Prevalence and risk factors of children’s dental anxiety in China: a longitudinal study

ObjectivesDental anxiety remains widespread among children, may continue into adulthood and affect their oral health-related quality of life and clinical management. The aim of the study was to explore the trend of children’s dental anxiety over time and potential risk factors.DesignLongitudinal study.MethodsChildren aged between 5 and 12 years were investigated with the Chinese version of face version of Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and Frankl Behavior Rating scale from 2008 to 2017, and influential factors were explored.ResultsClinical data were available from 1061 children, including 533 (50.2%) male participants and 528 (49.8%) female participants. The total CFSS-DS scores ranged from 16 to 66, with a mean of 24.8±10.3. The prevalence of dental anxiety is 11.59%. No significant differences in total CFSS-DS scores between girls and boys were found. According to the Frankl scale, 238 children were allocated to the uncooperative group and the remaining 823 children were allocated to the cooperative group. Scores of CFSS-DS were negatively correlated with the clinical behaviour level of Frankl. Children aged 11–12 years old had significantly decreased scores compared with other age groups, and there was a decline in the scores of the group aged 8–10 years old over time. The factor analysis divided 15 items of CFSS-DS into four factors, and the total scores of ‘less invasive oral procedures’ items belonging to factor III decreased significantly over time in the group aged 8–10 years old.ConclusionsAge is a significant determinant for children’s dental anxiety, and dental anxiety outcomes have improved for Chinese children aged 8–10 years. This study is one of the few reports on changes of children’s dental anxiety in a new era of information, but the results may be extrapolated to other populations with caution.

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Brand Evaluation and Brand Choice: A Longitudinal Study

Journal of Marketing Research ◽

10.1177/002224377301000303 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 235-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Frederic B. Kraft ◽

Donald H. Granbois ◽

John O. Summers

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Diagnostic Tool ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Brand Choice ◽

Evaluation Index ◽

Brand Evaluation ◽

Point Rating Scale ◽

Over Time

An analysis is presented showing the association between a summated brand evaluation index and brands purchased over time. The summated index was no more predictive than simpler measures such as “brand last purchased” and a 7-point rating scale, although the summated index may have value as a diagnostic tool.

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Prevalence of diarrhoea, and associated risk factors, in children aged 0-5 years, at two hospitals in Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria

UNED Research Journal ◽

10.22458/urj.v9i1.1672 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Adanma Florence Nwaoha ◽

Camelita Chima Ohaeri ◽

Ebube Charles Amaechi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Workers ◽

Age Groups ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Stool Samples ◽

The Government ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

And Control

Diarrhoea is the second leading cause of infectious morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. This study aimed at identifying the most common parasites and potential risk factors for diarrhoea among children 0-5 years attending Abia State Specialist hospital and Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, in south eastern Nigeria. We used 400 faecal samples from children with diarrhoea –and 200 without– in combination with hospital-based case control and a questionnaire Stool samples were processed with direct normal saline and formal-ether sedimentation method for parasitological studies. More males than females were infected in nearly all age groups in both diarrhoeal and control groups (X2=23.04, df=1, P<0.05: X2=11.52, df=1, P<0.05 respectively). Amachara had more infections (X2=0.15, df=1, P< 0.05). January had the highest rate of infection (22.5%). Main clinical features were watery depositions over 3 times a day, diarrhoea lasting for days, fever, vomiting, and dehydration. Mothers learned about the problem through health workers, television and in medical centers. Risk correlated with mother’s education, occupation, latrine type, waste water disposal, hand washing, kitchen cleaning; sources and storage of water; and bottle milk (P< 0.05).Ignorance greatly contributed to the spread of parasitic disease in the area: the government should improve education and other strategies to alleviate the spread of the disease..

