scholarly journals How much does it cost? Teaching physiology of energy metabolism in mice using an indirect calorimetry system in a practical course for veterinary students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Elfers ◽  
Yvonne Armbrecht ◽  
Melanie Brede ◽  
Gemma Mazzuoli-Weber ◽  
Gerhard Heldmaier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Veterinary Students ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
Teaching Unit ◽  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Thermic Effect

In endothermic mammals total energy expenditure (EE) is composed of basal metabolic rate (BMR), energy spent for muscle activity, thermoregulation, any kind of production (such as milk, meat or egg production) and the thermic effect of feeding. The BMR is predominantly determined by body mass and the surface to volume ratio of the body. The EE can be quantified either by direct or indirect calorimetry. Direct calorimetry measures the rate of heat loss from the body, whereas indirect calorimetry measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production and calculates heat production from oxidative nutrient combustion. A deep and sustainable understanding of EE in animals is crucial for veterinarians in order to properly calculate and evaluate feed rations, during special circumstances such as anaesthesia or in situations with increased energy demands as commonly seen in high yielding livestock. The practical class described in this manuscript provides an experimental approach to understand how EE can be measured and calculated by indirect calorimetry. Two important factors that affect the EE of animals (the thermic effect of feeding and the effect of ambient temperature) are measured. A profound knowledge about the energy requirements of animal life and its measurement is also relevant for education in general biology, animal and human physiology and nutrition. Therefore, this teaching unit can equally well be implemented in other areas of life sciences.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Direct and Indirect Calorimetry on Normoxic and Anoxic Goldfish

1989 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. VAN WAVERSVELD ◽  
A. D. F. ADDINK ◽  
G. VAN DEN THILLART
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Complete Oxidation ◽  
Direct Calorimetry ◽  
End Products ◽  
Metabolite Concentrations

Simultaneous direct and indirect calorimetry together with biochemical determinations of metabolite concentrations were used to compare the normoxic and anoxic energy metabolism of goldfish at 20°C. The normoxic and anoxic heat production levels determined by direct calorimetry were in agreement with previous results: 700 and 200Jh−1MW−1, respectively (where MW is metabolic weight, kg0.85). Metabolite determinations during normoxia and after 3 and 8 h of anoxia showed that during anoxia a thermodynamic steady state is reached. By simultaneous calorimetry the amounts of oxidized substrates during normoxia and anoxia and the amount of excreted ethanol, the end product of incomplete anaerobic oxidation, as well as normoxic and anoxic carbon dioxide production were determined. During normoxia and anoxia the same substrates for oxidation are used (carbohydrate and protein) by small starving goldfish, but the end products are different. During normoxia oxidation is complete (to CO2 and H2O; protein oxidation also has ammonia as an end product, but this is considered physiologically as complete oxidation), whereas during anoxia oxidation is incomplete, with ethanol, which is excreted, and CO2 as end products. From the indirect calorimetric calculations it appeared that anoxic goldfish also produce fat. Glycogen storage appears to be crucial in the anoxia survival strategy.

The Effect of Feeding Date Palm Fruit (Phoeix dactylifera L.) on Energy, Macronutrient, and Fiber Intakes of a Convenient Sample of Females

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1270-1277
Author(s):  
Hiba F. Al-Sayyed ◽  
Hamed R. Takruri ◽  
Nawal A. Bakir ◽  
Dima H. Takruri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Palm Fruit ◽  
Menstrual Status ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

