ICI to produce line of paints carrying “This Old House” label

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Produce Line

Imaging nanostructures on ablated kapton polymide

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 872-873
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Callahan ◽  
H. M. Phillips ◽  
R. Sauerbrey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Polymer Surface ◽  
Grating Period ◽  
Laser Wavelength ◽  
Integrated Devices ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Excimer Laser Irradiation ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
Line Patterns ◽  
Anisotropic Conduction

Excimer laser irradiation has been used to interferometrically ablate submicron line patterns on to Kapton polyimide. Such patterned material may exhibit highly anisotropic conduction as was predicted from previous studies showing enhanced conductivity from uniformly ablated material. We are currently exploiting this phenomenon to create integrated devices using conventional polymers as both dielectrics and conductors. Extensive scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and limited transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been conducted in order to characterize the morphology of such patterned nanostructures as a function of processing conditions.The ablation technique employed produces an interference pattern on the polymer surface of period equal to half that of a diffraction grating period, independent of the laser wavelength. In these experiments, a 328 nm grating has been used to produce line patterns of 164 nm line-spacings as shown in Figures 1 and 2. A 200 Å Au coating has been used to both prevent charging and, perhaps more importantly, enhance contrast.

GEOMETRICAL ABERRATIONS IN THE VON HAMOS AND THE PLANE BRAGG CRYSTAL SPECTROMETERS

1997 ◽  
Vol 07 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 117-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Tadic ◽  
Y. Mokuno ◽  
Y. Horino ◽  
M. Jaksic
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Ray Tracing ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Studies ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
Produce Line

Numerical calculations of the effect of the finite dimensions and orientations of source and crystal are presented for plane and von Hamos Bragg crystal spectrometers for PIXE analysis, combined with a position sensitive (X-ray) detector. Analytical studies of all effects are provided. It is shown that some parameters can produce line shifts and asymmetries. A numerical model for an X-ray diffraction ray-tracing procedure for a crystal Bragg spectrometer is described.

Resist Materials Providing Small Line-Edge Roughness

1999 ◽  
Vol 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Namatsu ◽  
Toru Yamaguchi ◽  
Kenji Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Line Edge Roughness ◽  
Hydrogen Silsesquioxane ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Polymer Aggregates ◽  
Edge Roughness ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
Cross Linker ◽  
Produce Line

AbstractOur research focuses on the line-edge roughness of resist patterns and how to reduce it in order to establish nanolithography as a practical tool. Commercially available e-beam resists exhibit a line-edge roughness of 3 nm (σ) or more. It is caused mainly by polymer aggregates in the resist. During development, they are extracted through dissolution of the surrounding polymer matrix. That is, the aggregates themselves dissolve more slowly than the surrounding matrix; and those that remain embedded in the resist produce line-edge roughness. To reduce the roughness, the effect of the aggregates must be suppressed. One way of doing this is to use a resist containing small aggregates. A good candidate is hydrogen silsesquioxane, which has a three-dimensional framework. Another way is to use a resist in which the aggregates are linked together, which makes them difficult to extract during development. A good example is an acrylate-type resist with a cross-linker mixed in.

scholarly journals Where to Draw The Line?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Sheng ◽  
John Wilder ◽  
Dirk B. Walther
Keyword(s):  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Scene Recognition ◽  
Scene Categorization ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Artistic Experience ◽  
Original Photograph ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Occlusion Boundaries ◽  
Produce Line

Abstract We often take people’s ability to understand and produce line drawings for granted. But where should we draw lines, and why? We address fundamental principles that underlie efficient representations of complex information in line drawings. First, 58 participants with varying degree of artistic experience produced multiple drawings of a small set of scenes by tracing contours on a digital tablet. Second, 37 independent observers ranked the drawings by how representative they are of the original photograph. Overall, artists’ drawings ranked higher than non-artists’. Matching contours between drawings of the same scene revealed that the most consistently drawn contours tend to be drawn earlier. We generated half-images with the most-versus least-consistently drawn contours by sorting contours by their consistency scores. Twenty five observers performed significantly better in a fast scene categorization task for the most compared to the least consistent half-images. The most consistent contours were longer and more likely to depict occlusion boundaries. Using psychophysics experiments and computational analysis, we confirmed quantitatively what makes certain contours in line drawings special: longer contours mark occlusion boundaries and aid rapid scene recognition. They allow artist and non-artists to convey important information starting from the first few strokes in their drawing process.

