scholarly journals The Anaerobic Treatment of Food and Citrus Processing Wastewaters

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Michael Szendrey
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pilot Plant Scale

Anaerobic treatment technology for wastewater has developed rapidly over the last decade. The major driving forces are the low operating costs and the energy benefit derived from the methane generated. Also, increasing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) surcharges imposed on industrial sewer discharges can often be minimized by anaerobic treatment alone. A variety of new technologies has emerged to treat the various types of wastewater produced. The food and citrus processing industry produce wastewater both low and high in BOD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) as well as other unique constituents. The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of technologies are discussed, especially as they apply to the types of wastewater produced in the food processing industry. (Operating data from a full scale anaerobic plant treating a fermentation wastewater is presented.) The pilot plant scale study on a citrus wastewater is discussed. Paper published with permission.

Development of a system for treatment of coconut industry wastewater using electrochemical processes followed by Fenton reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 2258-2264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lúcio de Moura Gomes ◽  
José Leandro da Silva Duarte ◽  
Nathalia Marcelino Pereira ◽  
Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle ◽  
Josealdo Tonholo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Electrochemical Treatment ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Electrochemical Processes

The coconut processing industry generates a significant amount of liquid waste. New technologies targeting the treatment of industrial effluents have emerged, including advanced oxidation processes, the Fenton reaction, and electrochemical processes, which produce strong oxidizing species to remove organic matter. In this study we combined the Fenton reaction and electrochemical process to treat wastewater generated by the coconut industry. We prepared a synthetic wastewater consisting of a mixture of coconut milk and water and assessed how the Fenton reagents' concentration, the cathode material, the current density, and the implementation of associated technologies affect its treatment. Electrochemical treatment followed by the Fenton reaction diminished turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 85 and 95%, respectively. The Fenton reaction followed by the electrochemical process reduced turbidity and COD by 93 and 85%, respectively. Therefore, a combination of the Fenton and electrochemical technologies can effectively treat the effluent from the coconut processing industry.

Dual Treatment of Milk Processing Industry Wastewater Using Electro Fenton Process Followed by Anaerobic Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thirugnanasambandham ◽  
R. Ganesamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Maximum Turbidity ◽  
Industry Wastewater ◽  
Dual Treatment

Abstract Milk processing industry produced in large amounts wastewater with high pH, temperature and toxic matters. These effluents can exhibit serious environmental problems and public health concerns if improperly disposed. In this present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the efficiency of combined treatment for milk processing industry wastewater. Advanced oxidation process used as primary treatment where as biological process is applied as post treatment to degrade the toxic matters. Parameters affecting the combined process on the percentage removal of turbidity and chemical oxygen (COD) demand were studied in detail. Under the optimum conditions, 93 % of turbidity and 97 % of COD were removed. These results indicated that the proposed technique could be used to degrade the maximum turbidity and chemical oxygen demand from milk processing industry wastewater.

Modern approaches for the development of marine antifouling coatings

2019 ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
A. V. Anisimov ◽  
M. A. Mikhailova ◽  
E. A. Uvarova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Polymer Coatings ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
The World ◽  
Biocidal Coatings ◽  
Current Operating ◽  
Marine Antifouling

At present, 75–80% of the current operating costs of conventional transport are expended for fuel. According to the International Maritime Organization the world fleet burns 300 million tons of fuel annually, releasing into the atmosphere 960 million tons of СО2and 9 million tons of SO2. By 2020, without new technologies that reduce fuel consumption, air emissions can grow 40%, taking into account constantly increasing volumes of traffic. Therefore, defense methods against marine overgrowth are an urgent topic, and many leading firms are developing antifouling solutions. The paper considers the main means of protection against fouling with the help of polymer coatings, namely: contact active coatings; non-leaching coatings; self-polishing coatings; non-biocidal coatings. The mechanism of using polymer coatings, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, is described.

scholarly journals TRENDS IN THE DISTANCE LEARNING: METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-214
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Marchenko ◽  
◽  
Ilona Konovalenko ◽  
Anna Kriukova
Keyword(s):  
Distance Learning ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Communication Efficiency ◽  
Different Types

