scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. e003098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Van Damme ◽  
Ritwik Dahake ◽  
Alexandre Delamou ◽  
Brecht Ingelbeen ◽  
Edwin Wouters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
The World ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
The Usa

It is very exceptional that a new disease becomes a true pandemic. Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. However, in different countries, the COVID-19 epidemic takes variable shapes and forms in how it affects communities. Until now, the insights gained on COVID-19 have been largely dominated by the COVID-19 epidemics and the lockdowns in China, Europe and the USA. But this variety of global trajectories is little described, analysed or understood. In only a few months, an enormous amount of scientific evidence on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been uncovered (knowns). But important knowledge gaps remain (unknowns). Learning from the variety of ways the COVID-19 epidemic is unfolding across the globe can potentially contribute to solving the COVID-19 puzzle. This paper tries to make sense of this variability—by exploring the important role that context plays in these different COVID-19 epidemics; by comparing COVID-19 epidemics with other respiratory diseases, including other coronaviruses that circulate continuously; and by highlighting the critical unknowns and uncertainties that remain. These unknowns and uncertainties require a deeper understanding of the variable trajectories of COVID-19. Unravelling them will be important for discerning potential future scenarios, such as the first wave in virgin territories still untouched by COVID-19 and for future waves elsewhere.

scholarly journals Effect of the Demographic of Covid-19 on Different Countries; Using the USA for Comparism

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Robust Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Many

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on different countries, using USA as comparism factor. Ninety four countries were selected based on their continents, countries and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). Data analyzed revealed that most countries in Africa appears to be least affected by the virus. Data also revealed that many countries have been able to understand and manage the spread and infectivity of the virus compared to the USA. Result from the study also showed that the many countries have been able to improve on managing the infection when compared to USA mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response, herd immunity and united approach in the management of the disease. The result also helps to provide insight as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to this part of the world. Result from the study suggests that while Africa has a better immunity for the virus, there seems to be improvement the management of disease by other continent.

Development of the 25 micron pixel imaging plate system for TEM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
N. Ogura ◽  
T. Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Scanning System ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Pixel Size ◽  
Large Area ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Recording Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Plate System

In 1986, we reported that the Imaging Plate (IP) could be applied to the recording material for TEM. In 1990, we reported the first commercial IP system for TEM, which was co-developed with JEOL Ltd. This time, we developed a new IP system that has the following remarkable concepts.1. Enormous amount of information and high image quality The IP is read by the IP Reader at a pixel size of 25 microns and at a gray level of 16384 (14 bit). One image consists of 3760 × 3000 pixels. This means the image satisfies two essential requirements, i.e., high resolution and large area, at the same time. As the new sophisticated scanning system and the 400 dpi high-quality color printer (Fujix Pictrography 3000) have been combined, the final hard copies are almost identical to photographic films.2. Applicable to most TEMs The size of the IP is 99.6 × 80.9 mm, which is the same as that of photographic films mainly used in the USA, so the IP can be applied to most TEMs of any manufacturer in the world.

scholarly journals Pregnancy management in coronavirus disease – Challenges in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Narendra Malhotra ◽  
Ruchika Garg ◽  
Saroj Singh ◽  
Prabhat Agrawal ◽  
Jaideep Malhotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
The Usa

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection, first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei Province of China. The infection has spread in more than 150 countries and is a pandemic. Governments across the world have adopted rigorous measures to reduce both the spread by lockdown and cancelling most visas. It has detrimental effects on health-care systems and on the whole economy of world including the USA.

scholarly journals A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 in the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
P.R. Renjith ◽  
C. Priscilla ◽  
Selva Kumar Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Respiratory Infectious Diseases ◽  
Health Organization

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected followed by the United States of America. In this study we have assessed the severity of Covid-19 by analyzing the mortality rate in Covid-19 and other diseases. The Covid-19 data and “death rate” data caused by other diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, non-communicable respiratory diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, diabetes mellitus, and kidney diseases) were downloaded from the world health organization (WHO) website. A normalized period based method was used to see the mortality rate of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths occurred by cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases were more in number than the Covid-19 caused deaths in the 45 days period where most of the Covid-19 deaths had taken place. The mortality rate of Covid-19 was highest in France followed by Belgium and the lowest in Russia while the share of Covid-19 caused deaths in total deaths by all causes was the highest in Belgium followed by Spain and the lowest in Japan. The severity of Covid-19 in the USA was moderate. The severity of Covid-19 in Asian countries was found to be moderate to low. The severity of Covid-19 was diverse in the world. Europe showed the highest diversity in the mortality rate of Covid-19. Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and non-communicable diseases were still more lethal and caused more deaths than Covid-19.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Guillain-Barré Syndrome: A Review on Potential Pathogenic Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Shoraka ◽  
Maria Lucia Brito Ferreira ◽  
Seyed Reza Mohebbi ◽  
Amir Ghaemi
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
The World ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Guillain Barré

