Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Germinated and Fermented Mung Bean on Ethanol-Mediated Liver Damage

Mung bean is a hepatoprotective agent in dietary supplements. Fermentation and germination processes are well recognized to enhance the nutritional values especially the concentration of active compounds such as amino acids and GABA of various foods. In this study, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of freeze-dried mung bean and amino-acid- and GABA-enriched germinated and fermented mung bean aqueous extracts were compared. Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) levels, and serum biochemical profile such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol and histopathological changes were examined for the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of these treatments. Germinated and fermented mung bean have recorded an increase of 27.9 and 7.3 times of GABA and 8.7 and 13.2 times of amino acid improvement, respectively, as compared to normal mung bean. Besides, improvement of antioxidant levels, serum markers, and NO level associated with better histopathological evaluation indicated that these extracts could promote effective recovery from hepatocyte damage. These results suggested that freeze-dried, germinated, and fermented mung bean aqueous extracts enriched with amino acids and GABA possessed better hepatoprotective effect as compared to normal mung bean.

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Changes in Amino Acid Profiles and Bioactive Compounds of Thai Silk Cocoons as Affected by Water Extraction

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2033

Author(s):

Chuleeporn Bungthong ◽

Sirithon Siriamornpun

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Silk Protein ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Silk Cocoon ◽

Amino Acid Profiles

Silk proteins have many advantageous components including proteins and pigments. The proteins—sericin and fibroin—have been widely studied for medical applications due to their good physiochemical properties and biological activities. Various strains of cocoon display different compositions such as amino-acid profiles and levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to find a suitable silk protein extraction method to obtain products with chemical and biological properties suitable as functional foods in two strains of Bombyx mori silk cocoon (Nangsew strains; yellow cocoon) and Samia ricini silk cocoon (Eri strains; white cocoon) extracted by water at 100 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The results showed that Nangsew strains extracted for 6 h contained the highest amounts of protein, amino acids, total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), plus DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), anti-glycation, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. The longer extraction time produced higher concentrations of amino acids, contributing to sweet and umami tastes in both silk strains. It seemed that the bitterness decreased as the extraction time increased, resulting in improvements in the sweetness and umami of silk-protein extracts.

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Assessment of antioxidant properties of membrane ultrafiltration peptides from mungbean meal protein hydrolysates

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.5337 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e5337 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Chanikan Sonklin ◽

Natta Laohakunjit ◽

Orapin Kerdchoechuen

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Peptide Chain ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power

Background Bioactive peptides can prevent damage associated with oxidative stress in humans when consumed regularly. Recently, peptides have attracted immense interest because of their beneficial functional properties, safety and little or no side effects when used at high concentration. Most antioxidant peptides are small in size, less than 1 kDa, and contains a high proportion of hydrophobic amino acid. Particularly, tyrosine, leucine, alanine, isoleucine, valine, lysine, phenyalanine, cysteine, methionine and histidine in peptide chain exhibited high antioxidant activity. Mungbean meal protein (MMP) is highly abundant in hydrophobic amino acids. It indicated that MMP might be a good source of antioxidants. Therefore, the objectives were to optimize the conditions used to generate mungbean meal protein hydrolysate (MMPH) with antioxidant activity from bromelain and to investigate the antioxidant activities of different molecular weight (MW) peptide fraction. Methods Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for screening of the optimal conditions to produce MMPH. After that MMPH was fractionated using ultrafiltration membranes with different MW distributions. Crude-MMPH and four fractions were investigated for five antioxidant activities: 2,2,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, superoxide, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal ion chelation activity. Results The optimal condition to produce the MMPH was 15% (w/w) of bromelain and hydrolysis time for 12 h which showed the greatest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity. After mungbean protein from optimal condition was separated based on different molecular weight, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest for the F4 (less than 1 kDa) peptide fraction. Metal ion chelating activity was generally weak, except for the F4 that had a value of 43.94% at a protein concentration of 5 mg/mL. The F4 also exhibited high hydroxyl and superoxide activities (54 and 65.1%), but moderate activity for ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.102 mmole Fe2+/g protein) compared to other peptide fractions and crude-MMPH. Molecular weight and amino acid were the main factors that determined the antioxidant activities of these peptide fractions. Results indicated that F4 had strong antioxidant potentials. Discussion The lowest MW fraction (less than 1 kDa) contributed to the highest DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and metal chelation activity because influence of low MW and high content of hydrophobic amino acid in peptide chain. Results from this study indicated that MMPH peptides donate protons to free radicals because they had significantly high DPPH value compared to superoxide, hydroxyl and FRAP, which reactions were electron donation. Moreover, MMPH peptides had the ability to inhibit transition metal ions because of highly abundant glutamic acid and aspartic acid in peptide chain.

