Immune Responses to Exercise in Children: A Brief Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Response To Exercise

Despite significant advances in exercise immunology over the last two decades, our understanding of immune responses to exercise in children remains sparse. This review outlines and discusses commonly reported aspects of the immune response to exercise, with emphasis on child-adult differences. Compared with adults, children generally experience smaller perturbations to the immune system (e.g., NK cells and IL-6) in response to exercise of the same duration and intensity. Children also demonstrate a faster recovery of immune components (e.g., neutrophil and IL-6) after exercise. The health and clinical relevance of exercise-induced changes in a child’s immune system remain to be determined.

Immune responses to inflammation and trauma: a physical training model

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy J Shephard ◽  
Pang N Shek
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Exercise Immunology ◽  
Symposium Review ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

Physical activity and training have some potential as tools for examining immune responses to inflammation and trauma. Contributors to the present symposium review various aspects of the inflammatory process, including issues of lymphocyte recirculation and endotoxemia. They examine also the extent and nature of the immune disturbances induced by acute and chronic exercise and consider parallels between such responses and cellular manifestations of clinical sepsis. Factors modulating immune responses during physical activity include changes in the circulating levels of various cytokines, alterations in nutritional status, an altered expression of adhesion molecules, and the possible intervention of reactive species. Factors that can exacerbate exercise-induced changes include exposure to adverse environments, particularly hot conditions, and disturbances of the normal sleep-wakefulness cycle. Current research in exercise immunology finds clinical application in attempts to regulate aging, acute viral infections, and neoplasia.Key words: cold exposure, environmental stress, heat exposure, high altitudes, immunosuppression.

scholarly journals The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yu Lei ◽  
Ying-Ze Ye ◽  
Xi-Qun Zhu ◽  
Daniel Smerin ◽  
Li-Juan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractThrough considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.

scholarly journals MITF induces escape from innate immunity in melanoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Sánchez-del-Campo ◽  
Román Martí-Díaz ◽  
María F. Montenegro ◽  
Rebeca González-Guerrero ◽  
Trinidad Hernández-Caselles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Reporter Assays ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Nk Cytotoxicity

Abstract Background The application of immune-based therapies has revolutionized cancer treatment. Yet how the immune system responds to phenotypically heterogeneous populations within tumors is poorly understood. In melanoma, one of the major determinants of phenotypic identity is the lineage survival oncogene MITF that integrates diverse microenvironmental cues to coordinate melanoma survival, senescence bypass, differentiation, proliferation, invasion, metabolism and DNA damage repair. Whether MITF also controls the immune response is unknown. Methods By using several mouse melanoma models, we examine the potential role of MITF to modulate the anti-melanoma immune response. ChIP-seq data analysis, ChIP-qPCR, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and luciferase reporter assays were utilized to identify ADAM10 as a direct MITF target gene. Western blotting, confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity assays were used to determine the underlying mechanisms by which MITF-driven phenotypic plasticity modulates melanoma NK cell-mediated killing. Results Here we show that MITF regulates expression of ADAM10, a key sheddase that cleaves the MICA/B family of ligands for NK cells. By controlling melanoma recognition by NK-cells MITF thereby controls the melanoma response to the innate immune system. Consequently, while melanoma MITFLow cells can be effectively suppressed by NK-mediated killing, MITF-expressing cells escape NK cell surveillance. Conclusion Our results reveal how modulation of MITF activity can impact the anti-melanoma immune response with implications for the application of anti-melanoma immunotherapies.

scholarly journals Unlocking the Potential of Vaccines Built on Messenger RNA

2021 ◽  
pp. 160-197
Author(s):  
Elena Locci ◽  
Silvia Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Healthy Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
Keywords Cancer

In recent years, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer; however, inflammatory reactions in healthy tissues often have side effects that can be serious and lead to permanent discontinuation of treatment. This toxicity is not yet well understood and is a major obstacle to the use of immunotherapy. When the immune system is so severely activated, the resulting inflammatory reaction can have detrimental effects and sometimes serious damage to healthy tissue. We wanted to know if there was a difference between an optimal immune response that aims to kill cancer and an unwanted response that could affect healthy tissue. Identifying the distinctive elements between these two immune responses allows the development of new, more effective and less toxic therapeutic approaches. Keywords: Cancer; Cells; Tissues, Tumors; Prevention, Prognosis; Diagnosis; Imaging; Screening; Treatment; Management

