Metabolic syndrome and its association with morbidity and mortality

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris I. Ardern ◽  
Ian Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Diverse Populations ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that are associated with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality; however, it is clear that considerable variation exists in these relationships. Given that the prevalence of MetS increases with age, is higher in men than in women, and varies with race and ethnicity, a number of questions about the clinical application of MetS in predicting morbidity and mortality in diverse populations remain unanswered. Thus, in this review, we compare the ability of MetS to predict health risk across age, sex, race, and ethnicity, and in primary versus secondary prevention subgroups to explore these relationships. Furthermore, as there is currently no universal MetS criteria, we also discuss differences in the prediction of morbidity and mortality in studies that used different criteria to define MetS. At present, further research is necessary to examine the health risks associated with (i) different combinations of MetS components in diverse populations, (ii) the relative importance of each MetS component in predicting different health outcomes, and (iii) the independent contribution of MetS in predicting risk of morbidity and mortality beyond that incurred by other risk factors.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome risk factors are associated with white rice intake in Korean adolescent girls and boys

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
SuJin Song ◽  
Hee Young Paik ◽  
Won O. Song ◽  
YoonJu Song
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Carbohydrate Intake ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
White Rice ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

In the present study, we examined the associations of total carbohydrate intake, dietary glycaemic load (DGL) and white rice intake with metabolic syndrome risk factors by sex in Korean adolescents. For the present cross-sectional study, data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–9) were used. A total of 2209 adolescents (n 1164 boys and n 1045 girls) aged 10–18 years with complete anthropometric, biochemical and dietary intake data were included in the study. Dietary intake data were obtained using the 24 h recall method, and total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were divided into quartiles by sex. The metabolic syndrome and its risk factors were defined using the International Diabetes Federation criteria for children and adolescents. Fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance were included as the metabolic syndrome risk factors. All statistical analyses considered the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sampling weights. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to estimate means with their standard errors of the mean for the metabolic syndrome risk factors across the quartiles of total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake. While high DGL was significantly associated with increased fasting glucose levels in boys, high total carbohydrate intake, DGL and white rice intake were consistently associated with reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in girls. High white rice intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome in girls but not in boys. Optimising dietary carbohydrate intake with respect to the source or amount is fundamental to preventing and managing metabolic diseases in Asian adolescents.

scholarly journals Irregularity of energy intake at meals: prospective associations with the metabolic syndrome in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort

2015 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda K. Pot ◽  
Rebecca Hardy ◽  
Alison M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Development

AbstractIrregularity in eating patterns could be a potential cardiometabolic risk factor. We aimed to study the associations of irregular intake of energy at meals in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors 10 and 17 years later. Variability of energy intake data – derived from 5-d estimated diet diaries of cohort members of the National Survey for Health and Development collected at ages 36 (n1416), 43 (n1505) and 53 years (n1381) – was used as a measure for irregularity. Associations between meal irregularity scores with cardiometabolic risk factors measured 10 and 17 years later were investigated using linear mixed models and logistic regression models. The results showed that irregularity scores changed significantly over the years (P<0·05). At age 36 years, subjects with a more irregular intake of energy at lunch (OR 1·42; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·91) and between meals (OR 1·35; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·82) had an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome 17 years later; at lunch was also associated with an increased waist circumference (OR 1·58; 95 % 1·27, 1·96) and TAG levels (OR 1·33; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·72). At age 43 years, subjects with a more irregular intake at breakfast had an increased risk of the metabolic syndrome 10 years later (OR 1·53; 95 % CI 1·15, 2·04), as well as an increased BMI (OR 1·66; 95 % CI 1·31, 2·10), waist circumference (OR 1·53; 95 % CI 1·23, 1·90) and diastolic blood pressure (OR 1·42; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·78). In conclusion, subjects with a more irregular intake of energy, mostly at breakfast and lunch, appeared to have an increased cardiometabolic risk 10 and 17 years later.

Microvascular dysfunction: causative role in the association between hypertension, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome?

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik H. Serné ◽  
Renate T. de Jongh ◽  
Etto C. Eringa ◽  
Richard G. Ijzerman ◽  
Michiel P. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Factor

The metabolic syndrome defines a clustering of metabolic risk factors that confers an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome seems to have multiple etiological factors and microvascular dysfunction may be one potential factor explaining the clustering of multiple metabolic risk factors including hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Microvascular dysfunction may increase not only peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure, but may also decrease insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle. The present article summarizes some of the data concerning the role of microvascular dysfunction in the metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome and the menopause

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto J Kaaja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome consists of a combination of risk factors that include abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. It increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The increased risk of cardiovascular disease is higher in women than in men. The first manifestation of metabolic syndrome may occur in pregnancy presenting as gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. Both conditions are associated with increased insulin resistance. Also metabolic syndrome is more common in polycystic ovarian syndrome. It has been suggested that there is a metabolic syndrome resulting from the menopause due to estrogen deficiency, as many of the risk factors are more prevalent in postmenopausal women. Also estrogen replacement improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the risk of diabetes. The key elements in managing the metabolic syndrome are weight reduction, increasing physical activity and diet modification. If blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic control are not achieved through these interventions then pharmacological therapy will be required.

