Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticumExploitsStaphylococcus aureusVirulence Components in a Novel Polymicrobial Defense Strategy
ABSTRACTCommensal bacteria in the human nasal cavity are known to suppress opportunistic pathogen colonization by competing for limited space and nutrients. It has become increasingly apparent that some commensal bacteria also produce toxic compounds that directly inhibit or kill incoming competitors. Numerous studies suggest that microbial species-specific interactions can affect human nasal colonization by the opportunistic pathogenStaphylococcus aureus. However, the complex and dynamic molecular interactions that mediate these effects onS. aureusnasal colonization are often difficult to study and remain poorly understood. Here, we show thatCorynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, a common member of the normal nasal microbiota, mediates contact-independent bactericidal activity againstS. aureus, including methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA). Bacterial interaction assays revealed thatS. aureusisolates that were spontaneously resistant toC. pseudodiphtheriticumkilling could be recovered at a low frequency. To better understand the pathways associated with killing and resistance, aS. aureustransposon mutant library was utilized to select for resistant mutant strains. We found that insertional inactivation ofagrC, which codes for the sensor kinase of the Agr quorum sensing (Agr QS) system that regulates expression of many virulence factors inS. aureus, conferred resistance to killing. Analysis of the spontaneously resistantS. aureusisolates revealed that each showed decreased expression of the Agr QS components. Targeted analysis of pathways regulated by Agr QS revealed that loss of the phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), which are effectors of Agr QS, also conferred resistance to bactericidal activity. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed thatC. pseudodiphtheriticuminduced dramatic changes toS. aureuscell surface morphology that likely resulted in cell lysis. Taken together, these data suggest thatC. pseudodiphtheriticum-mediated killing ofS. aureusrequiresS. aureusvirulence components. WhileS. aureuscan overcome targeted killing, this occurs at the cost of attenuated virulence; loss of Agr QS activity would phenotypically resemble aS. aureuscommensal state that would be unlikely to be associated with disease. Commensal competition resulting in dampened virulence of the competitor may represent an exciting and unexplored possibility for development of novel antimicrobial compounds.IMPORTANCEWhile some individuals are nasally colonized withS. aureus, the underlying factors that determine colonization are not understood. There is increasing evidence that indicates that resident bacteria play a role; some commensal species can eradicateS. aureusfrom the nasal cavity. Among these,Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticumcan eliminateS. aureusfrom the human nose. We sought to understand this phenomenon at a molecular level and found thatC. pseudodiphtheriticumproduces a factor(s) that specifically killsS. aureus. While resistantS. aureusisolates were recovered at a low frequency, resistance came at the cost of attenuated virulence in these strains. Molecular dissection of the specific strategies used byC. pseudodiphtheriticumto killS. aureuscould lead to the development of novel treatments or therapies. Furthermore, commensal competition that requires virulence components of the competitor may represent an exciting and unexplored possibility for development of novel antimicrobial compounds.