scholarly journals Hindbrain noradrenergic A2 neurons: diverse roles in autonomic, endocrine, cognitive, and behavioral functions

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (2) ◽  
pp. R222-R235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Rinaman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Motor Reflex ◽  
And Function

Central noradrenergic (NA) signaling is broadly implicated in behavioral and physiological processes related to attention, arousal, motivation, learning and memory, and homeostasis. This review focuses on the A2 cell group of NA neurons, located within the hindbrain dorsal vagal complex (DVC). The intra-DVC location of A2 neurons supports their role in vagal sensory-motor reflex arcs and visceral motor outflow. A2 neurons also are reciprocally connected with multiple brain stem, hypothalamic, and limbic forebrain regions. The extra-DVC connections of A2 neurons provide a route through which emotional and cognitive events can modulate visceral motor outflow and also a route through which interoceptive feedback from the body can impact hypothalamic functions as well as emotional and cognitive processing. This review considers some of the hallmark anatomical and chemical features of A2 neurons, followed by presentation of evidence supporting a role for A2 neurons in modulating food intake, affective behavior, behavioral and physiological stress responses, emotional learning, and drug dependence. Increased knowledge about the organization and function of the A2 cell group and the neural circuits in which A2 neurons participate should contribute to a better understanding of how the brain orchestrates adaptive responses to the various threats and opportunities of life and should further reveal the central underpinnings of stress-related physiological and emotional dysregulation.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and analysis of class III peroxidases in Betula pendula

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kewei Cai ◽  
Huixin Liu ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Xiyang Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Plant Life Cycle ◽  
Class Iii Peroxidases ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background Class III peroxidases (POD) proteins are widely present in the plant kingdom that are involved in a broad range of physiological processes including stress responses and lignin polymerization throughout the plant life cycle. At present, POD genes have been studied in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar, maize and Chinese pear, but there are no reports on the identification and function of POD gene family in Betula pendula. Results We identified 90 nonredundant POD genes in Betula pendula. (designated BpPODs). According to phylogenetic relationships, these POD genes were classified into 12 groups. The BpPODs are distributed in different numbers on the 14 chromosomes, and some BpPODs were located sequentially in tandem on chromosomes. In addition, we analyzed the conserved domains of BpPOD proteins and found that they contain highly conserved motifs. We also investigated their expression patterns in different tissues, the results showed that some BpPODs might play an important role in xylem, leaf, root and flower. Furthermore, under low temperature conditions, some BpPODs showed different expression patterns at different times. Conclusions The research on the structure and function of the POD genes in Betula pendula plays a very important role in understanding the growth and development process and the molecular mechanism of stress resistance. These results lay the theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of Betula pendula.

scholarly journals Neurophysiological Aspects of NeuroTactile Therapy of Masgutova Neurosensory Motor Reflex Integration MNRI® Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Nowak ◽  
Krzysztof Sendrowski
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tension ◽  
The Body ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Reflex ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Development Regulation

In early childhood, touch is the fi rst means of communication with the surrounding world. How the parents touch and hold a baby and how frequently they touch it affects the emotional and physical development and health of the child. Studies demonstrate that deprivation of human contact for children usually causes them future anxiety and nervousness. The main assumptions of the MNRI® NeuroTactile therapy modality is to increase and create kinesthetic awareness in the body of a patient; to regulate functions of skin receptors by activation of the sense of touch and proprioception targeted at their neurological aspects – receptors, dermatomes, refl ex circuits and their functions. Techniques of the NeuroTactile Therapy created by Dr. Masgutova rely on providing a controlled amount of sensory stimuli and sensory-proprioceptive information for tactile and also proprioreceptive systems, particularly, to create and facilitate spontaneous physiological adaptive responses. The result is to improve the functions of the neurosensory motor system and overall neuro-development. The aim of this type of tactile training is to activate natural mechanisms for development, regulation and normalization of tactile perception, muscle tension, and also to promote sensory and sensory-motor integration mechanisms, develop kinesthetic awareness while reducing or eliminating stress and increasing neuroplasticity.

scholarly journals Plasticity of nuclear and cytoplasmic stress responses of RNA-binding proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 4725-4740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Backlund ◽  
Frank Stein ◽  
Mandy Rettel ◽  
Thomas Schwarzl ◽  
Joel I Perez-Perri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
And Function

Abstract Cellular stress causes multifaceted reactions to trigger adaptive responses to environmental cues at all levels of the gene expression pathway. RNA-binding proteins (RBP) are key contributors to stress-induced regulation of RNA fate and function. Here, we uncover the plasticity of the RNA interactome in stressed cells, differentiating between responses in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. We applied enhanced RNA interactome capture (eRIC) analysis preceded by nucleo-cytoplasmic fractionation following arsenite-induced oxidative stress. The data reveal unexpectedly compartmentalized RNA interactomes and their responses to stress, including differential responses of RBPs in the nucleus versus the cytoplasm, which would have been missed by whole cell analyses.