Background : Female menstrual changes in hormone concentration influence appetite and eating behavior. As well, eating pattern has some influences on menstrual hormonal status. Feeding date palm fruit has been found in our previous report to affect menstrual hormones and some menstrual parameters. Objective: The aim of this research is to study the effect of feeding dates on energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes, body weight, and body fat%. Additionally, this study aims to find any correlation between menstrual hormone concentration and the above-mentioned parameters. Methods: A convenient sample (n=37) of not-sexually active females aged 20-30 were divided into two groups; one group (dates group) was fed 7 dates and the other served as a control group. The participants of the control group were exposed to the same experimental conditions except for eating dates. Throughout the feeding trial, the volunteers filled a 3-day food record; one menses day and two non-menses days. Results: There was a significant effect of the menstrual status-feeding duration interaction in terms of protein and fat intakes. Additionally, menstrual status, as well as feeding duration, affected energy and macronutrient intakes significantly. Furthermore, feeding duration affected fiber intake significantly. Despite the above-mentioned differences in energy and macronutrient intakes, these effects didn’t affect the body weight and body mass index of the study participants, neither their body fat%. Moreover, we have found significant correlations between nutrient intakes and menstrual hormone concentration. Conclusion : Feeding dates affected energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes significantly. These effects were related to the changes in menstrual hormone concentration.

scholarly journals Digital 3D models of theropods for approaching body-mass distribution and volume

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matías Reolid ◽  
Francisco J. Cardenal ◽  
Jesús Reolid
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
3D Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
3D Analysis ◽  
Skull Length ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Fossil Bones ◽  
Primitive Forms

AbstractThe aim of this work is to obtain diverse morphometric data from digitized 3D models of scientifically accurate palaeoreconstructions of theropods from eight representative families. The analysed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) models belong to the genera Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. The scanned 3D models were scaled considering different body-size estimations of the literature. The 3D analysis of these genera provides information on the skull length and body length that allows for recognition of major evolutionary trends. The skull length/body length in the studied genera increases according with the size of the body from the smallest Coelophysis with a ratio of 0.093 to ratios of 0.119–0.120 for Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus, the largest study theropods. The study of photogrammetric 3D models also provides morphometric information that cannot be obtained from the study of bones alone, but knowing that all reconstructions begin from the fossil bones, such as the surface/volume ratio (S/V). For the studied theropod genera surface/volume ratio ranges from 35.21 for Coelophysis to 5.55 for Tyrannosaurus. This parameter, closely related to the heat dissipation, help in the characterization of the metabolism of extinct taxa. Accordingly, slender primitive forms of the Early Jurassic (i.e. Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus) had relatively smaller skulls and higher mass-specific metabolic rates than the robust large theropods of the Cretaceous (i.e. Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus). This work presents a technique that, when applied to proper dinosaur models, provides extent and accurate data that may help in diverse study areas within the dinosaur palaeontology and palaeobiology.

scholarly journals The nutritional use of millet grain for food and feed: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. M. Hassan ◽  
N. A. Sebola ◽  
M. Mabelebele
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
High Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractWorldwide, millets are regarded as a significant grain, however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse content of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets compromise phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Moreover, finger millet has an exceptionally unique, more abundant, and diverse phenolic profile compared to pearl millet. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. The presence of phytochemicals in millet grains has positive effect on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merited the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Including these grains in the diet may improve health and decrease the risks of diseases. Pearl millet of 50% or more can be used in broiler diets without adversely affecting broiler performance or egg production. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. Thus, the core aim of this review is to provide insight and comprehension about the nutritional and phenolic status of millets and their impact on human and livestock.

Variation in the respiratory quotient of birds and implications for indirect calorimetry using measurements of carbon dioxide production

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Walsberg ◽  
B Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Accurate Estimation

Determination of animal power consumption by indirect calorimetry relies upon accurate estimation of the thermal equivalent of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced. This estimate is typically based upon measurement or assumption of the respiratory quotient (RQ), the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed. This ratio is used to indicate the mixture of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in the metabolic substrate. In this analysis, we report the RQ for two bird species, Passer domesticus and Auriparus flaviceps, under several dietary and fasting regimes. RQ commonly differed substantially from those typically assumed in studies of energy metabolism and often included values below those explainable by current knowledge. Errors that could result from these unexpected RQ values can be large and could present the primary limit to the accuracy of power consumption estimates based upon measurement of carbon dioxide production.

