Intrinsic factors, release conditions and presence of conspecifics affect post‐release dispersal after translocation of Iberian ibex

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.

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Reforming Arab Reason

Contemporary Arab Affairs ◽

10.1525/caa.2018.00001b ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1-2) ◽

pp. 19-42

Author(s):

Khalid Shibib

Keyword(s):

Arab World ◽

Legal Reasoning ◽

Decisive Role ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Religious Knowledge ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

Present Information ◽

Cultural Construct ◽

Political Economic

As a humanitarian worker who was professionally involved for decades in crisis- and war-shaken countries, the author strove to understand the political, socioeconomic, and cultural factors contributing to conflicts. This contextualization, with a focus on Arab countries, confirmed what other thinkers found: the majority of political, economic, social, cultural, religious, and finally humanitarian crises in the Arab world are man-made and can be attributed to both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Central to the latter appears to be a shared cultural construct that can be termed “Arab reason.” This essay tries to present information on various aspects of the crisis; to understand why reform efforts come so late and why are they are more difficult for Arabs than for other Muslims. It continues by looking at the knowledge systems that govern Arab reason and their evolution, including the decisive role of the religious knowledge system. From there, it proposes some reform ideas including a renewed legal reasoning process with the goal of a future-oriented, knowledge-based, and inclusive Arab Islamic vision. A pragmatic way forward could be an additional unifying eighth legal school (madhhab/madhāhib) to counter sectarian conflicts and violence. This essay is built on a targeted literature search and is not a comprehensive review of the growing literature generated by distinguished thinkers on various aspects of Arab Islamic identity.

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GURU DALAM CERPEN “BINTANG-BINTANG JASA CIKGU MUSA, BA” DAN “GURU DUNGU”

Madah Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra ◽

10.31503/madah.v4i1.550 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Sarmianti Sarmianti

Keyword(s):

Short Stories ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

A teacher is a character who plays an important role in the education world. His role is so hard and always becames the attention of various parties. This study discusses the characters of teachers in the short stories of “Bintang-Bintang Jasa Cikgu Musa, BA”and “Guru Dungu”. The data are analyzed by using theory of genetic structuralism with descriptive qualitative approach. The result (of the analysis) shows that all the intrinsic factors support the building of character. The background of the author influences the making of work’s factors as well.AbstrakGuru adalah tokoh yang berperan penting dalam dunia pendidikan. Perannya sangat berat dan selalu menjadi sorotan berbagai pihak. Pada tulisan ini dibahas tokoh guru yang berlakuan dalam cerpen “Bintang-Bintang Jasa Cikgu Musa, BA” dan “Guru Dungu”. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui penokohan tokoh utama dan kaitannya dengan unsur-unsur intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori strukturalisme genetik dan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Dari analisis ditemukan bahwa seluruh unsur intrinsik mendukung penokohan tokoh guru. Latar belakang pengarang sangat memengaruhi pengolahan unsur-unsur karya.

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Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents in Major Lipid Classes of Seven Salmonid Species from Siberian Arctic Lakes

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10030419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nadezhda N. Sushchik ◽

Olesia N. Makhutova ◽

Anastasia E. Rudchenko ◽

Larisa A. Glushchenko ◽

Svetlana P. Shulepina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Arctic Lakes ◽

Lipid Classes ◽

Total Lipids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Siberian Arctic ◽

Clinical analysis of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in children: a focus on external and intrinsic factors

BMC Surgery ◽

10.1186/s12893-021-01089-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Weigang Gan ◽

Ning Xiao ◽

Yiyuan Feng ◽

Danmei Zhou ◽

Juanjuan Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foreign Body ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Treatment Delay ◽

Rigid Bronchoscopy ◽

Foreign Body Aspiration ◽

External Factors ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Common Location ◽

Tracheobronchial Foreign Body

Abstract Background Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (TFBA) is a critical disease in children and is extremely dangerous, even life-threatening. The factors affecting the occurrence and prognosis of TFBA are complex. The purpose of this study is to examine the external and intrinsic factors affecting clinical features of TFBA in West China and propose potential effective intervention measures. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of pediatric patients diagnosed with TFBA with foreign bodies (FBs) removed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia at the otolaryngology department from December 2017 to November 2018. The data included age, sex, clinical symptoms, type and location of FB, guardians, prehospital duration and residence of these pediatric patients. Results The ratio of males (72) to females (53) was 1.4:1. Children aged from 1 to 3 years accounted for 76% (95/125) of patients. Cough, continuous fever and dyspnea were the primary symptoms. The right primary bronchus was the most common location of FB detection by rigid bronchoscopy (67 cases, 53.6%). Organic FBs were most common in our study. Guardians of patients significantly differed in the rural (parents 16, grandparents 31) and urban (parents 52, grandparents 26) groups (χ2 = 12.583, p = 0.000). More children in the rural group than in the urban group had a treatment delay longer than 72 h. More children in the group with no history of FB aspiration (12, 25%) than in the group with prior FB aspiration had a treatment delay longer than 72 h. Conclusion Pediatric TFBA is a common emergency in otolaryngology. Age, sex, tracheobronchial anatomy and other physiological elements were defined as intrinsic factors, while guardians, residence, FB species and prehospital time were defined as external factors of TFBA. External and intrinsic factors both influence the occurrence and progression of TFBA. It is extremely important to take effective measures to control external factors, which can decrease morbidity and mortality.