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Trans-tegumental absorption of L-alanine and L-leucine by a monogenean, Diclidophora merlangi

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000047363 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

D. W. Halton

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Sea Water ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Acid Uptake ◽

Neutral Amino Acids ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Significant Difference

SummaryAn in vitro investigation has been made of the relative roles of the gut and tegument in the absorption of the neutral amino acids L-alanine and L-leucine by a marine fish-gill parasite, Diclidophora merlangi. The use of ligatures to preclude oral ingestion of trace-labelled medium has proved inadequate, invariably damaging the tegument, as revealed by stereoscan electron microscopy, and resulting in artifactual levels of absorption. Three alternative procedures have given consistently reliable data on the route of entry of low molecular weight substrates. (1) Ultrastructural examination of worms previously incubated in electron-dense cationic tracers has shown that, in vitro, there is no oral intake of sea water. (2) The suspending of worms in trace-labelled medium with the mouth out of the medium and comparing amino acid uptake with that of worms totally immersed in medium has revealed no statistically significant difference in the absorption levels. (3) Application of section (freeze-dried) auto-radiography to detect diffusible isotope has demonstrated directly transtegumental absorption of a neutral amino acid. It is concluded from these experiments that Diclidophora has a tegumental transport system for absorbing certain neutral amino acids, and whilst, clearly, the worm is sanguinivorous and digests blood in a well-developed gut, it may also be capable of supplementing this diet with low molecular weight organic nutrient absorbed directly from sea water via the tegument.

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Antioxidative Characteristics of Chicken Breast Meat and Blood after Diet Supplementation with Carnosine, L-histidine, and β-alanine

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9111093 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 1093

Author(s):

Wieslaw Kopec ◽

Dorota Jamroz ◽

Andrzej Wiliczkiewicz ◽

Ewa Biazik ◽

Anna Pudlo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Control Group ◽

Breast Meat ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Antioxidative Status ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power

The objective of the study was to test the effect of diets supplemented with β-alanine, L-histidine, and carnosine on the histidine dipeptide content and the antioxidative status of chicken breast muscles and blood. One-day-old Hubbard Flex male chickens were assigned to five treatments: control diet (C) and control diet supplemented with 0.18% L-histidine (ExpH), 0.3% β-alanine (ExpA), a mix of L-histidine\β-alanine (ExpH+A), and 0.27% carnosine (ExpCar). After 28 days, chicken breast muscles and blood samples were analyzed for the antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), carnosine and anserine content, amino acid profile, and anti-radical activity (ABTS, DPPH, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)). The results of the study showed that carnosine supplementation effectively increased body weight and breast muscle share in chicken carcasses. Carnosine and L-histidine supplementation with or without β-alanine increased carnosine content in chicken breast muscles up to 20% (p = 0.003), but the boost seems to be too low to affect the potential antioxidant capacity and amino acid content. The β-alanine-enriched diet lowered dipeptide concentration in chicken blood serum (p = 0.002) and activated catalase in chicken breast muscles in relation to the control group (p = 0.003). It can be concluded that histidine or dipeptide supplementation of chicken diets differently affected the total antioxidant potential: in breast muscles, it increased dipeptide content, while in blood cell sediment (rich in erythrocytes), increased SOD and GPx activities were observed.

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SYNTHESIS, THERMAL REACTIVITY, AND ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF AMINOGUANIDINIUM SALTS OF ASPARTIC AND GLUTAMIC ACIDS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i6.36977 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 156-160

Author(s):

PARVEEN S ◽

MANIKANDAN D ◽

GOVINDARAJAN S ◽

PERIASAMY PA

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Thermal Studies ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Thermal Reactivity ◽