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Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey Pilot

10.1101/2020.07.06.20147348 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Koen B Pouwels ◽

Thomas House ◽

Julie V Robotham ◽

Paul Birrell ◽

Andrew B Gelman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Credible Interval ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Direct Patient Contact ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Over Time

Objective: To estimate the percentage of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) over time in the community in England and to quantify risk factors. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of population-representative households with longitudinal follow-up if consent given. Setting: England. Participants: 34,992 Individuals aged 2 years and over from 16,722 private residential households. Data were collected in a pilot phase of the survey between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Main outcome measures: Percentage of individuals in the community testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using throat and nose swabs. Individuals were asked about any symptoms and potential risk factors. Results: The percentage of people in private-residential households testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 reduced from 0.32% (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.19% to 0.52%) on 26 April to 0.08% (95% CrI 0.05% to 0.12%) on 28 June, although the prevalence stabilised near the end of the pilot. Factors associated with an increased risk of testing positive included having a job with direct patient contact (relative exposure (RE) 4.06, 95% CrI 2.42 to 6.77)), working outside the home (RE 2.49, 95% CrI 1.39 to 4.45), and having had contact with a hospital (RE 2.20, 95% CrI 1.09 to 4.16 for having been to a hospital individually and RE 1.95, 95% CrI 0.81 to 4.09 for a household member having been to a hospital). In 133 visits where individuals tested positive, 82 (61%, 95% CrI 53% to 69%) reported no symptoms, stably over time. Conclusion: The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals declined between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported. Working outside your home was an important risk factor, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be essential for early detection of increases in infections following return to work and other relaxations of control measures.

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Longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding in naturally infected finishing pigs

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002464 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 141 (9) ◽

pp. 1928-1936 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

A. F. A. PIRES ◽

J. A. FUNK ◽

C. A. BOLIN

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Longitudinal Study ◽

Study Design ◽

Production System ◽

Research Study ◽

Finishing Pigs ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Research Study Design ◽

Over Time

SUMMARYA 3-year longitudinal study was conducted on a multi-site farrow-to-finish production system. For each of 18 cohorts at three finishing sites, 50 pigs were randomly selected. Faecal samples were collected every 2 weeks for 16 weeks. Salmonella was cultured from 453 (6·6%) of 6836 faecal samples. The pig-level incidence of Salmonella was 20·8% (187/899 pigs). Salmonella prevalence varied between cohorts and within pigs. The adjusted Salmonella prevalence decreased over the finishing period from 6·4% to 0·8%. Intermittent detection of Salmonella was found in more than 50% of pigs that were positive at more than one collection. The finding that the majority of pigs shed intermittently has implications for surveillance and research study design when determining Salmonella status. The variability in shedding over time, as well as between and within cohorts and pigs suggests that there may be time-variant risk factors for Salmonella shedding in swine.

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Abstract 12850: Complex Lesion Characteristics Would be the Potential Risk Factors for Ventricular Fibrillation With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.12850 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

Youichirou Sugizaki ◽

Makoto Takemoto ◽

Hiromi Toki ◽

Yu Taniguchi ◽

Nobuaki Igarashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Ventricular Fibrillation ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Coronary Syndrome ◽

Vessel Disease ◽

Potential Risk Factors

Background: In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular fibrillation (VF) was serious and fatal complication. However, even though ischemia was well known as the risk for occurrence of VF, what influential factors of ACS patients related to VF were still unclear. We performed extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for VF with ACS patients taken to our institute and performed coronary angiography to make definite diagnosis. Accordingly, We sought to the risk factors for VF with ACS. Methods: Consecutive 246 ACS patients hospitalized and underwent emergent coronary revascularization from September 2010 to September 2014 were enrolled. In these, patients with VF were categorized into VF group, and patients without VF were into non-VF group. We reviewed patients’ characteristics, including medications, past histories and laboratory findings, and CAG findings (lesion characteristics with ACC/AHA classification, number of disease vessels, existence of chronic total occlusion (CTO) and left-main coronary artery (LMCA) lesion) retrospectively. Results: Fifty-seven patients developed ACS with VF (VF group), and 189 patients were without VF (non-VF group). Comparing between the groups, the morbidity of previous angina pectoris or coronary artery bypass grafting were significantly higher in VF groups (32.1%-16.0%, p=0.01, 14.3%-1.1%, p<0.001, respectively). The prevalence of Complex lesion characteristics, such as multi vessel disease, CTO and LMCA lesion, was also higher in VF group (71.9%-42.8%, 43.9%-13.9%, 15.8%-6.3%, all p < 0.025, retrospectively). Moreover, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed multi vessel disease and existence of CTO lesion were independent factors for VF. Conclusion: VF group had more complex characteristics of coronary artery disease. Complex lesion characteristics, such as multi vessel disease, CTO and LMCA lesion, would be potential risk factors of VF with ACS patients.

