Modeling enrichment kinetics from dynamic 13C-NMR spectra: theoretical analysis and practical considerations

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (6) ◽  
pp. C2037-C2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yu ◽  
N. M. Alpert ◽  
E. D. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Noise Level ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Data Fitting ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Measurements of oxidative metabolism in the heart from dynamic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy rely on 13C turnover in the NMR-detectable glutamate pool. A kinetic model was developed for the analysis of isotope turnover to determine tricarboxylic acid cycle flux (VTCA) and the interconversion rate between alpha-ketoglutarate and glutamate (F1) by fitting the model to NMR data of glutamate enrichment. The results of data fitting are highly reproducible when the noise level is within 10%, making this model applicable to single or grouped experiments. The values for VTCA and F1 were unchanged whether obtained from least-squares fitting of the model to mean experimental enrichment data with standard deviations in the cost function (VTCA = 10.52 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1, F1 = 10.67 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1) or to the individual enrichment values for each heart with the NMR noise level in the cost function (VTCA = 10.67 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1, F1 = 10.18 mumol.min-1.g dry wt-1). Computer simulation and theoretical analysis indicate that glutamate enrichment kinetics are insensitive to the fractional enrichment of acetyl-CoA and changes in small intermediate pools (< 1 mumol/g dry wt). Therefore, high-resolution NMR analysis of tissue extracts and biochemical assays for intermediates at low concentrations are unnecessary. However, a high correlation between VTCA and F1 exists, as anticipated from competition for alpha-ketoglutarate, which indicates the utility of introducing independent experimental constraints into the data fitting for accurate quantification.

An equilibrium displacement approach to analyzing the effects of tariff reduction on farmers’ profits

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong-Il Ahn ◽  
Jeong-Bin Im
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Differential Forms ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Tariff Reduction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Equilibrium Displacement ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an equilibrium displacement model (EDM) that is able to evaluate the impacts of a free trade agreement (FTA) on the profits of farmers. Empirical applications of the developed EDM are performed for evaluating the influences of Korea-Chile FTA on the grape industry in Korea. Design/methodology/approach Supply and demand equations together with profit function of individual farmers are converted into log-differential forms that compose the EDM. The cost function of grape producers is estimated for deriving the parameters that are required in applying the developed EDM. Findings The share of profit within revenue and the elasticity of cost with respect to quantity in the cost function play key roles in assessing the change in farmers’ profit. The empirical assessment of the effects of Korea-Chile FTA indicates that this FTA has little impact on the Korean grape market and grape producers in Korea. Originality/value Usefulness of the existing EDM has been limited in evaluating the impacts of exogenous shocks on the individual farmer level. This paper fills this gap by developing an EDM that assesses the impacts of tariff reduction on farm-level profit.

scholarly journals Individual-versus group-optimality in the production of secreted bacterial compounds

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstanze T. Schiessl ◽  
Adin Ross-Gillespie ◽  
Daniel M. Cornforth ◽  
Michael Weigert ◽  
Colette Bigosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Compound Synthesis ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Level Of Selection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Evolution Of Specialization

AbstractHow unicellular organisms optimize the production of compounds is a fundamental biological question. While it is typically thought that production is optimized at the individual-cell level, secreted compounds could also allow for optimization at the group level, leading to a division of labor where a subset of cells produces and shares the compound with everyone. Using mathematical modelling, we show that the evolution of such division of labor depends on the cost function of compound production. Specifically, for any trait with saturating benefits, linear costs promote the evolution of uniform production levels across cells. Conversely, production costs that diminish with higher output levels favor the evolution of specialization – especially when compound shareability is high. When experimentally testing these predictions with pyoverdine, a secreted iron-scavenging compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we found linear costs and, consistent with our model, detected uniform pyoverdine production levels across cells. We conclude that for shared compounds with saturating benefits, the evolution of division of labor is facilitated by a diminishing cost function. More generally, we note that shifts in the level of selection from individuals to groups do not solely require cooperation, but critically depend on mechanistic factors, including the distribution of compound synthesis costs.

scholarly journals A Size-Dependent Cost Function to Solve the Inverse Elasticity Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1799
Author(s):  
Xinbo Zhao ◽  
Yanli Sun ◽  
Yue Mei
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Shear Modulus ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Inverse Approach ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
L2 Norm ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shear Modulus Reconstruction

Characterizing nonhomogeneous elastic property distribution of solids is of great significance in various engineering fields. In this paper, we observe that the solution to the inverse problem utilizing the standard optimization-based inverse approach is sensitive to the sizes of inclusions. The standard optimization-based inverse approach minimizes a cost function, containing the absolute error between the measured and computed displacements in L2 norm. To address this issue, we propose a novel inverse scheme to characterize nonhomogeneous shear modulus distribution of solids. In this novel method, the cost function is modified, and is dependent on the size of the inclusions. A number of simulated experiments are performed, and demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of improving the shear modulus contrast in inclusions and reducing the size sensitivity. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis is conducted to validate what we have observed in simulated experiments. This theoretical analysis reveals that what we have observed in the simulated experiments is not induced by the numerical issues Instead, the size sensitivity issue is induced by regularization. The findings of this work encourage us to propose new cost functions for the optimization-based inverse approach to improve the quality of the shear modulus reconstruction.

