Mass Housing and Sustainability

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Harald N. Røstvik
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Rate ◽  
World Population ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Mass Housing ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
The North ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World

The world population just passed 7 billion. Fear of growth towards 35 billion, if the “high fertility rate scenario” was maintained, is reduced. The “stable fertility rate scenario” is more likely, stabilising the population around 10 billion in 2050 (Le Monde Diplomatique, 2011). In 1987, as a response to the need for focusing on housing for the lower end of the cost scale, on homelessness, the United Nations chose 1987 to be “Year of Shelter for the Homeless”. An international architectural competition was organized. 123 architects from 44 countries competed in the final (UIA, 1987). Many proposals focused on energy challenges. This paper recoups the UN initiative 25 years ago. It contrasts the challenges of developing countries with those of the developed world, by studying examples from the North European cold climate's typical mass housing in Norway. One of the examples is from after the Second World War, when in 1948 attempts at building cheap housing was initiated. They met resistance from the establishments of engineers and architects (Hasselknippe, 1982). Another example is from 2012. The paper also studies an example from a South European cooling demanding climate, in France. The aim of the contrasting is to map the progress over the 65 years since 1948, discussing area- and material efficiency as well as methods of reducing costs and achieve a more sustainable mass housing development as signs of an environmental shift of paradigm emerge. Through the comparative analysis, the paper studies combination possibilities between the architecture that is built anyway for the upper cost segment and solutions for the lower cost segment. It explores and discusses if experiences and synergies between them can strengthen both and it proposes a way forward.

Changes in demand for children between 2003 and 2013 in Nigeria: Evidence from survey data

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Stella Babalola ◽  
Joshua O. Akinyemi ◽  
Clifford O. Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Desire ◽  
The North ◽  
Demand For Children

Abstract Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates in Africa. Data from 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys indicate a virtual stagnation of fertility rate since 2003. Low contraceptive use and pronatalist attitudes are among the factors contributing to the high fertility rate in Nigeria. In this manuscript, we pooled data from three most recent waves of Demographic and Health Surveys to examine trends in demand for children over time and identify the factors associated with change in demand for children. The data show that demand for children has declined since 2003 although not monotonically so. Variables that were positively associated with increased likelihood of desiring no additional children were residence in the South-West (as opposed to residence in the North-Central), exposure to family planning (FP) messages on the mass media, number of children ever born, educational level, and urban residence. In contrast, uncertainty about fertility desire was more widespread in 2008 compared to 2013 although less widespread in 2003 than in 2013. The likelihood of being undecided about fertility desire was positively associated with discrepancies in family size desires between husband and wife, parity and Islamic religious affiliation. Programs should aim to increase access to effective contraceptive methods and promote demand for contraceptives as a way of fostering a sustainable reduction in demand for children. Furthermore, strategies that address uncertainty by fostering women’s understanding of the social and health implications of large family sizes are relevant.

Addressing on-farm management to enhance pasture productivity and persistence

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
W.N. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
The North ◽  
The Cost ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Attention To Detail

Following the 2007/08 drought, we experienced poor pasture production and persistence on our dairy farm in north Waikato, leading to decreased milksolids production and a greater reliance on bought-in feed. It is estimated that the cost of this to our farming operation was about $1300 per hectare per year in lost operating profit. While climate and black beetle were factors, they did not explain everything, and other factors were also involved. In the last 3 years we have changed our management strategies to better withstand dry summers, the catalyst for which was becoming the DairyNZ Pasture Improvement Focus Farm for the north Waikato. The major changes we made were to reduce stocking rate, actively manage pastures in summer to reduce over-grazing, and pay more attention to detail in our pasture renewal programme. To date the result has been a reduced need for pasture renewal, a lift in whole farm performance and increased profitability. Keywords: Focus farm, over-grazing, pasture management, pasture persistence, profitability

Potentials for demographic dividend and rapid economic growth in Mali: What policy scenario would yield the greatest dividend?