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The Characteristics, Dynamics, and the Risk of Death in COVID-19 Positive Dialysis Patients in London, UK

Kidney360 ◽

10.34067/kid.0004502020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (11) ◽

pp. 1226-1243

Author(s):

Dalvir Kular ◽

Irina Chis Ster ◽

Alexander Sarnowski ◽

Eirini Lioudaki ◽

Dandisonba C.B. Braide-Azikiwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Performance Status ◽

Age Groups ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Smoking History ◽

Case Fatality Ratio ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Dialysis Vintage ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Potential Risk Factors

BackgroundPatients on dialysis with frequent comorbidities, advanced age, and frailty, who visit treatment facilities frequently, are perhaps more prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection and related death—the risk factors and dynamics of which are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the hospital outcomes in patients on dialysis infected with SARS-CoV-2.MethodsData on 224 patients on hemodialysis between February 29, 2020 and May 15, 2020 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed for outcomes and potential risk factors for death, using a competing risk-regression model assessed by subdistribution hazards ratio (SHR).ResultsCrude data analyses suggest an overall case-fatality ratio of 23% (95% CI, 17% to 28%) overall, but that varies across age groups from 11% (95% CI, 0.9% to 9.2%) in patients ≤50 years old and 32% (95% CI, 17% to 48%) in patients >80 years; with 60% of deaths occurring in the first 15 days and 80% within 21 days, indicating a rapid deterioration toward death after admission. Almost 90% of surviving patients were discharged within 28 days. Death was more likely than hospital discharge in patients who were more frail (WHO performance status, 3–4; SHR, 2.16 [95% CI, 1.25 to 3.74]; P=0.006), had ischemic heart disease (SHR, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.94]; P=0.003), cerebrovascular disease (SHR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.20 to 3.72]; P=0.01), smoking history (SHR, 2.69 [95% CI, 1.33 to 5.45]; P=0.006), patients who were hospitalized (SHR, 10.26 [95% CI, 3.10 to 33.94]; P<0.001), and patients with high CRP (SHR, 1.35 [95% CI, 1.10 to 1.67]) and a high neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (SHR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04], P<0.001). Our data did not support differences in the risk of death associated with sex, ethnicity, dialysis vintage, or other comorbidities. However, comparison with the entire dialysis population attending these hospitals, in which 13% were affected, revealed that patients who were non-White (62% versus 52% in all patients, P=0.001) and those with diabetes (54% versus 22%, P<0.001) were disproportionately affected.ConclusionsThis report discusses the outcomes of a large cohort of patients on dialysis. We found SARS-CoV-2 infection affected more patients with diabetes and those who were non-White, with a high case-fatality ratio, which increased significantly with age, frailty, smoking, increasing CRP, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio at presentation.

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Different Perceptions of Factors Affecting the Financial Sustainability in Public Administrations

Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development - Financial Sustainability and Intergenerational Equity in Local Governments ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3713-7.ch001 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Manuel Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar ◽

María Deseada López Subires

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Public Finance ◽

Personal Characteristics ◽

Educational Background ◽

Influential Factors ◽

Financial Sustainability ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The Public ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Research Findings

With the public finance crisis, the analysis of financial sustainability in governments, its influential factors, and the examination of politicians' perceptions about them have become relevant. In fact, it could be necessary to know whether politicians perceive as drivers or risk factors of financial sustainability those variables that prior research has identified with empirical findings. This chapter seeks to identify whether politicians are aware of influential factors previously identified by prior research for financial sustainability and whether personal characteristics of politicians (age, gender, or educational background) could influence this perception. So, an e-survey targeting politicians was conducted in sample of Spanish municipalities to capture their perceptions on potential risk factors and drivers, comparing this result with the findings obtained by prior research. Findings of this chapter indicate that there are different perceptions of politicians about drivers and risk factors among respondents according to their age, gender, and educational background.

