with girls having worse average mental health; 2) There is considerable cross-national heterogeneity in the size of the gender gap, with the direction reversed in a minority of countries; 3) Higher GDP per capita is associated with worse average mental health and a larger gender gap across all mental health outcomes; and 4) more gender equal countries have larger gender gaps, with better mental health in males associated with greater gender equality and inconsistent associations with different mental health outcomes in females. Taken together, our findings suggest that while the gender gap appears largely ubiquitous, its size differs considerably by region, country, and dimension of mental health. Findings point to the hitherto unrealised complex nature of gender disparities in mental health and possible incongruence between expectations and reality in high gender equal countries.

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Country’s Development as a Determinant of Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity

Organizacija ◽

10.2478/orga-2013-0011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 75-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miha Marič ◽

Jasmina Žnidaršič ◽

Miha Uhan ◽

Vlado Dimovski ◽

Marko Ferjan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Public Debt ◽

Inflation Rate ◽

Early Stage ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Per Capita Gdp ◽

Per Capita ◽

Real Growth

Our study is built on the dependence of early-stage entrepreneurial activity on GDP per capita, GDP real growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, investments and public debt of different countries. We divide the early-stage entrepreneurial activity into necessity-driven and improvement-driven opportunistic entrepreneurial activity. To establish the dependencies we have conducted the regression analyses. Our three main findings are: (a) early-stage entrepreneurial activity does depend on our predictors; (b) necessity-driven entrepreneurial activity is negatively correlated to country’s development; and (c) improvement-driven opportunistic entrepreneurial activity is positively correlated to country’s development.

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