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Climate Vulnerability and Adaptation Challenges in Szekszárd Wine Region, Hungary

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli9020025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 25

Author(s):

Attila Buzási

Keyword(s):

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Evaluation Methodology ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Vulnerability Assessments ◽

The Future ◽

Climate Vulnerability ◽

High Level ◽

Wine Region ◽

Lock In

Wine producers face several challenges regarding climate change, which will affect this industry both in the present and the future. Vulnerability assessments are at the forefront of current climate research, therefore, the present paper has two main aims. First, to assess two components of climate vulnerability regarding the Szekszárd wine region, Hungary; second, to collect and analyze adaptation farming techniques in terms of environmental sustainability aspects. Exposure analyses revealed that the study area will face several challenges regarding intensive drought periods in the future. Sensitivity indicators show the climate-related characteristics of the most popular grapevines and their relatively high level of susceptibility regarding changing climatic patterns. Since both external and intrinsic factors of vulnerability show deteriorating trends, the development of adaptation actions is needed. Adaptation interventions often provide unsustainable solutions or entail maladaptation issues, therefore, an environmental-focused sustainability assessment of collected interventions was performed to avoid long-term negative path dependencies. The applied evaluation methodology pointed out that nature-based adaptation actions are preferred in comparison to using additional machines or resource-intensive solutions. This study can fill the scientific gap by analyzing this wine region for the first time, via performing an ex-ante lock-in analysis of available and widely used adaptation interventions in the viticulture sector.

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Metabolic traits in brown trout (Salmo trutta) vary in response to food restriction and intrinsic factors

Conservation Physiology ◽

10.1093/conphys/coaa096 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Louise C Archer ◽

Stephen A Hutton ◽

Luke Harman ◽

W Russell Poole ◽

Patrick Gargan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Intraspecific Variation ◽

Brown Trout ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Metabolic Rates ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Metabolic Traits ◽

Food Conditions

Abstract Metabolic rates vary hugely within and between populations, yet we know relatively little about factors causing intraspecific variation. Since metabolic rate determines the energetic cost of life, uncovering these sources of variation is important to understand and forecast responses to environmental change. Moreover, few studies have examined factors causing intraspecific variation in metabolic flexibility. We explore how extrinsic environmental conditions and intrinsic factors contribute to variation in metabolic traits in brown trout, an iconic and polymorphic species that is threatened across much of its native range. We measured metabolic traits in offspring from two wild populations that naturally show life-history variation in migratory tactics (one anadromous, i.e. sea-migratory, one non-anadromous) that we reared under either optimal food or experimental conditions of long-term food restriction (lasting between 7 and 17 months). Both populations showed decreased standard metabolic rates (SMR—baseline energy requirements) under low food conditions. The anadromous population had higher maximum metabolic rate (MMR) than the non-anadromous population, and marginally higher SMR. The MMR difference was greater than SMR and consequently aerobic scope (AS) was higher in the anadromous population. MMR and AS were both higher in males than females. The anadromous population also had higher AS under low food compared to optimal food conditions, consistent with population-specific effects of food restriction on AS. Our results suggest different components of metabolic rate can vary in their response to environmental conditions, and according to intrinsic (population-background/sex) effects. Populations might further differ in their flexibility of metabolic traits, potentially due to intrinsic factors related to life history (e.g. migratory tactics). More comparisons of populations/individuals with divergent life histories will help to reveal this. Overall, our study suggests that incorporating an understanding of metabolic trait variation and flexibility and linking this to life history and demography will improve our ability to conserve populations experiencing global change.

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773 Adoptive Cell Therapy Response in Melanoma is Mediated by Stem-like CD8 T cells

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0773 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. A822-A822

Author(s):

Sri Krishna ◽

Frank Lowery ◽

Amy Copeland ◽

Stephanie Goff ◽

Grégoire Altan-Bonnet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

T Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Single Cell ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽

High Dimensional ◽

Tumor Control ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Infiltrating Lymphocytes