Interoception, Stress, and Physical Symptoms in Stress-Associated Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Schulz ◽  
Dana Schultchen ◽  
Claus Vögele
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. The brain and peripheral bodily organs continuously exchange information. Exemplary, interoception refers to the processing and perception of ascending information from the body to the brain. Stress responses involve a neurobehavioral cascade, which includes the activation of peripheral organs via neural and endocrine pathways and can thus be seen as an example for descending information on the brain-body axis. Hence, the interaction of interoception and stress represents bi-directional communication on the brain-body axis. The main hypothesis underlying this review is that the dysregulation of brain-body communication represents an important mechanism for the generation of physical symptoms in stress-related disorders. The aims of this review are, therefore, (1) to summarize current knowledge on acute stress effects on different stages of interoceptive signal processing, (2) to discuss possible patterns of abnormal brain-body communication (i.e., alterations in interoception and physiological stress axes activation) in mental disorders and chronic physical conditions, and (3) to consider possible approaches to modify interoception. Due to the regulatory feedback loops underlying brain-body communication, the modification of interoceptive processes (ascending signals) may, in turn, affect physiological stress axes activity (descending signals), and, ultimately, also physical symptoms.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating functional landscape of the cardiovascular system during development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Takada ◽  
Madoka Omae ◽  
Fumihiko Sagawa ◽  
Neil C. Chi ◽  
Satsuki Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Vertebrate Model ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cardiovascular Functions

ABSTRACTThe cardiovascular system facilitates body-wide distribution of oxygen, a vital process for development and survival of virtually all vertebrates. However, zebrafish, a vertebrate model organism, appears to form organs and survive mid-larval periods without the functional cardiovascular system. Despite such dispensability, it is the first organ to develop. Such enigma prompted us to hypothesize yet other cardiovascular functions that are important for developmental and/or physiological processes. Hence, systematic cellular ablations and functional perturbations are performed on zebrafish cardiovascular system to gain comprehensive and body-wide understanding of such functions and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. This approach identifies a set of organ-specific genes, each implicated for important functions. The study also unveils distinct cardiovascular mechanisms, each differentially regulating their expressions in organ-specific and oxygen-independent manners. Such mechanisms are mediated by organ-vessel interactions, circulation-dependent signals, and circulation-independent beating-heart-derived signals. Hence, a comprehensive and body-wide functional landscape of the cardiovascular system reported herein may provide a clue as to why it is the first organ to develop. Furthermore, the dataset herein could serve as a resource for the study of organ development and function.SUMMARY STATEMENTThe body-wide landscape of the cardiovascular functions during development is reported. Such landscape may provide a clue as to why the cardiovascular system is the first organ to develop.

Organization and function of paraspeckles

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Ling-Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Rna Stability ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Cellular Stress Responses ◽  
Isoform Switching ◽  
And Function ◽  
Liquid Liquid Phase Separation

Abstract Paraspeckles are a type of subnuclear bodies built on the long noncoding RNA NEAT1 (nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1, also known as MEN-ε/β or VINC-1). Paraspeckles are involved in many physiological processes including cellular stress responses, cell differentiation, corpus luteum formation and cancer progression. Recently, ultra-resolution microscopy coupled with multicolor-labeling of paraspeckle components (the NEAT1 RNA and paraspeckle proteins) revealed the exquisite details of paraspeckle structure and function. NEAT1 transcripts are radially arranged to form a core–shell spheroidal structure, while paraspeckle proteins (PSPs) localize within different layers. Functional dissection of NEAT1 shows that the subdomains of NEAT1_2 are important for RNA stability, isoform switching and paraspeckle assembly via a liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) mechanism. We review recent progress on structure and organization of paraspeckles as well as how paraspeckles spatiotemporally control gene regulation through sequestration of diverse proteins and RNAs in cells.

scholarly journals Neurohormones and temperament interact during infant development

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1744) ◽  
pp. 20170159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Aaron Jones ◽  
Aliza Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Physiological Factors