scholarly journals A language of thought for the mental representation of geometric shapes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Sablé-Meyer ◽  
Kevin Ellis ◽  
Joshua Tenenbaum ◽  
Stanislas Dehaene
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Minimum Description Length ◽  
Language Of Thought ◽  
Minimal Set ◽  
Geometric Shapes ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Compositional Language ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
Geometric Primitives

Why do geometric shapes such as lines, circles, zig-zags or spirals appear in all human cultures, but are never produced by other animals? Here, we formalize and test the hypothesis that all humans possess a compositional language of thought that can produce line drawings as recursive combinations of a minimal set of geometric primitives. We present a programming language, similar to Logo, that combines discrete numbers and continuous integration in higher-level structures based on repetition, concatenation and embedding, and show that the simplest programs in this language generate the fundamental geometric shapes observed in human cultures. On the perceptual side, we propose that shape perception in humans involves searching for the shortest program that correctly draws the image (program induction). A consequence of this framework is that the mental difficulty of remembering a shape should depend on its minimum description length (MDL) in the proposed language. In two experiments, we show that encoding and processing of geometric shapes is well predicted by MDL. Furthermore, our hypotheses predict additive laws for the psychological complexity of repeated, concatenated or embedded shapes, which are experimentally validated.

Effects of rapid inbreeding and of crossing inbred lines on the growth of linear body dimensions of sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
G. J. Lee ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Absolute Size ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Linear Body

AbstractSheep of three hill breeds and the crosses among them were closely inbred for four generations to create five levels with inbreeding coefficients 0·0 (F2/O2), 0·25 (I1,), 0·375 (I2), 0·50 (I3), and 0·59 (I4). Inbred females were also mated to unrelated inbred males of the same breed or crossbred type to produce line-crosses (LC). Mating was arranged so that the effects of inbreeding on the individual could be differentiated from maternal inbreeding. A total of 2369 animals were available up to 78 weeks of age and 1062 to the age of 4 years. This study examines the effects on six linear body dimensions and draws comparison with the effects on body weight. There were significant reductions in the size of the body dimensions with increasing inbreeding but the maximum depression was usually at the I2 stage for individual inbreeding and the I3 stage for maternal inbreeding. Most of the linear and many of the non-linear effects of inbreeding of the individual were significant and the effects of maternal inbreeding were also significant in a majority of cases. Inbreeding effects were more marked for relatively late-maturing parts (shoulder and hook widths) than for early-maturing (cannon bone and tibia lengths) with head width and body length intermediate but closer to the early-maturing parts. This was seen separately at each age, and in the effects of advancing age. By 78 weeks of age, the effects of inbreeding of the individual on absolute size had increased with age and by 4 years of age, in spite of a small recovery in size relative to F2/O2, was still greater than in early life. The effects of maternal inbreeding became progressively less with advancing age relative to non-inbreds. The changes with inbreeding could not be explained by dominance effects alone and epistasis is therefore likely also to be involved.

scholarly journals Upper boundaries of active galactic nucleus regions in optical diagnostic diagrams

2020 ◽  
Vol 496 (2) ◽  
pp. 1262-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xihan Ji ◽  
Renbin Yan ◽  
Rogério Riffel ◽  
Niv Drory ◽  
Kai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Density ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Energy Distributions ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
Nearby Galaxies ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
Power Law Index ◽  
Upper Boundary

ABSTRACT The distribution of galaxies in optical diagnostic diagrams can provide information about their physical parameters when compared with ionization models under proper assumptions. By using a sample of central emitting regions from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory survey (MaNGA), we find evidence of the existence of upper boundaries for narrow-line regions (NLRs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in optical Baldwin, Phillips & Terlevich (BPT) diagrams, especially in diagrams involving [S ii]λλ6716, 6731/Hα. Photoionization models can reproduce the boundaries well, as a consequence of the decrease of [S ii]λλ6716, 6731/Hα and [O iii]λ5007/Hβ ratios at very high metallicity. Whilst the exact location of the upper boundary in the [S ii] BPT diagram depends only weakly on the electron density of the ionized cloud and the secondary nitrogen prescription, its dependence on the shapes of the input spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is much stronger. This allows us to constrain the power-law index of the AGN SED between 1 Ryd and ∼100 Ryd to be less than or equal to −1.40 ± 0.05. The coverage of photoionization models in the [N ii] BPT diagram has a stronger dependence on the electron density and the secondary nitrogen prescription. With the density constrained by the [S ii] doublet ratio and the input SED constrained by the [S ii] BPT diagram, we find that the extent of the data in the [N ii] BPT diagram favours those prescriptions with high N/O ratios. Although shock-ionized clouds can produce line ratios similar to those from photoionization, the resulting shapes of the upper boundaries, if they exist, would likely be different from those of photoionizing origin.