BackgroundAdoptive T cell therapy (ACT) utilizing ex vivo-expanded autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can result in complete regression of human cancers.1 Successful immunotherapy is influenced by several tumor-intrinsic factors.2 3 Recently, T cell-intrinsic factors have been associated with immunotherapy response in murine and human studies.4 5 Analyses of tumor-reactive TILs have concluded that anti-tumor neoantigen-specific TILs are enriched in subsets defined by the expression of PD-1 or CD39.6 7 Thus, there is a lack of consensus regarding the tumor-reactive TIL subset that is directly responsible for successful immunotherapies such as ICB and ACT. In this study, we attempted to define the fitness landscape of TIL-enriched infusion products to specifically understand its phenotypic impact on human immunotherapy responses.MethodsWe compared the phenotypic differences that could distinguish bulk ACT infusion products (I.P.) administered to patients who had complete response to therapy (complete responders, CRs, N = 24) from those whose disease progressed following ACT (non-responders, NRs, N = 30) by high dimensional single cell protein and RNA analysis of the I.P. We further analyzed the phenotypic states of anti-tumor neoantigen specific TILs from patient I.P (N = 26) by flow cytometry and single cell transcriptomics.ResultsWe identified two CD8+ TIL populations associated with clinical outcomes: a memory-progenitor CD39-negative stem-like TIL (CD39-CD69-) in the I.P. associated with complete cancer regression (overall survival, P < 0.0001, HR = 0.217, 95% CI 0.101 to 0.463) and TIL persistence, and a terminally differentiated CD39-positive TIL (CD39+CD69+) population associated with poor TIL persistence post-treatment. Although the majority (>65%) of neoantigen-reactive TILs in both responders and non-responders to ACT were found in the differentiated CD39+ state, CR infusion products also contained a pool of CD39- stem-like neoantigen-specific TILs (median = 8.8%) that was lacking in NR infusion products (median = 23.6%, P = 1.86 x 10-5). Tumor-reactive stem-like T cells were capable of self-renewal, expansion, and persistence, and mediated superior anti-tumor response in vivo.ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis that responders to ACT received infusion products containing a pool of stem-like neoantigen-specific TILs that are able to undergo prolific expansion, give rise to differentiated subsets, and mediate long-term tumor control and T cell persistence, in line with recent murine ICB studies mediated by TCF+ progenitor T cells.4 5 Our data also suggest that TIL subsets mediating ACT-response (stem-like CD39-) might be distinct from TIL subsets enriched for anti-tumor-reactivity (terminally differentiated CD39+) in human TIL.6 7AcknowledgementsWe thank Don White for curating the melanoma patient cohort, and J. Panopoulos (Flowjo) for helpful discussions on high-dimensional analysis, and NCI Surgery Branch members for helpful insights and suggestions. S. Krishna acknowledges funding support from NCI Director’s Innovation Award from the National Cancer Institute.Trial RegistrationNAEthics ApprovalThe study was approved by NCI’s IRB ethics board.ReferencesGoff SL, et al. Randomized, prospective evaluation comparing intensity of lymphodepletion before adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:2389–2397.Snyder A, et al. Genetic basis for clinical response to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2189–2199.McGranahan N, et al. Clonal neoantigens elicit T cell immunoreactivity and sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade. Science 2016;351:1463–1469.Sade-Feldman M, et al. Defining T cell states associated with response to checkpoint immunotherapy in melanoma. Cell 2019;176:404.Miller BC, et al. Subsets of exhausted CD8 T cells differentially mediate tumor control and respond to checkpoint blockade. Nat. Immunol 2019;20:326–336.Simoni Y, et al. Bystander CD8 T cells are abundant and phenotypically distinct in human tumour infiltrates. Nature 2018;557:575–579.Gros A, et al. PD-1 identifies the patient-specific CD8+ tumor-reactive repertoire infiltrating human tumors. J Clin Invest 2014;124:2246–2259.

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The Anti-Ageing and Whitening Potential of a Cosmetic Serum Containing 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic Acid

Life ◽

10.3390/life11050406 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 406

Author(s):

Nicola Zerbinati ◽

Sabrina Sommatis ◽

Cristina Maccario ◽

Serena Di Francesco ◽

Maria Chiara Capillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Dermal Fibroblasts ◽

Melanin Content ◽

Dna Protection ◽

Melanin Pigmentation ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Reconstructed Human Epidermis ◽

Solar Ultraviolet ◽

Damage Marker ◽

Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

Skin ageing has many manifestations such as wrinkles, dryness, hyperpigmentation, and uneven skin tone. Extrinsic and intrinsic factors, especially solar ultraviolet light (UVB), contribute to skin ageing; its main features are brown spots, alterations in melanin pigmentation, and a decrease in collagen and hyaluronic acid linked to oxidative stress. Several studies showed that topical products containing ingredients with antioxidant activity can reduce oxidative damage; to provide a maximum anti-ageing effect to the skin, topical products can combine various ingredients. C-SHOT SERUM contains a combination of two molecules with a proven anti-ageing activity: a high percentage (30%) of a more stable vitamin C derivative, 3-O-ethyl-l-ascorbic acid, and lactic acid (1%). The product showed a high biocompatibility, assessed through an MTT assay on keratinocytes and on Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE, SkinEthic); the anti-ageing activity was demonstrated on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes by a statistically significant increase in collagen production and a reduction of a UVB-induced DNA damage marker (γ-H2AX histone), indicating DNA protection. Moreover, a depigmenting activity, shown by a highly significant decrease in melanin content on treated Reconstructed Human Pigmented Epidermis (RHPE), was assessed. According to the data of our study, the tested product contrasts the effect of skin ageing and irregular pigmentation due to the physiological decline of the skin.

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