Spermidine supplementation and voluntary activity differentially affect obesity-related structural changes in the mouse lung

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (2) ◽  
pp. L312-L324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Ahrendt ◽  
Tobias Steingrüber ◽  
Alexandra Rajces ◽  
Elena Lopez-Rodriguez ◽  
Tobias Eisenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Gas Diffusion ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Endothelial Surface

Obesity is associated with lung function impairment and respiratory diseases; however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still elusive, and therapeutic options are limited. This study examined the effects of prolonged excess fat intake on lung mechanics and microstructure and tested spermidine supplementation and physical activity as intervention strategies. C57BL/6N mice fed control diet (10% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat) were left untreated or were supplemented with 3 mM spermidine, had access to running wheels for voluntary activity, or a combination of both. After 30 wk, lung mechanics was assessed, and left lungs were analyzed by design-based stereology. HFD exerted minor effects on lung mechanics and resulted in higher body weight and elevated lung, air, and septal volumes. The number of alveoli was higher in HFD-fed animals. This was accompanied by an increase in epithelial, but not endothelial, surface area. Moreover, air-blood barrier and endothelium were significantly thicker. Neither treatment affected HFD-related body weights. Spermidine lowered lung volumes as well as endothelial and air-blood barrier thicknesses toward control levels and substantially increased the endothelial surface area under HFD. Activity resulted in decreased volumes of lung, septa, and septal compartments but did not affect vascular changes in HFD-fed mice. The combination treatment showed no additive effect. In conclusion, excess fat consumption induced alveolar capillary remodeling indicative of impaired perfusion and gas diffusion. Spermidine alleviated obesity-related endothelial alterations, indicating a beneficial effect, whereas physical activity reduced lung volumes apparently by other, possibly systemic effects.

scholarly journals Voluntary Activity Modulates Sugar-Induced Elastic Fiber Remodeling in the Alveolar Region of the Mouse Lung

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Hollenbach ◽  
Elena Lopez-Rodriguez ◽  
Christian Mühlfeld ◽  
Julia Schipke
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Elastic Fibers ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Lung Dysfunction ◽  
High Sucrose

Diabetes and respiratory diseases are frequently comorbid conditions. However, the mechanistic links between hyperglycemia and lung dysfunction are not entirely understood. This study examined the effects of high sucrose intake on lung mechanics and alveolar septal composition and tested voluntary activity as an intervention strategy. C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet (CD, 7% sucrose) or a high sucrose diet (HSD, 35% sucrose). Some animals had access to running wheels (voluntary active; CD-A, HSD-A). After 30 weeks, lung mechanics were assessed, left lungs were used for stereological analysis and right lungs for protein expression measurement. HSD resulted in hyperglycemia and higher static compliance compared to CD. Lung and septal volumes were increased and the septal ratio of elastic-to-collagen fibers was decreased despite normal alveolar epithelial volumes. Elastic fibers appeared more loosely arranged accompanied by an increase in elastin protein expression. Voluntary activity prevented hyperglycemia in HSD-fed mice. The parenchymal airspace volume, but not the septal volume, was increased. The septal extracellular matrix (ECM) composition together with the protein expression of ECM components was similar to control levels in the HSD-A-group. In conclusion, HSD was associated with elastic fiber remodeling and reduced pulmonary elasticity. Voluntary activity alleviated HSD-induced ECM alterations, possibly by preventing hyperglycemia.

Breathing at low lung volumes and chest strapping: a comparison of lung mechanics

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Douglas ◽  
G. B. Drummond ◽  
M. F. Sudlow
Keyword(s):  
Lung Volume ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Recoil Pressure ◽  
Forced Expiratory Flow ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Expiratory Flow Rates

In six normal subjects forced expiratory flow rates increased progressively with increasing degrees of chest strapping. In nine normal subjects forced expiratory flow rates increased with the time spent breathing with expiratory reserve volume 0.5 liters above residual volume, the increase being significant by 30 s (P less than 0.01), and flow rates were still increasing at 2 min, the longest time the subjects could breathe at this lung volume. The increase in flow after low lung volume breathing (LLVB) was similar to that produced by strapping. The effect of LLVB was diminished by the inhalation of the atropinelike drug ipratropium. Quasistatic recoil pressures were higher following strapping and LLVB than on partial or maximal expiration, but the rise in recoil pressure was insufficient to account for all the observed increased in maximum flow. We suggest that the effects of chest strapping are due to LLVB and that both cause bronchodilatation.