A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components among native Japanese and Japanese Brazilians residing in Japan and Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andiara Schwingel ◽  
Yoshio Nakata ◽  
Lucy S. Ito ◽  
Wojtek J. Chodzko-Zajko ◽  
Ryosuke Shigematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Japanese Ancestry

Background This study investigated the prevalence of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among individuals of Japanese descent exposed to different cultural environments. Design A cross-sectional study to assess component risk factors for the diagnosis of MetSyn was undertaken in urban areas in Japan and Brazil. A total of 773 men and women aged 35 years or over were included in three groups: 249 native Japanese, 269 Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Japan, and 255 Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil. Results Higher rates of metabolic abnormalities with respect to central obesity and serum lipid profiles were observed among Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil compared with those residing in Japan and native Japanese. Likewise, an increased risk of hypertension was observed among Japanese Brazilian individuals residing in Japan. The prevalence of MetSyn in men was significantly higher among Brazilians of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil (37.5%) compared with those residing in Japan (25.3%) or native Japanese (21.4%), whereas no significant difference was observed among women. In the logistic model, Brazilian individuals of Japanese ancestry residinginBrazil weretwice as likely to develop MetSyn compared with native Japanese, whereas no significant differences were found among those residing in Japan. Conclusions These findings underscore the significant heterogeneity in risk factors among communities of Japanese ancestry residing in Brazil and Japan, and suggest that immigrants exposed to the Brazilian cultural environment are more susceptible to the development of risk factors associated with MetSyn than native Japanese.

Venous Thromboembolism - A Manifestation of the Metabolic Syndrome?.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1499-1499
Author(s):  
Cihan Ay ◽  
Theres Tengler ◽  
Rainer Vormittag ◽  
Ralph Simanek ◽  
Wolfgang Dorda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Factor Viii Activity ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract There is accumulating evidence for an association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis, which may share common risk factors. The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), a cluster of interrelated risk factors comprising abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, high triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated fasting glucose plasma levels is associated with atherosclerotic disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It induces a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state. Despite its high prevalence, data on the association with venous thromboembolism (VTE) are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association of the MetSyn with the risk for VTE and conducted a case-control study to evaluate the prevalence of the MetSyn according to guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program in a high-risk population of patients with objectively confirmed recurrent VTE, who had at least one unprovoked event of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Age and sex-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Finally, a total of 116 patients (53 female, mean age +/−SD: 56 years +/−12) and 129 controls (66 female, mean age +/−SD: 53 years +/−11) were recruited between January 2005 and November 2005. The prevalence of the MetSyn was statistically significantly higher in patients (40/116, 35%) than in controls (26/129, 20%, p=0.012). The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of the MetSyn for VTE was 2.1 (95% CI [1.2–3.7], p=0.012) and remained statistically significant after adjustment for factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A variation and elevated factor VIII activity, sex and age (OR=2.2, 95% CI [1.1–4.2], p=0.024). Furthermore, individuals with the MetSyn (n=66) had significantly higher hs-CRP (median, [interquartile range]: 0.312 mg/dL, [0.142–0.751] vs. 0.153 mg/dL, [0.073–0.330], p<0.001), fibrinogen (390 mg/dL, [342–432] vs. 343 mg/dL, [310–394], p<0.001) and factor VIII activity (182%, [157–216] vs. 159%, [133–199], p=0.005) compared to those without (n=179). In conclusion, the MetSyn was statistically significantly overrepresented in patients with VTE compared to control subjects without a history of venous or arterial thrombosis. Our data suggest that the MetSyn may contribute to the development of VTE as it was associated with a 2-fold increased risk for VTE.