The article reveals the peculiarities of the use of different types of distance learning. The advent of new technologies has led to the beginning of fundamental changes, including those in the field of education. The authors of the article have analyzed several of the most relevant areas. The use of web technologies to improve communication efficiency is one of the main trends in the field of distance learning. This article provides recommendations on the development and maintenance of distance learning systems. The authors pay special attention to modern international standards developed by international organizations, which should be used in the formation of distance learning systems. The advantages and disadvantages of distance learning for consumers, developers, suppliers, educational process organizers and other interested parties are given.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN ASPEK TEKNIS PEMILIHAN MEDIA BIOFILTER UNTUK PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said ◽  
Ruliasih Marsidi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fixed Film ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structured Packings ◽  
Biological Filters

There are literally dozens of different types of biofilters used for wastewater treatment applications. While many have common features, some are fundamentally different from the rest. The purpose of this article is to educate the reader about the types of packings used for fixed film biofilters.The types of biofilters under discussion are filters that employ a non-moving surface area to provide a substrate for various bacteria to attach and grow. The substrate remains in place while the water flows through the system. The heart of these biofilters is the packing or media used to provide the surface area. The type of packing used strongly influences both the capital and operating costs of the biofilter. It is important to emphasize however, that the packing merely provides surface area for bacteria to colonize. It is the bacteria that do the actual work of the biofilter. In order for the bacteria to do their job effectively, the biofilter and packing design must provide an even distribution of nutrients and oxygen while removing dissolved and suspended waste products. Most biofilters utilize aerobic bacteria but it is also possible to design and operate anaerobic systems for special purposes. Various types of packings exist for fixed film biological filters. Each different type has advantages and disadvantages but in terms of overall cost and suitability, the structured packings are the best choice for commercial biofilter designs. Kata kunci : biofilter, media, pengolahan air limbah.

Studies on Chemical Methods to Expose Gate/Tunnel Oxide and Identification of Gate/Tunnel Oxide Defects in Wafer Fabrication

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. N. Hua ◽  
G. B. Ang ◽  
S. Redkar ◽  
Yogaspari ◽  
Wilma Richter
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Wafer Fabrication ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Capacitor Structure ◽  
Oxide Defects ◽  
Buffer Oxide Etchant ◽  
Etch Time

Abstract In failure analysis of wafer fabrication, currently, three different types of chemical methods including 6:6:1 (Acetic Acid/HNO3/HF), NaOH and Choline are used in removing polysilicon (poly) layer and exposing the gate/tunnel oxide underneath. However, usage is limited due to their disadvantages. For example, 6:6:1 is a relatively fast etchant, but it is difficult to control the etch time and keep the oxide layer intact. Also, while using NaOH to remove poly and expose the silicon oxide, the solution needs to be heated. It is also difficult to etch a poly layer with a WSix or a CoSix silicide using NaOH. In this paper, we will discuss these 3 etchants in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. We will then introduce a new poly etchant, called HB91. HB91 is useful for removing poly to expose the gate/tunnel oxide for identification of related defects. HB91 is actually a mixture of two chemicals namely nitric acid (HNO3) and buffer oxide etchant (BOE) in a 9:1 ratio. The experimental results show that it is highly selective in poly removal with respect to the gate/tunnel oxide and is a suitable poly etchant especially for removing polysilicon with/without WSix and CoSix in the large capacitor structure. Application results of this poly etchant (HB91) will be presented.

scholarly journals Treatment of fish processing industry wastewater using hydrodynamic cavitational reactor with biodegradability improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 2310-2319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Dhanke ◽  
Sameer Wagh ◽  
Abhijeet Patil
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hydrodynamic Cavitation ◽  
Inlet Pressure ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Cavitation Effect ◽  
Processing Plants

Abstract Water generated from the fish processing industry is contaminated with organic matter. This organic matter present in wastewater increases the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). A new technology, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is used to deal with this wastewater produced in fish processing plants. The orifice plate is used in the HC reactor to generate a cavitation effect. The intensification of this technique was carried out with the help of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and TiO2. The treatment of this wastewater is reported in terms of percent degradation in BOD and COD and in biodegradability index (BI). Operating parameters like inlet pressure, pH, operating temperature and H2O2 doses were used to find the optimum condition. 15 g/L of H2O2 gave 69.5% reduction of COD in the 120 min of treatment that also increases BI value to 0.93 at inlet pressure 8 bar, Plate-5, temperature (30 °C), and pH 4. In the ultrasonic cavitation (UC) reactor, COD reduction is 68.7% without TiO2 and with TiO2 it is 71.2%. Also, this HC and UC reactor reduced CFU count to a great extent at the same operating conditions.

The Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Biofilter Process

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 213-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra K. Kaiser ◽  
Richard R. Dague
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Anaerobic Treatment ◽  
Size Ratio ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Optimum Size ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
In Series ◽  
Two Temperature

The “temperature-phased anaerobic biofilter” or TPAB process (U.S. Patent pending), is a new high-rate anaerobic treatment system that includes a thermophilic (56°C) biofilter connected in series with a mesophilic (35°C) biofilter providing for two-temperature, two-phase treatment. Three TPAB systems of different thermophilic:mesophilic reactor size ratios were operated at system HRTs of 24 hrs, 36 hrs, and 48 hrs to characterize performance and to determine if an optimum size ratio exists between the thermophilic and mesophilic phases. The three TPAB systems achieved SCOD reductions in excess of 97% and TCOD reductions in excess of 90% for a synthetic milk substrate over a range of system COD loadings from 2 g COD/L/day to 16 g COD/L/day. There was little difference in performance between the three TPAB systems based on COD reduction and methane production. The 1:7 ratio of thermophilic:mesophilic phase TPAB system performed as well as the 1:3 and 1:1 size ratio TPAB systems. In applications of the process, a relatively small thermophilic first-phase can be used without sacrificing overall two-phase system performance. The TPAB process is a promising new anaerobic treatment technology with the ability to achieve higher efficiencies of organic removals than is generally possible for single-stage anaerobic filter systems operated at equivalent HRTs and organic loadings.

The Nesting and Marking of Ship Parts Cut from Steel Plate

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Harry Hooper
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Plasma Cutting ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cutting Processes ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Hull Construction

The methods presently used by U.S. shipbuilders for preparing, nesting and marking plate parts are discussed. The use of existing computer technology is explored as a means for improving these operations by conserving plate and reducing operating costs. Appendices are included which list the advantages and disadvantages of both the oxy-flame and plasma cutting processes, the use of special sized plate in hull construction, and the basic features of a computerized parts nesting system.

Lexical-Grammatical Status and Lexicographic Presentation of Two-Component Stable Prepositional Combinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Elena V. Generalova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Summary Table ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Dictionary Entry ◽  
Figurative Meaning ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Unresolved Question ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Syntactic Properties ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The aim of the article is to review the ways of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations and the factors essential for their lexical-grammatical status and the type of optimal lexicographic description. The object of the study is twocomponent prepositional combinations with stable meanings and the “preposition+noun” structure. The material of the article is data of different dictionaries of Russian presenting stable prepositional combinations. In the course of the study, the following questions were answered: why the definition and interpretation of the lexical-grammatical nature of stable prepositional combinations are so difficult and ambiguous; what lexicographic interpretation these units have in dictionaries of different types; what the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of dictionary interpretation of such language material are. The following methods were used: introspective (observation, generalization, classification), systematic lexicographic description according to dictionary parameters, dictionary definition analysis. The summary table of the lexicographic presentation of stable combinations allows seeing both the unresolved question of dictionary interpretation of such units and the patterns of their interpretation depending on the type of a dictionary. As a result of the analysis the following conclusions were drawn. 1) In modern Russian there is a rather large (about 2,000 units) class of language units (prepositional combinations), the lexical-grammatical status of which is not defined, and there is no term for their definition; this class is historically formed and continues to replenish. 2) The type of dictionary presentation of stable prepositional combinations is determined by the dictionary concept, grammatical and syntactic properties, presence of figurative meaning and possibility of component variation of such combinations. 3) The unresolved theoretical issues have as a result the lexicographic discrepancy in the presentation of these language units. Extreme lexicographic solutions are a separate dictionary entry for each combination and the presentation of such units only as stable combinations in the entry of a noun (presented in academic explanatory dictionaries). 4) Taking into account only the factor of presence/absence of a gap seems to formalize the dictionary presentation of adverbs with both conjoined and split spelling, really existing in Russian, and the position of recognition of these units with independent words and their isolate presentation is not impeccable for dictionary users. 5) In the author’s opinion, the presentation of stable prepositional combinations exclusively as independent vocabules is inferior to the traditional lexicographic approach because the isolated presentation of this material breaks the semantic connections of these complex lexical units; the most complex issue is the differentiation of adverbs with split spelling and stable combinations.

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