A Review on Protocatechuic Acid and Its Pharmacological Potential

Flavonoids and polyphenols are heterocyclic molecules that have been associated with beneficial effects on human health, such as reducing the risk of various diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and brain diseases. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a type of widely distributed naturally occurring phenolic acid. PCA has structural similarity with gallic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid which are well-known antioxidant compounds. More than 500 plants contain PCA as active constituents imparting various pharmacological activity and these effects are due to their antioxidant activities, along with other possible mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory properties and interaction with several enzymes. Over the past two decades, there have been an increasing number of publications on polyphenols and flavonoids, which demonstrate the importance of understanding the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds, considering the benefits from their dietary ingestion as well as pharmacological use. This work aims to review the pharmacological effects of PCA molecules in humans and the structural aspects that contribute to these effects.

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Antioxidant Activities and Antioxidant Compounds of Some Specialty Rices

Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.2.129 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 129-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Sun-Jung Seo ◽

Young-Min Choi ◽

Seon-Mi Lee ◽

Su-Hyun Kong ◽

Jun-Soo Lee

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Compounds

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Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Ethanol Extracts from Milling By-products of Rice Cultivars

Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.4.624 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 624-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sea-Kwan Oh ◽

Dae-Jung Kim ◽

A-Reum Chun ◽

Mi-Ra Yoon ◽

Kee-Jong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

By Products

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Effects of Cultivated Area on Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidant Activities of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.3746/jkfn.2011.40.11.1512 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (11) ◽

pp. 1512-1517 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Koan-Sik Woo ◽

Jae-Saeng Lee ◽

Jong-Rae Kang ◽

Jee-Yeon Ko ◽

Seuk-Bo Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Sorghum Bicolor L

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Comparison Among Five Eucalyptus Species Based on Their Leaf Contents of Some Primary and Secondary Metabolites

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190610100122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 573-587

Author(s):

Alyaa Nasr ◽

Tehmina Saleem Khan ◽

Shi-Ping Huang ◽

Bin Wen ◽

Jian-Wen Shao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Renewable Resource ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Eucalyptus Species ◽

Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽

Acetone Water ◽

Phenolic Constituents

Background: Eucalyptus belongs to the Myrtaceae family. It is the most planted hardwood forest crop worldwide, representing a global renewable resource of fiber, pharmaceuticals and energy. Objective: To compare the five species, E. maidenii, E. robusta, E. citriodora, E. tereticornis and E. camaldulensis, seeking for the richest source of nutrients and pharmaceuticals. Methodology: Eucalyptus samples were subjected to some chemical determinations for both primary and secondary metabolites to verify their nutritional and pharmaceutical importance related to different extracts. GC-MS analysis was applied to detect the presence of some individual phenolic constituents in their leaves. Results: E. robusta recorded the maximum contents of carbohydrates (40.07%) and protein (31.91%). While E. camaldulensis contained the highest contents of total phenolic compounds (46.56 mg/g), tannins (40.01 mg/g) and antioxidant activities assayed by the phosphomolybednum method (57.60 mg/g), followed by E. citridora. However, E. tereticornis exhibited the highest reducing power ability (151.23 mg/g). The GC-MS highlighted 20 phenolic constituents and antioxidants which varied in their abundance in Eucalyptus leaves, 8 individual phenolics (hydroquinone, hesperitin, pyrogallol, resorcinol, protocatechuic acid, naringenin, chlorogenic acid and catechin) were maximally recorded with E. camaldulensis and secondly, with E. citridora in case of at least 5 components. Nevertheless, gallic and quinic acids were more abundant in the leaves of E. tereticornis, which may explain its high corresponding reducing powers. Conclusion: Acetone-water combination has enhanced phenolics extraction from Eucalyptus tissues. This is the first report aiming to compare between the aforementioned Eucalyptus species highlighting either their nutritional or medicinal importance.

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Study of antioxidant potential in leaves, stems, nuts of Juglans regia L.