scholarly journals Direction-of-Departure and Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Algorithm Based on Compressive Sensing: Data Fitting

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 2773
Author(s):  
Ji Woong Paik ◽  
Wooyoung Hong ◽  
Joon-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Compressive Sensing ◽  
Direction Of Arrival ◽  
Estimation Algorithm ◽  
Doa Estimation ◽  
Data Fitting ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Constraint Condition ◽  
Direction Of Departure ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a compressive sensing-based data fitting direction-of-departure/direction-of-arrival (DOD/DOA) estimation algorithm is proposed to apply the superior performance of compressive sensing method to the bistatic MIMO sonar systems. The algorithm proposed in this paper optimizes the output data via convex optimization-based sparse recovery, so that it is possible to estimate the DOD and the DOA for each target accurately. In order to minimize the amount of computation, the cost function with constraint condition is implemented in this paper. Furthermore, the constraint condition parameter of the cost function is analytically derived. Through various simulations, it is shown that the superior DOD and DOA estimation performance of the proposed algorithm and that the analytical derivation of the constraint condition parameter is useful for determination of regularization parameter.

THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES OF FORECASTING THE COST OF A SOFTWARE PRODUCT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Rodionov ◽  
◽  
Anna Ploskonos ◽  
Lesya Gavrutenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Software Products ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Continue Research ◽  
Cocomo Model ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The paper analyzes the factors that affect the amount of effort required to create a mobile application and its cost. It is established that the main factors of influence are the design of the application, its functionality, the type of mobile platform, the availability and level of testing and support, as well as the individual characteristics of the developer. Based on the analysis of information sources, the main methods and approaches to forecasting the cost of software products are identified, which include the COCOMO model, Price-to-win method, expert evaluation, algorithmic methods and the method of analogies. It is proposed to consider the method of analogies as a tool that allows you to make predictions about the cost of resources required for the successful implementation of IT projects based on the experience of similar projects. It is proved that the advantages of this method are the simplicity of its implementation and the clarity of the results obtained, which follows from the practical orientation of this tool. Among the limitations of the method of analogy is the mandatory need for reliable data relating to similar projects, as well as the difficulty of taking into account unspecified indicators. Taking into account the mentioned limitations of the method of analogies and on the basis of the analysis of scientific sources the possible directions of its optimization are determined. Thus, among the ways to improve the effectiveness of this method are those aimed at optimizing the project selection process, the data for which are used as a basis for forecasting. Attempts to improve the method of analogies by including parameters that were previously ignored by this technique seem promising. This in turn can lead to an expansion of the scope of the method of analogies and increase the accuracy of forecasts. As prospects for further research, the need to continue research in the field of optimization of the method of analogies with the subsequent practical verification of theoretical positions on the data of real projects.

FUNCTIONING OF THE MENTAL DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCT OF INTERROGATION WITHIN THE CRIMINAL PROCESS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2161-2165
Author(s):  
Hristo Ivanov Popnikolov
Keyword(s):  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
External Influences ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Side

From the subject presented in the report it is evident that the pre-trial and the court bodies may, to some extent, be influenced both by the person of the accused and by his competence to participate in the criminal process. In this regard as an expert, the psychologist can offer invaluable assistance. Each expertise would assist all actors involved in the administration of justice on their objective assessment of the offenders, the understanding of their individual protection and the inherent self-justification during procedural actions. The involvement of psychologists in the criminal process is key to establishing the truth in the investigation, because every crime as an act has a subjective side, expressed in the psychic attitude of the perpetrator to the committed act. Establishing these psychological motives is a key point in the criminal process with a view to establishing the truth.Psychological protection stabilizes the personality in the critical conditions of counteraction, related to the elimination of the experiences of tension, anxiety, stress and frustration, leading to maximum mobilization of its resources and at the same time to their overpayment. Thus, the individual who is the subject of the process action is protected against the adverse external influences, but at the cost of a lot of effort and enormous loss of nervous-mental energy, which increases his own vulnerability instead of contributing to its reduction. The appearance and functioning of psychological protection can be significantly impeded by the interaction of the investigator with the accused. Even more complicated is the situation when it breaks the communication contact that may arise in the psychological alienation and self-isolation of the accused due to the desire to protect himself.Protective psychological dominance is a real psychic activity that investigators, investigators, investigators and judges need to take into account in order to effectively deal with their task and to overcome the resistance of the investigated persons and in a time to prove in a lawful and moral way their guilt and participation in the commitment of the crimes.