scholarly journals The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Docherty ◽  
Rachael Harley ◽  
Joseph J. McAuley ◽  
Lindsay A. N. Crowe ◽  
Carles Pedret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Musculoskeletal Health ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Musculoskeletal Systems ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress. Several studies document a key relationship between exercise and immune activation. Activation of the innate immune system occurs in response to exercise and it is proposed this is largely mediated by cytokine signalling. Cytokines are typically classified according to their inflammatory properties and evidence has shown that cytokines expressed in response to exercise are diverse and may act to propagate, modulate or mitigate inflammation in musculoskeletal health. The review summarizes the existing literature on the relationship between exercise and the immune system with emphasis on how exercise-induced cytokine expression modulates inflammation and the immune response.

Abstract MP12: Proteomic Predictors Of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Response To Regular Exercise

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob L Barber ◽  
Guoshuai Cai ◽  
Jeremy M Robbins ◽  
Robert E Gerszten ◽  
Prashant Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Pathway Analysis ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Exercise Response ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Response To Exercise

Introduction: Regular exercise beneficially increases plasma HDL-C levels at the group level. However, variation in individual HDL-C responses to exercise highlight a need for predictive biomarkers of exercise response. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that baseline abundance of circulating proteins is predictive of HDL-C response to exercise and that identified proteins are part of a complex biological network of exercise response. Methods: We measured over 5,000 circulating proteins using an aptamer-affinity based platform (SomaScan) in 667 black and white adults from the HERITAGE Family Study. Fasting plasma HDL-C was measured at baseline and following 20 weeks of supervised endurance exercise training. To predict exercise induced changes in HDL-C using baseline abundance of circulating proteins, models were created using LASSO regression and a 70/30 training test data split with 10-fold cross validation. Biological pathways, networks, and functions involving proteins identified in predictive modeling were investigated by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) and integrated molecular pathway level analysis (IMPaLA). Results: Regular exercise significantly increased HDL-C in the sample by 1.5 ± 4.6 mg/dL (p<0.0001), however marked inter-individual differences in response were present (range: -19.5 to +17.4 mg/dL). LASSO regression of circulating proteins only yielded a model of 120 proteins with similar but stronger predictive power to a model of 19 clinical traits (root mean square error = 4.52 and 5.3 mg/dL respectively). LASSO regression of both clinical and proteomic predictors resulted in a final model of baseline HDL-C and 116 circulating proteins, with an improved root mean square error of 4.11 mg/dL. Furthermore, this panel of 116 proteins was able to explain 40.0% of the variance in exercise induced changes in plasma HDL-C, while clinical predictors alone (including baseline HDL-C) explained only 3.9%. Pathway analysis of these 116 proteins identified several biological processes including pathways involved in the progression towards atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, mTOR signaling, and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis. Conclusions: Circulating proteins may allow for prediction of exercise induced changes in HDL-C. Additionally, proteins predictive of HDL-C response to exercise are associated with important biological pathways and may provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of the benefits of regular exercise.

Introduction to Clinical Immunology: Overview of the Immune Response, Autoimmune Conditions, and Immunosuppressive Therapeutics for Rheumatic Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven K. Lundy ◽  
Alison Gizinski ◽  
David A. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The immune system is a complex network of cells and mediators that must balance the task of protecting the host from invasive threats. From a clinical perspective, many diseases and conditions have an obvious link to improper functioning of the immune system, and insufficient immune responses can lead to uncontrolled acute and chronic infections. The immune system may also be important in tumor surveillance and control, cardiovascular disease, health complications related to obesity, neuromuscular diseases, depression, and dementia. Thus, a working knowledge of the role of immunity in disease processes is becoming increasingly important in almost all aspects of clinical practice. This review provides an overview of the immune response and discusses immune cell populations and major branches of immunity, compartmentalization and specialized immune niches, antigen recognition in innate and adaptive immunity, immune tolerance toward self antigens, inflammation and innate immune responses, adaptive immune responses and helper T (Th) cell subsets, components of the immune response that are important targets of treatment in autoimmune diseases, mechanisms of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases and their approved uses, and mechanisms of other drugs commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Figures show the development of erythrocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, and other immune system cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells that first reside in the fetal liver and later migrate to the bone marrow, antigen–major histocompatibility complex recognition by T cell receptor control of T cell survival and activation, and Th cells as central determinants of the adaptive immune response toward different stimuli. Tables list cell populations involved in innate and adaptive immunity, pattern recognition receptors with known ligands, autoantibody-mediated human diseases: examples of pathogenic mechanisms, selected Food and Drug Administration–approved autoimmune disease indications for biologics, and mechanism of action of biologics used to treat autoimmune diseases.   This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 64 references.