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Clifford O. Odimegwu ◽  
Emmanuel O. Olamijuwon
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Demographic Dividend ◽  
Policy Scenario ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The demographic changes occurring in Mali, evident in high fertility but declining mortality rates have raised optimism about the prospects of reaping demographic dividend. However, it remains unclear how soon and what policy scenario would yield the largest demographic dividend in the country. We used a demographic-economic model “DemDiv” to assess the prospects of reaping a demographic dividend in Mali by 2050. We illuminate this further by examining the cost and implications of different combination of education, family planning and economic policies. The results show that by increasing access to education, family planning services coupled with strong economic reforms, Mali’s GDP per capita will be $27,044 by 2050. This high per capita GDP is almost thrice the benefit of prioritising only economic reforms. Mali would also have a GDP of $977 billion. These findings highlight the need for sound demographic and market-oriented economic policies for Mali to reap a large demographic dividend by 2050.

South Asian Developmental Crisis (Review Article)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
Integrated Theory ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

Like nations and civilizations, sciences also pass through period of crises when established theories are overthrown by the unpredictable behaviour of events. Economics is passing through such a crisis. The challenge thrown by the Great Depression of early 1930s took a decade before Keynes re-established the supremacy of economics. But this supremacy has again been upset by the crisis of poverty in the vast under-developed world which attained political independence after the Second World War. Poverty had always existed but never before had it been of such concern to economists as during the past twenty five years or so. Economic literature dealing with this problem has piled up but so have the agonies of poverty. No plausible and well-integrated theory of economic development or under-development has emerged so far, though brilliant advances have been made in isolated directions.

Strategy for Protecting the North Sea: A Chemical Industry Perspective

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
J. R. Lawrence ◽  
N. C. D. Craig
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Important Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Seven Principles ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Cost

The public has ever-rising expectations for the environmental quality of the North Sea and hence of everreducing anthropogenic inputs; by implication society must be willing to accept the cost of reduced contamination. The chemical industry accepts that it has an important part to play in meeting these expectations, but it is essential that proper scientific consideration is given to the potential transfer of contamination from one medium to another before changes are made. A strategy for North Sea protection is put forward as a set of seven principles that must govern the management decisions that are made. Some areas of uncertainty are identified as important research targets. It is concluded that although there have been many improvements over the last two decades, there is more to be done. A systematic and less emotive approach is required to continue the improvement process.

Art book publishing in Canada

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Melva J. Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Book Publishing ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Government Grants ◽  
The North ◽  
Quebec French ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Added Benefit ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Inuit Peoples

Canadian publishing was inhibited from the beginning by Canada’s colonial origins and dependence on Great Britain and the USA. Few art books were published until quite recently; the relatively small, scattered population, the flooding of the market with British, American and (in Quebec) French books, and limited (at best) or non-existent sales outside Canada continue to be constraining factors. The necessity to include both English and French texts adds to the cost of book production in Canada. The publication of art books, and of exhibition catalogues, depends on the availability of government grants. Publications on the art of the North American Indian and Inuit peoples are an exception, attracting widespread interest and leading in some instances to co-publishing initiatives. In addition to the larger publishing houses, a number of small presses produce occasional art books, thanks to grants and in a few cases with the added benefit of sales abroad achieved through international networking. A government programme of support for Canadian publishing, launched in 1986, is continuing.

scholarly journals A Tocqueville For the North? André Siegfried and Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
French Canada ◽  
The North ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Site ◽  
French National Identity ◽  
Second World

Abstract This paper argues that André Siegfried’s writings on Canada played a critical role in shaping his vision of French national identity. Siegfried’s studies of Canada have long been praised for their insight, but recent scholarship has emphasized his role in promoting both anti-Americanism and an exclusionary vision of what it meant to be French during the first half of the twentieth century. For Siegfried, Canada represented a site of managed contestation between British and French culture but also an early example of the deleterious effects of Americanization. His problematic view of French Canada as essentially conservative and unchanging in the face of such challenges reinforced his conviction that France itself should remain true to “traditional” values. The exclusionary implications of his ideas were most evident when Siegfried appeared to accommodate himself to the Vichy regime, but they also persisted after the Second World War.

Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi (Cost) Hasil Produk Inovatif UMKM Desa Kemuning Ngargoyoso Jawa Tengah

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Lailah Fujianti ◽  
Shinta Budi Astuti ◽  
Rizki Ramadhan Putra Yasa
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Central Java Province

Abstrak   Kemuning adalah desa di kecamatan Ngargoyoso, Kabupaten Karanganyar, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Secara geografis batas Desa Kemuning  sebelah barat berbatasan dengan Desa Ngargoyoso, sebelah timur berbatasan dengan Desa Segoro Gunung, sebelah Utara  berbatasan Kecamatan Jenawi dan sebelah selatan berbatasan Desa Girimulyo. Desa ini memiliki Misi yang ingin diwujudkan  yaitu Desa Wisata. Pemerintah setempat  memberikan pelatihan untuk membuat produk inovatif guna melengkapi kebutuhan sebagai desa wisata kepada pelaku UMKM dan Penrajin. Produk Inovatif tersebut akan dijual kepada pengunjung wisata sebagai oleh-oleh. Akan tetapi pelaku UMKM dan Penrajin memiliki kelemahan pembukuan usaha terlebih lagi dalam penetuan biaya produksi produk inovatif. Mereka hanya memperhitungkan biaya bahan baku sebagai komponen biaya produksi.   Tim pengabdian FEB Universitas melaksanakan pengabdian  untuk memberikan materi mengenai konsep perhitungan biaya produksi yang dilakukan dengan interaktif.     Kata Kunci: Desa Kemuning, Harga Pokok Poduksi, Smart Village   Abstract:  Kemuning Villages is one of the villages located in Ngargoyoso district, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java Province. Geographically, Kemuning Village is bordered to the west by Ngargoyoso Village, to the east by Segoro Gunung Village, to the north by Jenawi District and to the south by Girimulyo Village. Kemuning village has a mission to be realized, namely the Tourism Village. The local government provides training to make innovative products to complement the needs of a tourism village for MSMEs and craftsmen. These innovative products will be sold to tourist visitors as souvenirs. However, SMEs and craftsmen have weaknesses in business bookkeeping, especially in determining the cost of producing innovative products. They only take into account the cost of raw materials as a component of production costs. The Team from FEB University Pancasila carried out the service to provide material on the concept of calculating production costs which was carried out interactively.     Keywords: Desa Kemuning, Cost of Good Sold, Smart Village

scholarly journals Reproductive phenology of the American Bullfrog in subtropical Brazil: photoperiod as a main determinant of seasonal activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (3 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1909-1921 ◽  
Author(s):  
CAMILA I. MEDEIROS ◽  
CAMILA BOTH ◽  
IGOR L. KAEFER ◽  
SONIA Z. CECHIN
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
American Bullfrog ◽  
The North

ABSTRACT The North American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus continues to invade ecosystems worldwide, potentially causing population declines and even extinctions. Within its native distribution, bullfrogs show prolonged reproductive seasons and high fertility. However, data on breeding biology of bullfrogs ex-situ in invaded localities mainly comes from anecdotal reports. Understanding how invasive species are adjusting their life histories to new colonized environments is important for conservation purposes. Here we describe temporal and spatial abundance, calling activity, spawning and tadpole distribution of bullfrogs in southern Brazil. Eighteen samplings occurred during one year. The abundance of individuals was positively related to longer photoperiods and higher temperatures. Reproductive activity was also positively associated with longer photoperiods. Calling sites, spawning and tadpoles were associated with microhabitats presenting hydrophytes, which may provide shelter and thermal stability to bullfrogs. The reproductive seasonal activity of bullfrogs can be highly variable across its growing geographical range, but in subtropical Brazil it is associated with photoperiod, a highly predictable abiotic determinant. In our study area, bullfrogs presented a breeding season twice as long as that observed in some native localities. We suggest that management strategies directed to bullfrog populations must consider the habitat structures and seasonal regimes determined by each invaded environment.

scholarly journals Awareness of the cost of psychotropic medication among doctors: a service evaluation

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 364-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Shakil Khawaja ◽  
Ishaq Pala ◽  
Jaleel Khaja ◽  
Ray Krishnanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Old Age Psychiatry ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Aims and methodCost-effective prescribing is an increasingly important aspect of our practice. A service evaluation was carried out to assess the level of awareness and knowledge of different aspects of cost-effective prescribing among doctors working in the North East London Foundation Trust. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to benchmark knowledge against six standards.ResultsThe survey was completed by 71% of doctors working in adult or old age psychiatry. A total of 2% of doctors stated that they should always take into consideration the price of the drug when prescribing and only 5% of doctors claimed to know the price of medications they prescribe most frequently.Clinical implicationsStrategies to improve the poor level of knowledge and awareness in this area of clinical practice would be of benefit in making the best use of limited financial resources without any detriment to patient care.

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