Thermal Analyzer ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽

Dta Studies

Objective: Our main scope and objectives are to prepare aminoguanidinium salts of amino acids and to characterize them using analytical, IR, and thermal studies, to study the mode of thermal decomposition of aminoguanidinium salts, and to characterize the antioxidants behavior of aminoguanidinium salts. Methods: Elemental analysis for C, H, and N was performed on a Vario ELIII elemental analyzer. The IR spectra were recorded on a JASCO-4100 spectrophotometer as KBr pellets in the range of 400–4000 cm-1. The simultaneous TG-DTA studies were under taken on a PerkinElmer SII thermal analyzer and the curves obtained in air using platinum cups as holders with ~ 3 mg of the samples at the heating rate of 10°C/min. The antioxidant capacities of different salts were estimated according to the literature procedure. Results: Aspartic acid forms bis-aminoguanidinium salt, whereas glutamic acid forms both mono- and bis-aminogunidinium salts. The IR spectral data of the aminogunidinium salts of aforesaid acids show N-N stretching frequencies in the region 1110–1202 cm-1 revealing the presence of aminoguanidinium moiety. Conclusion: The antioxidant properties of these salts were studied using ferric reducing antioxidant power and phosphomolybdenum assay. Results showed significant ferric reducing power which indicated the hydrogen-donating ability of the extract.

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114 Evaluation of Extrusion Processing Method and Protein Source on Standardized Amino Acid Digestibility

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab235.103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 57-58

Author(s):

Clare Hsu ◽

Gary Davenport ◽

Galen Rokey ◽

Maria R de Godoy

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Food Samples ◽

Processing Method ◽

Isoleucine Leucine ◽

Diet Sample ◽

Diet Formulation ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Twin Screw

Abstract While the majority of dry complete and balanced foods for pet animals are extruded, the interaction between ingredient matrix and processing methods and stages are poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how the use of plant-based and poultry-based proteins processed under different extrusion condition may affect amino acid digestibility in extruded canine diets using a rooster model. Eight diet formulas were made using chicken (CK), chicken byproduct meal (CM), yellow pea (YP), green lentil (GL), and garbanzo bean (GB) as the primary protein sources. These diets were extruded through a single-screw and a twin-screw extruder. Food samples were collected at various stages of processing (i.e., raw, and after preconditioner, extruder, drier, and coating). Four cecectomized single-comb White Leghorn roosters were used for each diet sample. The roosters were fasted for 26 h and then fed with the treatment diets. The excreta were collected 48 h after feeding. Freeze dried excreta were used to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility (SAAD). For all essential amino acids, a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between diet and processing method was observed. The SAAD of arginine, tryptophan, and methionine were greater than 80% for all diets collected at the end of the extruder. The CK diet supplemented with synthetic taurine and processed through twin-extrusion had 70% to 80% SAAD of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Overall, twin-screw extrusion resulted in lower SAAD for all essential amino acids (P < 0.05), except for isoleucine and valine. However, the differences were smaller than 2.5%, and therefore may not negatively impact diet formulation and final product nutrient composition or guaranteed analysis. In addition, the extruded canine diets made with plant-based protein did not have lower amino acid digestibility than those made with animal-based protein.

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Effect of amino acid blend as alternative to antibiotics for growing pigs

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skac008 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Maykelly da S Gomes ◽

Alysson Saraiva ◽

Dante T Valente Júnior ◽

Leandro L de Oliveira ◽

Amanda M Correia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Feed Ratio ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Acid Diet ◽

Amino Acid Diet ◽

Intermediate Results

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing arginine (Arg) + glutamine (Gln) replacing antibiotics on performance, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of pigs in the growing phase. One hundred and fifty 63-d-old pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 25.0 ± 1.46 kg were distributed in a randomized block design, with three treatments and ten replicates. The three diets were control; antibiotic, control + 100 mg/kg tiamulin and 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline; amino acid, control + 10 g/kg Arg and 2 g/kg Gln. Dietary treatments were fed from 63 to 77 d. Following the treatment period, all pigs were fed the control diet from 77 to 90 d. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX and UNIVARIATE in SAS 9.4. From 63 to 70 d, pigs fed diets with antibiotics had improved (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and 70 d BW compared to those fed control or amino acid diets. From 70 to 77 d, including antibiotics in the diet increased (P < 0.05) ADG and 77 d BW. From 77 to 90 d, pigs fed the amino acid diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those fed an antibiotic diet. From 63 to 90 d, although pig performance was not affected (P > 0.05), growth curve of pigs fed the antibiotic diets was different (P < 0.05) from those fed the control and amino acids diets. At 70 d, serum tumor necrosis factor-α and diamine oxidase (DAO) were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet than the control diet, and pigs fed the amino acid diet had intermediate results. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the amino acid diet than the antibiotic diet, and pigs fed the control diet had intermediate results. At 70 and 77 d, serum urea nitrogen was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the amino acid diet. At 77 d, DAO and serum immunoglobulin G was lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the antibiotic diet. FRAP was lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the amino acid and control diets. Serum malondialdehyde was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the amino acid diet than those fed the control diet, and pigs fed the antibiotic diet had intermediate results. At 90 d, antibiotics or amino acids did not affect (P > 0.05) serum parameters. Amino acid blend supplementation at the selected doses in this study did not positively affect growing pigs. Although from 63 to 77 d, antibiotics improved performance, when considering the overall study period, growing pigs did not benefit from a diet containing antibiotics.