The influence of nutrition on egg-production and longevity in unmated female body-lice (Pediculus humanus corporis: Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Female Body ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unmated Female ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Body Lice

1. Isolated unmated female body-lice were worn in pillboxes between the skin and the clothes. They were kept constantly on the body but, by a simple device, groups of ten were permitted feeding periods of different length. These groups were fed for 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. per day respectively. Another group of ten were never allowed to feed after the last moult.2. Some of the figures for egg yield were high. Lice in the 24 hr. group were able to maintain a rate of ten eggs per day for 4−5 days at a time.3. No significant difference in longevity or rate of egg-laying was found to exist between the 12, 16, 20 and 24 hr. groups nor between the 4 and 8 hr. groups but a pronounced and significant difference exists between the 8 and 12 hr. groups. Below 12 hr. there is a sharp fall in longevity and rate of egg production. The unfed group all died, without laying, on the third day.4. The rate of laying as shown by the mode increases progressively with increase in time allowed daily for feeding.5. With regard to the mean eggs per louse the position is less clear. It is felt that the 24 hr. group may differ significantly from the 12, 16 and 20 hr. groups but this is uncertain.

scholarly journals Virulence and Metabolic Characteristics of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Strains with DifferentsefDVariants in Hens

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (18) ◽  
pp. 6405-6412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A. Morales ◽  
Jean Guard ◽  
Roxana Sanchez-Ingunza ◽  
Devendra H. Shah ◽  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Blood Calcium ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Metabolic Properties

ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis is one of a fewSalmonella entericaserotypes that has SEF14 fimbriae encoded by thesefoperon, which consists of 4 cotranscribed genes,sefABCD, regulated bysefR. A parental strain was used to construct asefDmutant and its complement, and all 3 strains were compared for gene expression, metabolic properties, and virulence characteristics in hens. Transcription ofsefDby wild type was suppressed at 42°C and absent for the mutant under conditions where the complemented mutant had 103times higher transcription. Growth of the complemented mutant was restricted in comparison to that of the mutant and wild type. Hens infected with the wild type and mutant showed decreased blood calcium and egg production, but infection with the complemented mutant did not. Thus, the absence ofsefDcorrelated with increased metabolic capacity and enhanced virulence of the pathogen. These results suggest that any contribution thatsefDmakes to egg contamination is either unknown or would be limited to early transmission from the environment to the host. Absence ofsefD, either through mutation or by suppression of transcription at the body temperature of the host, may contribute to the virulence ofSalmonella entericaby facilitating growth on a wide range of metabolites.

scholarly journals Creatine Fuels the Thermic Effect of Feeding

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-595
Author(s):  
Alan R. Saltiel
Keyword(s):  
Effect Of Feeding ◽  
Thermic Effect

Effect of feeding level during rearing and mating strategy on performance of Swedish Yorkshire sows. 1. Growth, puberty and conception rate

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Le Cozier ◽  
E. Ringmar-Cederberg ◽  
S. Johansen ◽  
J. Y. Dourmad ◽  
M. Neil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

AbstractFrom 74 to 180 days of age, a complete diet was offered either ad libitum (AL) or at proportionately 0·8 of the observed consumption (R) to two groups of purebred Yorkshire gilts, comprising 128 and 127 animals, respectively. Half of the animals in each group was served at the first detected oestrus, and the other half at the third detected oestrus, according to a plan defined at the start of the experiment. Animals which failed to show oestrus before 240 days of age were culled.At 100 kg live weight (LW), AL gilts were younger (-20 days) and had thicker backfat (+2.3 mm) than R gilts. At the first detected oestrus, AL females were also younger (198 v. 203 days), heavier (127 v. 117 kg LW) and fatter (17·8 v. 14·7 mm backfat thickness) than R gilts. No difference between feeding treatments during rearing was observed in the percentage of females detected on heat before day 240. Seventy-three animals were culled from the start of the experiment until service, half of them (54%) failing to show oestrus. At service, LW and backfat thickness in the four treatments ranged from 117 to 148 kg LW and 14·9 to 19·7 mm, respectively. The body fatness, estimated from the ratio of backfat to LW, was higher in AL than in R gilts (0·14 and 0·12 , respectively), whereas no difference was observed between E1 and E3 gilts (0·13 on average). After the first service 15% of the gilts came back into heat but the conception rate was not affected by feeding treatment during rearing.

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