The infant's psycho-physiological regulatory system begins to develop prenatally and continues to mature during the postnatal period. Temperament is a construct comprising tonic individual differences in dispositional physiological and behavioural reactions as well as an evolving ability to regulate to environmental conditions. Theoretical models and research have shown that neurohormonal and -physiological factors contribute to individual development and impact infant behaviours as well as the developing regulatory system. Moreover, prenatal maternal risks such as stress and depression are thought to programme fetal regulatory tendencies and that influences neural and behavioural functioning in infancy. The purpose of this review is to examine the theories and research that link infant temperament to neurohormonal and -physiological development in typically developing infants and in those exposed to environmental risk. Research has demonstrated associations between individual variation in physiological stress responses and regulation (measured with cortisol). Moreover, studies have noted an association with physiological regulation and socio-emotional interaction (as measured by the touch–oxytocin link) that may buffer emotional dysregulation. The interaction between individual differences in temperamental tendencies, neurohormonal and -physiological patterns will be discussed by presenting data from studies that have shown that infant neurohormonal and -physiological functioning sets an important trajectory for the development of the individual. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

scholarly journals A Neurosociological Theory of Culturally and Structurally Situated Cognition and Ethno-Racial Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rengin B. Firat
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Applied Theory ◽  
Racial Stress ◽  
Conscious Processes

A longstanding body of literature reveals that experiences of discrimination and exclusion lead to health disadvantages by increasing physiological stress responses both in the body and the brain. However, a sociological view that takes into account structurally and culturally shaped biological processes is missing from the literature. Building on recent literature from the sociology of morality and values and the dual process model of culture, this paper proposes and provides preliminary evidence for an applied theory of culturally situated moral cognition as a coping mechanism with ethno-racial stress. I focus on values as they help cope with ethnicity and race related stress such as discrimination. Using functional neuroimaging data, I offer evidence that values operate through both explicit (controlled and conscious) processes recruiting brain regions like the dorsal prefrontal cortex, and implicit (automatic and non-conscious) processes recruiting regions like the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, to help cope with exclusion and discrimination.

scholarly journals H2S Donor and Bone Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanming Hao ◽  
Hongzhen Wang ◽  
Lingna Fang ◽  
Jinsong Bian ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Bone Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Bone Diseases ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
And Function

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as the third gasotransmitter, following nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, and it exerts important biological effects in the body. Growing evidence has shown that H2S is involved in many physiological processes in the body. In recent years, much research has been carried out on the role of H2S in bone metabolism. Bone metabolic diseases have been linked to abnormal endogenous H2S functions and metabolism. It has been found that H2S plays an important role in the regulation of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Regulation of H2S on bone metabolism has many interacting signaling pathways at the molecular level, which play an important role in bone formation and absorption. H2S releasing agents (donors) have achieved significant effects in the treatment of metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. In addition, H2S donors and related drugs have been widely used as research tools in basic biomedical research and may be explored as potential therapeutic agents in the future. Donors are used to study the mechanism and function of H2S as they release H2S through different mechanisms. Although H2S releasers have biological activity, their function can be inconsistent. Additionally, donors have different H2S release capabilities, which could lead to different effects. Side effects may form with the formation of H2S; however, it is unclear whether these side effects affect the biological effects of H2S. Therefore, it is necessary to study H2S donors in detail. In this review, we summarize the current information about H2S donors related to bone metabolism diseases and discuss some mechanisms and biological applications.

Emotions and health: The impact of emotions, emotions regulation, music, and acculturation on health

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Bongard ◽  
Volker Hodapp ◽  
Sonja Rohrmann
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Cardiovascular Stress ◽  
Expression Behavior ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
And Coping ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Our unit investigates the relationship of emotional processes (experience, expression, and coping), their physiological correlates and possible health outcomes. We study domain specific anger expression behavior and associated cardio-vascular loads and found e.g. that particularly an open anger expression at work is associated with greater blood pressure. Furthermore, we demonstrated that women may be predisposed for the development of certain mental disorders because of their higher disgust sensitivity. We also pointed out that the suppression of negative emotions leads to increased physiological stress responses which results in a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases. We could show that relaxation as well as music activity like singing in a choir causes increases in the local immune parameter immunoglobuline A. Finally, we are investigating connections between migrants’ strategy of acculturation and health and found e.g. elevated cardiovascular stress responses in migrants when they where highly adapted to the German culture.

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