Day-To-Day Variability of Protein Transport Used as a Method for Analyzing Peritoneal Permeability in CAPD

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Désirée Zemel ◽  
Raymond T. Krediet ◽  
Gerardus C.M. Koomen ◽  
Dirk G. Struijk ◽  
Lambertus Arisz
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Intrinsic Permeability ◽  
Effective Surface Area ◽  
Intraindividual Variation ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Peritoneal Surface ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Beta 2 Microglobulin

The transperitoneal transport of macromolecules is dependent on both effective peritoneal surface area and intrinsic permeability of the peritoneum. For passage of small solutes, the effective surface area is the main determinant. We hypothesized that day-to-day variations in peritoneal clearances are caused by changes in the effective surface area and not in the intrinsic permeability. Four CAPD {continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) patients without peritonitis were investigated on 28 consecutive days. Concentrations of beta-2-microglobulin, albumin, IgG, and alpha-2-macroglobulin were determined daily in dialysate {night bags) and weekly in serum. Clearances and their coefficients of variation were calculated. Mean coefficients of the intraindividual variation of protein clearances increased, the higher the molecular weight: they ranged from 12% for beta-2microglobulin clearance to 22% for alpha-2-macroglobulin clearance. Correlations were present between the clearances of albumin, IgG, and alpha-2-macroglobulin, but not between any of these and beta-2-microglobulin clearance. In all patients, protein clearance {C) was a power function of the free diffusion coefficient in water {D) according to the equation: C=a. Db in which b represents the restriction coefficient of the peritoneum, and thus intrinsic permeability. The coefficient of variation of the restriction coefficient was low (range 4–6%). This supports our assumption that the intrinsic permeability is fairly constant on the short term. Day-to-day variations in protein clearances are thus mainly caused by alterations in the effective peritoneal surface area. Longterm follow-up of the restriction coefficient in individual patients might identify those at risk for the development of structural changes in the peritoneal membrane.

scholarly journals Voluntary wheel running is effective on suppressing of obesity but not on blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats fed with high fructose diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
P. Tayfur ◽  
K. Gökçe Tezel ◽  
Ö. Barutçu ◽  
S. Yılmaz ◽  
E. Ö. Özgür ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Voluntary Physical Activity

A fructose-rich diet has been known to cause metabolic syndrome effects such as body weight gain, increased blood pressure, blood lipids and glucose levels. The role of voluntary physical activity in these alterations is not known clearly. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible improving effects of voluntary physical activity in rats that were feeding with a fructose-rich diet. Spraque-Dawley female rats were separated as control (C;n=7), voluntary physical activity (A;n=7), fructose (F;n=7) and fructose+activity (F+A;n=7) groups. A and FA groups were kept in cages with running wheels during six weeks. F and FA groups were fed with adding 20% fructose in drinking water. Body weight was measured weekly and Lee Index was used to determine obesity. At the end of the feeding period serum glucose, insulin and lipid levels were measured by enzymatic method and blood pressure was determined with the tail-cuff method. Daily voluntary walking distance in F+A and A groups were similar during six weeks. Fructose intake induced to increase systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.002), glucose (p=0.041), insulin (p=0.001), cholesterol (p=0.001), triglyceride (p=0.001) and liver weight (p=0.035). The voluntary activity was found effective on the decrease of weight gain (p=0.018) however we did not observe a significant effect on blood pressure (p=0.917) and insulin resistance (p=0.565) following the fructose-rich diet. We conclude that voluntary activity has preventive effect on obesity but may not to be effective on increased blood pressure and insulin resistance in female rats which were feeding fructose-rich diet during six weeks.

III. PULMONARY DIFFUSION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
George R. DeMuth ◽  
William F. Howatt
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Normal Variation ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Mean Values

1. Equations describing the normal variation and changes with size of the diffusing capacity (rebreathing technique) for boys and girls have been obtained from 230 observations on 139 children. 2. The use of covariance analysis on the longitudinal data reduces the residual variance by about half, indicating that in children the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, Dco, grows along growth lines. This aids in finding significant deviations from the predicted in children who are followed with repeated examinations. 3. The Dco increases with growth in a manner very similar to that of the lung volumes, not only in respect to height, but also in respect to age, weight, and surface area. The ratio Dco/TLC expresses a relationship which does not vary with body size, age, or sex in these healthy individuals. Although boys and girls have the same mean values, the correlation between each individual's values from the two series is significant for boys but not for girls. 4. The constancy of the Dco/TLC during growth supports the hypothesis that the lung grows between the ages of 5 and 18 years by the addition of new air spaces rather than by enlarging the pre-existing ones.

scholarly journals Micron-sized intrapulmonary particle deposition in the developing rat lung

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-765
Author(s):  
Holger Schulz ◽  
Gunter Eder ◽  
Ines Bolle ◽  
Akira Tsuda ◽  
Stefan Karrasch
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Lung Development ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Wistar Kyoto ◽  
Postnatal Lung Development