scholarly journals Phenoloxidase activity and haemolymph cytology in honeybees challenged with a virus suspension (deformed wings virus DWV) or phosphate buffered suspension (PBS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Millanta ◽  
Simona Sagona ◽  
Maurizio Mazzei ◽  
Mario Forzan ◽  
Alessandro Poli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Additional Stress ◽  
Varroa Mite ◽  
Virus Suspension ◽  
Phenoloxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Immunity

ABSTRACT: The innate immune system of honeybees mainly consists in antimicrobial peptides, cellular immunity and melanisation. In order to investigate the immune response of honeybees to immune stressors, three stress degrees were tested. Newly emerged bees naturally DWV-infected were collected from a Varroa mite-free apiary and divided into three experimental groups: naturally DWV infected bees, PBS injected bees, and artificially DWV super infected bees. Phenoloxidase activity and haemolymph cellular subtype count were investigated. Phenoloxidase activity was highest (P<0.05) in DWV-superinfected bees, and the haemocyte population differed within the three observed groups. Although, immune responses following DWV infection have still not been completely clarified, this investigation sheds light on the relation between cell immunity and the phenoloxidase activity of DWV-naturally infected honeybees exposed to additional stress such as injury and viral superinfection.

Exercise-induced stimulation of K+ transport in human erythrocytes

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 2157-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Lindinger ◽  
Peggy L. Horn ◽  
Simon P. Grudzien
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Plasma Composition ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Human Rbcs

The hypothesis was tested that exercise-induced changes in plasma composition stimulate unidirectional K+ transport ( J inK) in human red blood cells (RBCs). Ten men performed two 30-s high-intensity leg-cycling tests separated by 4 min of rest. Antecubital venous blood was sampled before exercise and at the end of the second exercise bout. RBCs were separated from true exercise plasma,42K was added to plasma, and RBC K+ transport was studied in vitro at 37°C. In the second part of the study, blood from nine healthy men studied in vitro at 37°C was used to test the hypothesis that exercise-simulated (ES) plasma stimulates net K+ transport and J inK (measured using 86Rb) in human RBCs. The J inK of resting RBCs added to true exercise plasma was 1,574 ± 200 (SE) μmol ⋅ h−1 ⋅ l−1vs. 1,236 ± 256 μmol ⋅ h−1 ⋅ l−1in true resting plasma at 2 min (controls). In true exercise and ES plasma, J inK was increased through activation of the ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+pump and the bumetanide-sensitive Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter. Increases in plasma osmolality and K+, H+, and epinephrine concentrations independently and in combination stimulated K+ transport into human RBCs. In a third series of experiments, in which ES plasma K+ concentration was continuously measured during the first 5 min of incubation of RBCs, a 1.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l decrease in plasma K+concentration occurred during the first 2 min. It is concluded that RBCs transport K+ at elevated rates in response to exercise-induced changes in plasma composition.

scholarly journals Experience affects exercise-induced changes in catecholamines, glucose, and FFA

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. R169-R173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Scheurink ◽  
A. B. Steffens ◽  
G. H. Dreteler ◽  
L. Benthem ◽  
R. Bruntink
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Component ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
First Time

The interference of the experimental conditions on the exercise-induced alterations in plasma catecholamines, plasma free fatty acids, and glucose and insulin concentrations was investigated in rats. Exercise consisted of strenuous swimming against a countercurrent (0.22 m/s) for 15 min in a pool with water of 33 degrees C. Before, during, and after swimming, blood samples were taken through a permanent heart catheter. The blood component levels in rats that were confronted with exercise for the very first time were compared with the levels in rats that were well accustomed to the exercise conditions. The very first time rats swam caused an enhanced release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla and a reduced output of norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerve endings. Furthermore, in the first time swim group, blood glucose levels were higher and plasma free fatty acid concentrations were lower compared with the well-accustomed animals. There were no differences in plasma insulin concentrations. It is concluded that the experimental conditions may interfere considerably with the hormonal and metabolic response to exercise. Furthermore the results reinforce the idea that the two parts of the sympathoadrenal system are functionally and metabolically dissociated.

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