scholarly journals Modeling Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Cognition: The Northern Manhattan Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 951-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie E. Levin ◽  
Maria M. Llabre ◽  
Chuanhui Dong ◽  
Mitchell S.V. Elkind ◽  
Yaakov Stern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Vascular Risk Factors ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of vascular risk factors and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Less is known about the relationship between MetS and cognition. We examined component vascular risk factors of MetS as correlates of different cognitive domains. The Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) includes 1290 stroke-free participants from a largely Hispanic multi-ethnic urban community. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to model latent variables of MetS, assessed at baseline and an average of 10 years later, at which time participants also underwent a full cognitive battery. The two four-factor models, of the metabolic syndrome (blood pressure, lipid levels, obesity, and fasting glucose) and of cognition (language, executive function, psychomotor, and memory), were each well supported (CFI=0.97 and CFI=0.95, respectively). When the two models were combined, the correlation between metabolic syndrome and cognition was −.31. Among the metabolic syndrome components, only blood pressure uniquely predicted all four cognitive domains. After adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol, and risk factor treatment variables, blood pressure remained a significant correlate of all domains except memory. In this stroke-free race/ethnically diverse community-based cohort, MetS was associated with cognitive function suggesting that MetS and its components may be important predictors of cognitive outcomes. After adjusting for sociodemographic and vascular risk factors, blood pressure was the strongest correlate of cognitive performance. Findings suggest MetS, and in particular blood pressure, may represent markers of vascular or neurodegenerative damage in aging populations. (JINS, 2014, 20, 1–10)

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged Women in Their 50s: Based on National Health Screening Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3008 ◽  
Author(s):  
HyungSeon Kim ◽  
YeonHee Cho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
National Health ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome among middle-aged women in their 50s to provide a strategy for managing the metabolic syndrome of those whose prevalence is rapidly increasing. Secondary data from the 2012 Korean National Health Insurance Service Medical check-up cohort database were analyzed. Participants included 36,582 middle-aged women in their 50s from the cohort who received a general medical check-up. The risk factors were estimated using logistic regression analysis. Metabolic syndrome was identified in 14.6% of the surveyed persons among middle-aged women in their 50s. Working women, low household income levels, country residents, high body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol of over 240 mg/dL, non-drinker, non-exerciser, history of diabetes or hypertension, and family history of diabetes were associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome. It is necessary to prepare a strategy to increase access to health care services so that socioeconomic vulnerability does not lead to negative health behavior such as obesity and lack of physical activity. In particular, we recommend active interventions at workplaces for the working women who have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals The metabolic syndrome and its components in 178 patients treated for craniopharyngioma after 16 years of follow-up

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wijnen ◽  
Daniel S Olsson ◽  
Marry M van den Heuvel-Eibrink ◽  
Casper Hammarstrand ◽  
Joseph A M J L Janssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
General Population ◽  
Visual Impairment ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy

Objective Patients with craniopharyngioma are at an increased risk for cardio- and cerebrovascular mortality. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important cardiometabolic risk factor, but barely studied in patients with craniopharyngioma. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for the MetS and its components in patients with craniopharyngioma. Design Cross-sectional study with retrospective data. Methods We studied the prevalence of and risk factors for the MetS and its components in 110 Dutch (median age 47 years, range 18–92) and 68 Swedish (median age 50 years, range 20–81) patients with craniopharyngioma with ≥3 years of follow-up (90 females (51%); 83 patients with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (47%); median follow-up after craniopharyngioma diagnosis 16 years (range 3–62)). In Dutch patients aged 30–70 years and Swedish patients aged 45–69 years, we examined the prevalence of the MetS and its components relative to the general population. Results Sixty-nine (46%) of 149 patients with complete data demonstrated the MetS. Prevalence of the MetS was significantly higher in patients with craniopharyngioma compared with the general population (40% vs 26% (P < 0.05) for Dutch patients; 52% vs 15% (P < 0.05) for Swedish patients). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified visual impairment as a borderline significant predictor of the MetS (OR 2.54, 95% CI 0.95–6.81; P = 0.06) after adjustment for glucocorticoid replacement therapy and follow-up duration. Age, female sex, tumor location, radiological hypothalamic damage, 90Yttrium brachytherapy, glucocorticoid replacement therapy and follow-up duration significantly predicted components of the MetS. Conclusions Patients with craniopharyngioma are at an increased risk for the MetS, especially patients with visual impairment.

Risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases and the metabolic syndrome in multiple sclerosis – a systematic review

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1556-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inez Wens ◽  
Ulrik Dalgas ◽  
Egon Stenager ◽  
Bert O Eijnde
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk

Despite many epidemiological studies examining comorbidity in people with multiple sclerosis (pMS), there are conflicting opinions on whether pMS are at more or less risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the metabolic syndrome compared with the general population. As pMS can now expect longer survival, this as an important question both at an individual and public health level. This study aimed to systematically review the literature linking MS to CVD risks and to the risk factors constituting the metabolic syndrome. This systematic review is based on a comprehensive literature search of six databases (Swemed+, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro and CINAHL). In total 34 studies were identified. Despite the high number of identified papers, only limited and inconsistent data exist on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome and MS. Overall, the data suggest an increased CVD risk in pMS. From the existing studies it is not clear whether the increased risk of CVD is related to an increased risk of obesity or changes in body composition, hypertension, dyslipidemia or type II diabetes in pMS, indicating the need for future research in the field, if we are to advise pMS adequately in avoiding preventable comorbidity.

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