Little is known about the effects of postnatal developmental changes in lung architecture and breathing patterns on intrapulmonary particle deposition. We measured deposition in the developing Wistar-Kyoto rat, whose lung development largely parallels that of humans. Deposition of 2-μm sebacate particles was determined in anesthetized, intubated, spontaneously breathing rats on postnatal days (P) 7 to 90 by aerosol photometry (Karrasch S, Eder G, Bolle I, Tsuda A, Schulz H. J Appl Physiol 107: 1293–1299, 2009). Respiratory parameters were determined by body plethysmography. Tidal volume increased substantially from P7 (0.19 ml) to P90 (2.1 ml) while respiratory rate declined from 182 to 107/min. Breath-specific deposition was lowest (9%) at P7 and P90 and markedly higher at P35 (almost 16%). Structural changes of the alveolar region include a ninefold increase in surface area (Bolle I, Eder G, Takenaka S, Ganguly K, Karrasch S, Zeller C, Neuner M, Kreyling WG, Tsuda A, Schulz H. J Appl Physiol 104: 1167–1176, 2008). Particle deposition per unit of time and surface area peaked at P35 and showed a minimum at P90. At an inhaled particle number concentration of 105/cm3, there was an estimated 450, 690, and 330 particles/(min × cm2) at P7, P35, and P90, respectively. Multiple regression models showed that deposition depends on the mean linear intercept as structural component and the breathing parameters, tidal volume, and respiratory rate ( r2 > 0.9). In conclusion, micron-sized particle deposition was dependent on the stage of postnatal lung development. A maximum was observed during late alveolarization (P35), which corresponds to human lungs of about eight years of age. Children at this age may therefore be more susceptible to micron-sized airborne environmental health hazards.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial DNA variation modulates alveolar development in newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (6) ◽  
pp. L740-L747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jegen Kandasamy ◽  
Gabriel Rezonzew ◽  
Tamas Jilling ◽  
Scott Ballinger ◽  
Namasivayam Ambalavanan
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lung Mechanics ◽  
Mouse Lung ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Alveolar Development

Hyperoxia-induced oxidant stress contributes to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. Mitochondrial functional differences due to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations are important modifiers of oxidant stress responses. The objective of this study was to determine whether mtDNA variation independently modifies lung development and mechanical dysfunction in newborn mice exposed to hyperoxia. Newborn C57BL6 wild type (C57n/C57mt, C57WT) and C3H/HeN wild type (C3Hn/C3Hmt, C3HWT) mice and novel Mitochondrial-nuclear eXchange (MNX) strains with nuclear DNA (nDNA) from their parent strain and mtDNA from the other—C57MNX (C57n/C3Hmt) and C3HMNX (C3Hn/C57mt)—were exposed to 21% or 85% O2 from birth to postnatal day 14 (P14). Lung mechanics and histopathology were examined on P15. Neonatal mouse lung fibroblast (NMLF) bioenergetics and mitochondrial superoxide (O2−) generation were measured. Pulmonary resistance and mitochondrial O2− generation were increased while alveolarization, compliance, and NMLF basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate were decreased in hyperoxia-exposed C57WT mice (C57n/C57mt) versus C57MNX mice (C57n/C3Hmt) and in hyperoxia-exposed C3HMNX mice (C3Hn/C57mt) versus C3HWT (C3Hn/C3Hmt) mice. Our study suggests that neonatal C57 mtDNA-carrying strains have increased hyperoxia-induced hypoalveolarization, pulmonary mechanical dysfunction, and mitochondrial bioenergetic and redox dysfunction versus C3H mtDNA strains. Therefore, mtDNA haplogroup variation-induced differences in mitochondrial function could modify neonatal alveolar development and BPD susceptibility.

scholarly journals Structural Flexibility in Activated Carbon Materials Prepared under Harsh Activation Conditions

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano Gomes Ferreira de Paula ◽  
Ignacio Campello-Gómez ◽  
Paulo Fernando Ribeiro Ortega ◽  
Francisco Rodríguez-Reinoso ◽  
Manuel Martínez-Escandell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
3D Network ◽  
Activation Conditions

Although traditionally high-surface area carbon materials have been considered as rigid structures with a disordered three dimensional (3D) network of graphite microdomains associated with a limited electrical conductivity (highly depending on the porous structure and surface chemistry), here we show for the first time that this is not the case for activated carbon materials prepared using harsh activation conditions (e.g., KOH activation). In these specific samples a clear structural re-orientation can be observed upon adsorption of different organic molecules, the structural changes giving rise to important changes in the electrical resistivity of the material. Whereas short chain hydrocarbons and their derivatives give rise to an increased resistivity, the contrary occurs for longer-chain hydrocarbons and/or alcohols. The high sensitivity of these high-surface area carbon materials towards these organic molecules opens the gate towards their application for sensing devices.