Since December 2019, the world has been facing an outbreak of a new disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel beta-coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly affects the respiratory system. Recently, there have been some reports of extra-respiratory symptoms such as neurological manifestations in COVID-19. According to the increasing reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome following COVID-19, we mainly focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome in this review. We tried to explain the possibility of a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome and potential pathogenic mechanisms based on current and past knowledge.

scholarly journals Immunosenescence and the Susceptibility of the Elderly to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-191
Author(s):  
Widya Wasityastuti ◽  
Andika Dhamarjati ◽  
Siswanto Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Health Organization

A new disease caused by a newly-found coronavirus, known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been declared as a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). This new disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak started in late December of 2019 and it did not take a long time until it spread to more than 200 countries in the world with over 4 million confirmed cases to date. The number keeps skyrocketing as day passes, followed by the increasing number of fatalities. Among all of the infected patients, elderly is one of the vulnerable populations. Studies reported that the risk of infection is doubled in older people. This infection-susceptible characteristic may be due to the weak immune system, therefore they lack the capabilities to fight the infection. The deterioration of immune system in elderly is known as immunosenescence. The aim of this literature review is to understand the effect of immunosenescence in the immunopathogenesis and susceptibility of elderly who are exposed to COVID-19 infection. (J Respir Indo. 2020; 40(3): 182-91)

scholarly journals Moving Forward During COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Hygiene Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019 (December in Wuhan, China) a new disease was identified (Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 [1,2]. The world was about to change completely; it became a public health emergency of international concern in January 2020 and in March 11 The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The COVID-19 Pandemic is ongoing and this highly infectious viral disease has claimed thousands lives worldwide, has caused the disruption of economics and social activities; religious, sports, political and cultural events have been cancelled. Social distancing, general hygiene measures and the use of face masks help prevent people from spreading COVID-19 and also protect wearers from being infected themselves. All activities have been impacted, how we live and interact with each other, family, friends, colleagues or strangers, how we work and communicate, how we move around in daily life and travel; COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world.

scholarly journals COVID-19 presenting with Ophthalmoplegia in a patient with Acute Kidney Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
Pauline Francisca Gomes ◽  
Abdul Basit Ibne Momen ◽  
Amrin Sultana ◽  
Rafa Faaria Alam ◽  
Sadia Saber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Male Patient ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Rare Presentation ◽  
The World ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
The Many

COVID-19 has proved to cause multi-systemic manifestations in many reported cases across the world. Here, we report a rare presentation of a 20 years old COVID-19 positive male patient with acute kidney injury who developed ophthalmoplegia during the course of the disease. COVID-19 being a relatively new disease, its neurological manifestation is even rarer with limited literature concerning the symptoms. Clinicians should, therefore, have a high suspicion and awareness regarding the many faces of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2), for early detection and mitigation of the disease, especially during the pandemic. Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2021; 9(1): 59-61

scholarly journals The effects of social isolation and the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality around the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Lopes Duarte ◽  
Cláudio Paiva Silva ◽  
Cézar Henrique Barra Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
New Disease ◽  
Virus Variant ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Different Parts

In December 2019, a new virus variant was discovered in China, belonging to the coronavirus family, whose associated respiratory syndrome became known as COVID-19. Due to the ease of transmission, lethality and lack of knowledge about this new disease, several countries chose to adopt measures of social distancing, in addition to restrictions on travel and the performance of activities considered non-essential. Thus, the present study aimed to carry out a bibliographic survey about the main effects of social isolation on air quality, in some regions around the world, through consultation of scientific articles, national and international research institutes, as well such as satellite imagery. The results showed that the effects of these measurements were observed on air quality in different parts of the world, with a reduction in the levels of some of the main air pollutants, such as NO2, CO2, CO and particulate matter. In contrast, some studies showed that the concentration of O3 increased in certain regions. It was possible to conclude that the improvements observed were temporary, as they did not result from structural measures, but from transitory situations; and that the adoption of public policies to restrict the emission of pollutants is essential to reduce the incidence and aggravation of associated respiratory diseases, avoiding the overload of health systems, especially in the current pandemic scenario.  

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A deadly disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubeena Hafeez ◽  
Maleeha Aslam ◽  
Shahbaz Aman ◽  
Muhammad Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
New Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
Transmissible Disease

SARS or severe acute respiratory syndrome is a term used to describe a serious respiratory illness, which has recently been reported in parts of the world and has spread widely over the past G months. At this moment, public health authorities, physicians and scientists around the world are struggling to cope with this rapidly spreading multicountry outbreak of an unexplained new disease in humans. This appears to be the first severe and easily transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st century. Though much about the syndrome remains poorly understood, including the exact identity of the causative virus, the indications are that the outbreak is otherwise being contained.

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