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2012.10.003 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (10) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Raja* ◽

Ivvala Anand Shaker ◽

Inampudi Sailaja ◽

R. Swaminathan ◽

S. Saleem Basha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Radicals ◽

Free Radical ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Free Radical Damage ◽

Radical Damage

Natural antioxidants can protect the human body from free radicals and retard the progress of many chronic diseases as well as lipid oxidative rancidity in foods. The role of antioxidants has protected effect against free radical damage that may cause many diseases including cancer. Primary sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are known as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Several studies suggest that regular consumption of nuts, mostly walnuts, may have beneficial effects against oxidative stress mediated diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. The role of antioxidants has attracted much interest with respect to their protective effect against free radical damage that may cause many diseases including cancer. Juglans regia L. (walnut) contains antioxidant compounds, which are thought to contribute to their biological properties. Polyphenols, flavonoids and flavonols concentrations and antioxidant activity of Leaves, Stems and Nuts extract of Juglans regia L. as evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, Nitric acid, hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation and total oxidation activity were determined. The antioxidant activities of Leaves, Stems and Nuts extract of Juglans regia L. were concentration dependent in different experimental models and it was observed that free radicals were scavenged by the test compounds in all the models.

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Nanostructure, Self-Assembly, Mechanical Properties, and Antioxidant Activity of a Lupin-Derived Peptide Hydrogel

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9030294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 294

Author(s):

Raffaele Pugliese ◽

Anna Arnoldi ◽

Carmen Lammi

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Self Assembly ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Functional Materials ◽

Cd Spectroscopy ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

New Research ◽

Peptide Hydrogel

Naturally occurring food peptides are frequently used in the life sciences due to their beneficial effects through their impact on specific biochemical pathways. Furthermore, they are often leveraged for applications in areas as diverse as bioengineering, medicine, agriculture, and even fashion. However, progress toward understanding their self-assembling properties as functional materials are often hindered by their long aromatic and charged residue-enriched sequences encrypted in the parent protein sequence. In this study, we elucidate the nanostructure and the hierarchical self-assembly propensity of a lupin-derived peptide which belongs to the α-conglutin (11S globulin, legumin-like protein), with a straightforward N-terminal biotinylated oligoglycine tag-based methodology for controlling the nanostructures, biomechanics, and biological features. Extensive characterization was performed via Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), rheological measurements, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analyses. By using the biotin tag, we obtained a thixotropic lupin-derived peptide hydrogel (named BT13) with tunable mechanical properties (from 2 to 11 kPa), without impairing its spontaneous formation of β-sheet secondary structures. Lastly, we demonstrated that this hydrogel has antioxidant activity. Altogether, our findings address multiple challenges associated with the development of naturally occurring food peptide-based hydrogels, offering a new tool to both fine tune the mechanical properties and tailor the antioxidant activities, providing new research directions across food chemistry, biochemistry, and bioengineering.

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Phytochemical Fingerprinting and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Aerial Parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd. and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov Growing Widely in Southern Kazakhstan

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113193 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3193

Author(s):

Bagda Sagynaikyzy Zhumakanova ◽

Izabela Korona-Głowniak ◽

Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak ◽

Agnieszka Ludwiczuk ◽

Tomasz Baj ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Protocatechuic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Ethyl Esters ◽

Volatile Fraction ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity

The chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extracts (60% v/v) from the aerial parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd (TM) and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov (TS) from Southern Kazakhstan flora was analyzed together with their hexane fractions. Determination of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of both extracts was also performed. RP-HPLC/PDA and HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS showed that there were some differences between the composition of both extracts. The most characteristic components of TM were rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, while protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and eriodictyol predominated in TS. The content of polyplenols was higher in TS than in TM. The GC-MS analysis of the volatile fraction of both examined extracts revealed the presence of thymol and carvacrol. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids, fatty acids, and their ethyl esters were found in TM, and fatty acid methyl esters in TS. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was similar. The antibacterial activity of TS extract was somewhat higher than TM, while antifungal activity was the same. TS extract was the most active against Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) = 0.625 mg/mL, exerting a bactericidal effect. The obtained data provide novel information about the phytochemistry of both thyme species and suggest new potential application of TS as a source of bioactive compounds, especially with anti-H. pylori activity.