scholarly journals Impact of Physical Activity on Cognitive Functions: A New Field for Research and Management of Cystic Fibrosis

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Elce ◽  
Alessandro Del Pizzo ◽  
Ersilia Nigro ◽  
Giulia Frisso ◽  
Lucia Martiniello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Positive Effects

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease inherited by an autosomal recessive mechanism and characterized by a progressive and severe multi-organ failure. Mutations in Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator (CFTR) protein cause duct obstructions from dense mucus secretions and chronic inflammation related to organ damage. The progression of the disease is characterized by a decline of lung function associated with metabolic disorders and malnutrition, musculoskeletal disorders and thoracic deformities, leading to a progressive decrement of the individual’s quality of life. The World Health Organization (WHO) qualifies Physical Activity (PA) as a structured activity produced by skeletal muscles’ movements that requires energy consumption. In the last decade, the number of studies on PA increased considerably, including those investigating the effects of exercise on cognitive and brain health and mental performance. PA is recommended in CF management guidelines, since it improves clinic outcomes, such as peripheral neuropathy, oxygen uptake peak, bone health, glycemic control and respiratory functions. Several studies regarding the positive effects of exercise in patients with Cystic Fibrosis were carried out, but the link between the effects of exercise and cognitive and brain health in CF remains unclear. Animal models showed that exercise might improve learning and memory through structural changes of brain architecture, and such a causal relationship can also be described in humans. Indeed, both morphological and environmental factors seem to be involved in exercise-induced neural plasticity. An increase of gray matter volume in specific areas is detectable as a consequence of regular training in humans. Neurobiological processes associated with brain function improvements include biochemical modifications, such as neuromodulator or neurohormone release, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) production and synaptic activity changes. From a functional point of view, PA also seems to be an environmental factor enhancing cognitive abilities, such as executive functions, memory and processing speed. This review describes the current state of research regarding the impacts of physical activity and exercise on cognitive functions, introducing a possible novel field of research for optimizing the management of Cystic Fibrosis.

scholarly journals Spermidine and Voluntary Activity Exert Differential Effects on Sucrose- Compared with Fat-Induced Systemic Changes in Male Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schipke ◽  
Marius Vital ◽  
Anke Schnapper-Isl ◽  
Dietmar H Pieper ◽  
Christian Mühlfeld
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
Running Wheels

ABSTRACT Background Excess dietary fat and sugar are linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Polyamines such as spermidine are implicated in fat accumulation and may support activity-induced weight loss. Objective This study tested interventional spermidine supplementation and voluntary activity against fat- and sucrose-induced systemic and gut microbiota changes. Methods A 3-factorial study design (3 × 2 × 2) was used to test the factors diet, activity, and spermidine. Male 6-wk-old C57BL/6N mice were fed a control diet (CD; carbohydrate:protein:fat, 70%:20%:10% of energy; 7% sucrose), a high-fat diet (HFD; carbohydrate:protein:fat, 20%:20%:60% of energy; 7% sucrose), or a high-sucrose diet (HSD; carbohydrate:protein:fat, 70%:20%:10% of energy; 35% sucrose). Diet groups were left untreated (+0) or had unlimited access to running wheels (+A) or were supplemented with 3 mM spermidine via drinking water (+S) or a combination of both (+A+S) for 30 wk (n = 7–10). Results In comparison to the CD, the HFD enhanced body weights (by 36%, P < 0.001), plasma lipids (cholesterol by 24%, P < 0.001; triglycerides by 27%, P = 0.004), and glucose concentrations (by 18%, P < 0.001), whereas the HSD increased weight by 13% (P < 0.001) and fasting glucose by 17% (P < 0.001) but did not increase plasma lipids. Microbiota taxonomic composition changed upon the HFD and HSD (both P < 0.001); however, only the HSD increased microbial diversity (P < 0.001) compared with the CD. Activity influenced microbiota composition (P < 0.01) and reduced glucose concentrations in HSD-fed (P = 0.021) and HFD-fed (P < 0.001) mice compared with nonactive mice. The combination of activity and spermidine affected energy intake (P-interaction = 0.037) and reduced body weights of HSD+A+S mice compared with HSD+0 mice (P = 0.024). Conclusions In male C57BL/6N mice, dietary sucrose and fat caused diverse metabolic and microbiota changes that were differentially susceptible to physical exercise. Spermidine has the potential to augment activity-induced beneficial effects, particularly for sucrose-induced obesity.

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