Automated Control of the Microclimate in the Premises of Pig-Breeding Complexes

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Yu. Ukhanova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Pig Farming ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

In the pig breeding, a large share of the production cost is accounted for by the cost of electricity and heat. Reducing energy costs is one of the important tasks of the industry. It is important to identify and study modern technologies and equipment for pig farming due to the constant increase in electricity tariffs, significant energy costs for creating and maintaining a microclimate. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in an analysis of modern available technologies and equipment for agricultural production, including pig farming, allowing to reduce the cost of production. (Materials and methods) Authors used a method for determining the standard indicators of energy consumption of energy resources in the pig industry, based on the calculation and analytical method. The article presents an analyze of automated microclimate management systems in pig breeding complexes, taking into account the individual characteristics of farms produced by OWEN. (Results and discussion) Automated microclimate management systems can improve the productivity of pig farms; reduce the cost of electrical and thermal energy, reduce the number of diseases of animal from hypothermia, high humidity or temperature in the room, feed consumption; monitor the chemical composition of the air. The article considers three options for creating a microclimate in rooms with animals, taking into account the individual characteristics of enterprises. (Conclusions) The profitability of pig production depend on the level of technical equipment of farms, automation, and the use of energy-saving technologies and equipment. The use of innovations in agricultural production makes it possible to increase labor productivity up to three times, and savings due to reduced feed costs can reach several million rubles a year.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness of an Exercise Programme that Provided Group or Individual Training to Reduce the Fall Risk in Healthy Community-Dwelling People Aged 65–80: A Secondary Data Analysis

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 714
Author(s):  
Isaac Aranda-Reneo ◽  
Laura Albornos-Muñoz ◽  
Manuel Rich-Ruiz ◽  
María Ángeles Cidoncha-Moreno ◽  
Ángeles Pastor-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Older People ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Individual Training

Research has demonstrated that some exercise programs are effective for reducing fall rates in community-dwelling older people; however, the literature is limited in providing clear recommendations of individual or group training as a result of economic evaluation. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the Otago Exercise Program (OEP) for reducing the fall risk in healthy, non-institutionalized older people. An economic evaluation of a multicenter, blinded, randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial was performed on 498 patients aged over 65 in primary care. Participants were randomly allocated to the treatment or control arms, and group or individual training. The program was delivered in primary healthcare settings and comprised five initial sessions, ongoing encouragement and support to exercise at home, and a reinforcement session after six months. Our hypothesis was that the patients who received the intervention would achieve better health outcomes and therefore need lower healthcare resources during the follow-up, thus, lower healthcare costs. The primary outcome was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, which used the timed up and go test results as an effective measure for preventing falls. The secondary outcomes included differently validated tools that assessed the fall risk. The cost per patient was USD 51.28 lower for the group than the individual sessions in the control group, and the fall risk was 10% lower when exercises had a group delivery. The OEP program delivered in a group manner was superior to the individual method. We observed slight differences in the incremental cost estimations when using different tools to assess the risk of fall, but all of them indicated the dominance of the intervention group. The OEP group sessions were more cost-effective than the individual sessions, and the fall risk was 10% lower.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Optimization Method Based on Learning Rate Schedule for Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Dokkyun Yi ◽  
Sangmin Ji ◽  
Jieun Park
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Global Minimum ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Adaptive Optimization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Proof Of Convergence ◽  
Learning Data

Artificial intelligence (AI) is achieved by optimizing the cost function constructed from learning data. Changing the parameters in the cost function is an AI learning process (or AI learning for convenience). If AI learning is well performed, then the value of the cost function is the global minimum. In order to obtain the well-learned AI learning, the parameter should be no change in the value of the cost function at the global minimum. One useful optimization method is the momentum method; however, the momentum method has difficulty stopping the parameter when the value of the cost function satisfies the global minimum (non-stop problem). The proposed method is based on the momentum method. In order to solve the non-stop problem of the momentum method, we use the value of the cost function to our method. Therefore, as the learning method processes, the mechanism in our method reduces the amount of change in the parameter by the effect of the value of the cost function. We verified the method through proof of convergence and numerical experiments with existing methods to ensure that the learning works well.

scholarly journals ‘Rising demand and decreasing resources’: Theorising the ‘cost of austerity’ as a barrier to social worker discretion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
CIARÁN MURPHY
Keyword(s):  
Social Worker ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Child Protection Services ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Critical Realist ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The Munro Review of Child Protection asserted that the English child protection system had become overly ‘defensive’, ‘bureaucratised’ and ‘standardised’, meaning that social workers were not employing their discretion in the interests of the individual child. This paper reports on the results of an ethnographic case study of one of England’s statutory child protection teams. The research sought to explore the extent of social worker discretion relative to Munro’s call for ‘radical reform’ and a move towards a more ‘child-centred’ system. Employing an iterative mixed methods design – encompassing documentary analysis, observation, focus group, questionnaire, interview and ‘Critical Realist Grounded Theory’ – the study positioned the UK Government’s prolonged policy of ‘austerity’ as a barrier to social worker discretion. This was because the policy was seen to be contributing to an increased demand for child protection services; and a related sense amongst practitioners that they were afforded insufficient time with the child to garner the requisite knowledge, necessary for discretionary behaviour. Ultimately, despite evidence of progress relative to assertions that social worker discretion had been eroded, the paper concludes that there may still be ‘more to do’ if we are to achieve the ‘child-centred’ and ‘effective’ system that Munro advocated.

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