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Hepatoprotaction by "Dangqui-Long-Hwei-Wan" in Male Mice

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x00000143 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 28 (01) ◽

pp. 115-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jay-Ho Chen ◽

Hsiu-O Ho ◽

Kun-Ying Yen ◽

Ling-Ling Yang

Keyword(s):

Medical Literature ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Hepatoprotective Effect ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Male Mice ◽

Scutellariae Radix ◽

Medical Book ◽

Hepatoprotective Effects ◽

The One

Dangqui-Long-Hwei-Wan (D.L.H.W.) is a traditional Chinese prescription for treatment of hepatitis. The hepatoprotective effects of D.L.H.W. and its constituents were investigated on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage mice. The hepatoprotective effect is more prominent for aqueous extracts of the complete formula of D.L.H.W., especially the one cited in the Chinese medical book Hsuan-Ming-Lun (H.M.L.). Our results are in accordance with those described in the Chinese medical literature and the indications suggested in clinical treatment (Wang, 1982). The results further indicate that Scutellariae Radix plays an important role in the hepatoprotective activity. Moschus could be omitted from D.L.H.W. with no significant influence on its effect. The underlying mechanism for the hepatoprotective effect of D.L.H.W. possibly results from the inhibition of the formation of •CCI3 and the enhancement of immunity of hepatitis-carrying patients.

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Polyphenols composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Pinus sylvestris L. shoots extracts depending on different drying methods

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i3.2080 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 229 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcin Dziedziński ◽

Joanna Kobus-Cisowska ◽

Daria Szymanowska- Powałowska ◽

Kinga Stuper- Szablewska ◽

Marlena Baranowska

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Raw Material ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Active Components ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) shoots have been increasingly commonly used as functional food or its component, the shoots contain various active components, unknown from other raw materials. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of the drying method on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of pine shoots. It was demonstrated that freeze drying (PSL), vacuum drying (PSP) and natural drying (PSN) have significant impact on the physicochemical properties, content of bioactive compounds and antioxidative activity of the prepared ethanol-water extracts. The content of the studied compounds varied significantly in the tested shoots. In spectrophotometric testing the highest total flavonoid content was demonstrated in the PSP sample, at 5.51 mg quercetin/g dw. On the other hand, the reducing capacity was as follows: PSN>PSP>PSL in the range from 13.4 to 5.73 mg gallic acid/g dw. However in assay conducted using HPLC methods the highest content of polyphenols characterized extract from freeze-dried raw material (9151.15 µg/g), followed by vacuum-dried (8264.57 µg/g), and the lowest content of phenolic compounds was found in convection-dried shoots (7621.76 µg/g). The studied extracts demonstrated antioxidative properties, both in ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) as well as in free radical quenching measurement (DPPH). All of the studied extracts demonstrated antimicrobial and fungicidal properties, and they were particularly efficient in the case of gram-negative bacteria.

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Amino Acid, Phytochemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Inky Cap Mushroom (Coprinus radiata)

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2021.22928 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 53-56

Author(s):

Thidarat Somdee ◽

Rattaphol Kraiklang ◽

Chatchada Mahaweerawat ◽

Suneerat Yangyuen ◽

Udomsak Mahaweerawat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Composition ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Water Extract ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

High Concentration ◽

Antioxidant Power

Evaluation of the amino acid composition, phytochemical properties and antioxidant activity of Coprinus radiata mushrooms was conducted. Free amino acid composition of fresh mushrooms was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The phytochemical properties analysis included total phenolic compound content and total flavonoid content of these mushrooms. Furthermore, antioxidant activity assays were performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Based on the results shown that a high concentration of non-essential amino acids, especially those of arginine and glutamic acid, were observed. However, isoleucine and leucine were major essential amino acids in these mushrooms. The ethanolic extract of C. radiata showed higher phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity than those of the water extract. It suggested that the C. radiata is a natural source containing some essential amino acids, a high amount of phytochemical properties and high antioxidant activity, potentially having medicinal and nutritional properties that provide health benefits.

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