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Comparison of free and bound phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of leaves from different mulberry varieties

BMC Chemistry ◽

10.1186/s13065-021-00747-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhenjiang Wang ◽

Cuiming Tang ◽

Gengsheng Xiao ◽

Fanwei Dai ◽

Sen Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Syringic Acid ◽

Mulberry Leaves ◽

Phenolic Substances ◽

Further Development ◽

Active Substances ◽

Phenolic Extracts

AbstractMulberry leaves are used in traditional Chinese medicine and contain numerous active substances that are known to be beneficial for human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of the leaves from 23 mulberry cultivars. Qualitative LC-ESI-QTOF analysis revealed the presence of 11 phenolic compounds in the free phenolic extracts and 10 phenolic compounds in the bound fractions. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were the major components in the free and bound fractions, respectively. The results revealed that the changguosang cultivar from Taiwan contained the greatest content of phenolic compounds as well as the highest antioxidant activity among the 23 cultivars examined, as determined using three separate antioxidant assays. The isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, and rutin contents of the free phenolic extracts displayed significant correlations with the antioxidant activities, while syringic acid and rutin were the main contributors to the antioxidant activities of the bound phenolic fractions. The obtained results demonstrate that mulberry leaves contain a variety of beneficial phenolic substances and may be suitable for further development as a herbal medicine.

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Assessment of In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols from Annurca, Limoncella, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious Apples Using a Sequential Enzymatic Digestion Model

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10040541 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 541

Author(s):

Giulia Graziani ◽

Anna Gaspari ◽

Claudio Di Vaio ◽

Aurora Cirillo ◽

Carolina Liana Ronca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Enzymatic Digestion ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

In Vitro Bioaccessibility ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Great Relevance

Four different varieties of apples have been considered (Limoncella, Annurca, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious) to estimate the extent of colon polyphenolics release after in vitro sequential enzyme digestion. Since several studies report a positive effect of apple polyphenols in colonic damage, we found of interest to investigate the colon release of polyphenols in different varieties of apples in order to assess their prevention of colonic damage. UHPLC-HRMS analysis and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays) were carried out on the apple extracts (peel, flesh, and whole fruit) obtained from not digested samples and on bioaccessible fractions (duodenal and colon bioaccessible fractions) after in vitro digestion. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant activities were found to vary significantly among the tested cultivars with Limoncella showing the highest polyphenol content accompanied by an excellent antioxidant activity in both flesh and whole fruit. The overall trend of soluble antioxidant capacity from the soluble duodenal phase (SDP) and soluble colonic phase (SCP) followed the concentrations of flavanols, procyandinis, and hydroxycinnamic acids under the same digestive steps. Our results highlighted that on average 64.2% of the total soluble antioxidant activity was released in the SCP with Limoncella exhibiting the highest values (82.31, 70.05, and 65.5%, respectively for whole fruit, flesh, and peel). This result suggested that enzymatic treatment with pronase E and viscozyme L, to reproduce biochemical conditions occurring in the colon, is effective for breaking the dietary fiber-polyphenols interactions and for the release of polyphenols which can exercise their beneficial effects in the colon. The beneficial effects related to the Limoncella consumption could thus be of potential great relevance to counteract the adverse effects of pro-oxidant and inflammatory processes on intestinal cells.

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Determination of Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Stems from Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10020212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 212

Author(s):

Yeimi Cecilia Vega-Ruiz ◽

Corina Hayano-Kanashiro ◽

Nohemí Gámez-Meza ◽

Luis Angel Medina-Juárez

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Antioxidant Compounds ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Northwestern Region ◽

High Concentrations

Jatropha species have been shown to be an important source of secondary metabolites with different biological effects. Jatropha cinerea (Ortega) Müll. Arg and Jatropha cordata (Ortega) Müll. Arg are distributed in the Northwestern region of Mexico, are adapted to extreme weather conditions and are widely used (stems, leaves, and sap) in traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to carry out the phytochemical characterization and the evaluation of the antioxidant activity in methanolic extracts of stems and leaves from J. cinerea and J. cordata. The compounds present in the extracts of both species were characterized by ESI-IT-MS/MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. The results showed that the stem extracts of both species are rich in phenolic acids, while the leaf extracts are rich in flavonoids. Some of the main compounds found were gallic acid, gentisic acid, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, vitexin, isovitexin, and catechol. Both species showed high concentrations of phenols and total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. J. cordata showed the highest antioxidant capacity and the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. Overall, both Jatropha species are a natural source of antioxidant compounds with potential biotechnological uses.

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