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A spatio-temporal geodatabase of mortalities due to respiratory tract diseases in Tehran, Iran between 2008 and 2018: a data note

BMC Research Notes ◽

10.1186/s13104-020-05319-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elahe Pishgar ◽

Alireza Mohammadi ◽

Nasser Bagheri ◽

Behzad Kiani

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Age Groups ◽

Population Data ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Respiratory Tract Diseases ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

The City

Abstract Objectives Respiratory tract diseases (RTDs) are among the top five leading causes of death worldwide. Mortality rates due to respiratory tract diseases (MRRTDs) follow a spatial pattern and this may suggest a potential link between environmental risk factors and MRRTDs. Spatial analysis of RTDs mortality data in an urban setting can provide new knowledge on spatial variation of potential risk factors for RTDs. This will enable health professionals and urban planners to design tailored interventions. We aim to release the datasets of MRRTDs in the city of Tehran, Iran, between 2008 and 2018. Data description The Research data include four datasets; (a) mortality dataset which includes records of deaths and their attributes (age, gender, date of death and district name where death occurred), (b) population data for 22 districts (age groups with 5 years interval and gender by each district). Furthermore, two spatial datasets about the city are introduced; (c) the digital boundaries of districts and (d) urban suburbs of Tehran.

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Differences in healthcare visit frequency and type one year prior to stroke among young versus middle-aged adults

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-06064-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Brandi L. Vollmer ◽

Xing Chen ◽

Erin R. Kulick ◽

Mitchell S. V. Elkind ◽

Amelia K. Boehme

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Emergency Department ◽

Healthcare Utilization ◽

Preventive Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Emergency Department Visits ◽

The Us ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

One Year ◽

Middle Aged Adults

Abstract Background The incidence and prevalence of stroke among the young are increasing in the US. Data on healthcare utilization prior to stroke is limited. We hypothesized those < 45 years were less likely than those 45–65 years old to utilize healthcare in the 1 year prior to stroke. Methods Patients 18–65 years old who had a stroke between 2008 and 2013 in MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Databases were included. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression to examine healthcare utilization and risk factors between age groups 18–44 and 45–65 years. Healthcare utilization was categorized by visit type (no visits, inpatient visits only, emergency department visits only, outpatient patient visits only, or a combination of inpatient, outpatient or emergency department visits) during the year prior to stroke hospitalization. Results Of those 18–44 years old, 14.1% had no visits in the year prior to stroke compared to 11.2% of individuals aged 45–65 [OR = 1.30 (95% CI 1.25,1.35)]. Patients 18–44 years old had higher odds of having preventive care procedures associated with an outpatient visit and lower odds of having cardiovascular procedures compared to patients aged 45–65 years. Of stroke patients aged 18–45 and 45–65 years, 16.8 and 13.2% respectively had no known risk for stroke. Conclusions Patients aged 45–65 were less commonly seeking preventive care and appeared to be seeking care to manage existing conditions more than patients aged 18–44 years. However, as greater than 10% of both age groups had no prior risk, further exploration of potential risk factors is needed.

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HEV prevalence and potential risk factors in a large multi-ethnic youth cohort in China

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-020-01470-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Huixia Li ◽

Yinxia Zhang ◽

Zhongren Ma ◽

Zewen Liu ◽

Aqsa Ikram ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Age Groups ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Igm Antibodies ◽

Ethnic Populations ◽

Comprehensive Information ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Youth Population ◽

Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay

Abstract Background This cohort study was designed to investigate the prevalence of and potential risk factors of HEV infection in a large multi-ethnic youth cohort in China. Methods Blood samples were collected from participants (n = 6269) and serum was isolated. All serum samples were tested for anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM antibodies using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits (Wantai Biological Pharmacy Enterprise, Beijing, China). Results The overall rate of anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM prevalence was 4.78% and 0.14%, 0.03% were positive for both anti-HEV IgG and anti-HEV IgM antibodies. Anti-HEV IgG positivity is significantly higher in females (5.27%) compared to males (4.14%) (P = 0.028). Anti-HEV IgG prevalence is significantly (P = 0.0001) higher in Dong (17.57%), Miao (12.23%), Yi (11.04%), Gelao (9.76%), and Bai (10.00%) compared to other ethnic groups. It is significantly higher in Guizhou (11.4%), Sichuan (10.1%), Yunnan (9.3%), and Guangxi (6.9%) than that other province. We found that ethnicity and provincial background are significantly associated with HEV infection in this cohort. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive information on HEV prevalence in multi-ethnic populations in China. However, our study only focused on a youth population from different provinces of China. Future studies are recommended to investigate HEV prevalence in other age groups of the ethnic populations.

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