scholarly journals GRAVITATIONALLY DISTORTED P-CYGNI PROFILES FROM OUTFLOWS NEAR COMPACT OBJECTS

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1743-1749
Author(s):  
A. V. DORODNITSYN
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Spectral Line ◽  
Compact Object ◽  
Resonant Absorption ◽  
Compact Objects ◽  
Stellar Winds ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Produce Line

Spectral line profiles produced in an outflow near a neutron star or a black hole can be strongly influenced by gravitational redshifting and by Doppler shifting due to a global motion of plasma. We consider a scenario in which a resonant absorption in a spectral line takes place in the outflowing plasma within several tens of Schwarzschild radii from a compact object. The main goal of this work is to show that under certain conditions a combination of the gravitational redshifting and Doppler blue/redshifting may produce line profiles which can be considered as "fingerprints" of the gravitational field of the compact object, much as P-Cygni profiles are "fingerprints" of stellar winds.

Effects of rapid inbreeding and of crossing of inbred lines on the body weight growth of sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Wiener ◽  
G. J. Lee ◽  
J. A. Woolliams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Line Cross ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
The Individual

AbstractSheep of three hill breeds, Scottish Blackface, Cheviot and Welsh Mountain and the reciprocal crosses among these breeds were inbred (mostly by parent × offspring mating) for four generations to five levels with inbreeding coefficients ofO, 0·25 (I1), 0·38 (I2), 0·50 (I3) and 0·59 (I4). Inbred females were also mated to unrelated inbred males of the same breed type to produce line crosses (LC). Each type of dam (except LC and I4) was mated to produce lambs of up to three different inbreeding levels thus allowing the effects of the individual's own inbreeding to be separately assessed from the effects of maternal inbreeding. This study examined body weight at a sequence of ages from birth to 4 years of age with 2369 animals (ages up to 78 weeks old) or 1062 animals (2 to 4 years old) contributing to the analyses.Inbreeding of the individual had a highly significant retarding effect on body weight and growth rate up to the I2 level for weights of lambs up to 24 weeks old, with a slight recovery in performance thereafter. For the later ages examined, the maximum depression was reached at the I3 stage. The partial recovery in performance at the higher levels of inbreeding for lambs less than 24 weeks of age was also noted within lines and did not therefore appear to arise only from a loss of lines as inbreeding proceeded. The effect of dam's inbreeding was to depress growth up to the I3 level and at most ages up to I4. Line-cross lambs were generally heavier (but not significantly so) than non-inbred (F2 and the pure equivalent, O2) and progeny of line-cross dams were similar in weight to those from other non-inbred (F1, or F2 and O1, or O2 dams) or slightly better. The more highly inbred the individuals the more, in general, they fell behind the weights of the corresponding non-inbreds as they grew older. Inbreeding may thus have permanently stunted the sheep.There were no significant differences between purebred and crossbred sheep in the rate of inbreeding depression. Only at the ages of 3 and 6 weeks was there a significant difference between the three pure breeds in the changes in weight attributable to inbreeding. Up to the age of weaning (15 weeks) the changes with inbreeding of individuals could not be explained statistically in terms of dominance effects alone and non-allelic interactions may therefore also be involved. At all ages the effect of inbreeding of the dam was consistent with dominance effects alone.

Electron energy loss spectroscopy and energy filtered electron microscopy

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
H. Shuman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
Edge Information ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Produce Line ◽  
Signal Processing Methods ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

The distribution of elements in thin biological specimens can be determined at high resolution with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The advantage of EELS is that the signal is large, since roughly 50% of the characteristic ionization events can be observed, but this is accompanied by difficulties related to the generally large background and the more stringent requirements for ultrathin specimens in EELS than in electron probe X-ray microanalysis. Therefore it is generally necessary to use signal processing methods to extract absorption edge information in EELS.EELS can be used in two ways: to produce line spectra with a stationary or rastered probe, or to directly form energy-filtered electron microscope (EFEM) images representative of the elemental distribution.

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