scholarly journals FFAR4 (GPR120) Signaling Is Not Required for Anti-Inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Isling Pærregaard ◽  
Marianne Agerholm ◽  
Annette Karen Serup ◽  
Tao Ma ◽  
Bente Kiens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
High Sucrose

Free fatty acid receptor-4 (FFAR4), also known as GPR120, has been reported to mediate the beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) by inducing an anti-inflammatory immune response. Thus, activation of FFAR4 has been reported to ameliorate chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance accompanying obesity. However, conflicting reports on the role of FFAR4 in mediating the effects ofω3-PUFAs are emerging, suggesting that FFAR4 may not be the sole effector. Hence analyses of the importance of this receptor in relation to other signaling pathways and prominent effects ofω3-PUFAs remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we usedFfar4knockouts (KO) and heterozygous (HET) mice fed either low fat, low sucrose reference diet; high fat, high sucroseω3-PUFA; or high fat, high sucroseω6-PUFA diet for 36 weeks. We demonstrate that both KO and HET mice fedω3-PUFAs were protected against obesity, hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation, and whole-body insulin resistance. Moreover,ω3-PUFA fed mice had increased circulating protein levels of the anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin, decreased fasting insulin levels, and decreased mRNA expression of several proinflammatory molecules within visceral adipose tissue. In conclusion, we find that FFAR4 signaling is not required for the reported anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects mediated byω3-PUFAs.

scholarly journals Anti‐inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms by which omega‐3 fatty acids improve insulin resistance in high fat diet‐induced obese mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana ◽  
Kate Claycombe ◽  
Taryn Stewart ◽  
Rachael Hadidsaz ◽  
Suzanne Booker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Improve Insulin Resistance ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1154-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie W. Petersen ◽  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The latter disorders have been associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation reflected by a two- to threefold elevated level of several cytokines. Adipose tissue contributes to the production of TNF-α, which is reflected by elevated levels of soluble TNF-α receptors, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and C-reactive protein. We suggest that TNF-α rather than IL-6 is the driver behind insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and that IL-6 is a marker of the metabolic syndrome, rather than a cause. During exercise, IL-6 is produced by muscle fibers via a TNF-independent pathway. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra and IL-10 and inhibits the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. We suggest that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-α and thereby offers protection against TNF-α-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibers, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Here we suggest that myokines may be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and that these in particular are involved in the protection against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Small amounts of dietary medium-chain fatty acids protect against insulin resistance during caloric excess in humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Anne-Marie Lundsgaard ◽  
Andreas M. Fritzen ◽  
Kim. A. Sjøberg ◽  
Maximilian Kleinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Medium Chain ◽  
Medium Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have in rodents been shown to have protective effects on glucose homeostasis during high-fat overfeeding. In this study, we investigated whether dietary MCFAs protect against insulin resistance induced by a hypercaloric high-fat diet in humans. Healthy, lean men ingested a eucaloric control diet and a three-day hypercaloric high-fat diet (+75% energy, 81-83E% fat) in randomized order. For one group (n=8), the high-fat diet was enriched with saturated long-chain FAs (LCSFA-HFD), while the other group (n=9) ingested a matched diet, but with ~30 g (5E%) saturated MCFAs (MCSFA-HFD) in substitution for a corresponding fraction of the saturated LCFAs. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with femoral arteriovenous balance and glucose tracer was applied after the control and hypercaloric diets. In LCSFA-HFD, whole body insulin sensitivity and peripheral insulin-stimulated glucose disposal were reduced. These impairments were prevented in MCSFA-HFD, accompanied by increased basal FA oxidation, maintained glucose metabolic flexibility, increased non-oxidative glucose disposal related to lower starting glycogen content and increased glycogen synthase activity, together with increased muscle lactate production. In conclusion, substitution of a small amount of dietary LCFAs with MCFAs rescues insulin action in conditions of lipid-induced energy excess.

Mediterranean Diet and Osteoarticular Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-250
Author(s):  
Eliana R. Sanpaolo ◽  
Addolorata Corrado ◽  
Francesco P. Cantatore
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background: Besides the well-known positive effect on the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, in the latest decades growing evidence has accumulated on the beneficial effects of MD on various aspects of health outcomes. Nevertheless, data concerning the existence of a direct positive effect of MD, irrespective of its beneficial effect on body weight, in osteo-articular diseases, are still controversial. In osteo-articular diseases, a pro-inflammatory environment is highlighted, with an increased systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Objective: Our objective is to investigate the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and osteo-articular diseases. Conclusion: Many foods included in MD, have anti-inflammatory properties, due to the presence of nutrients, such as polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fats. The two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, have opposing effects on the inflammatory process. Omega-6 stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects, including significant reductions in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Some studies have shown that the dietary pattern of MD consumption has an important role in the prevention and development of inflammatory arthritis. Nevertheless, the possible influence of MD on chronic osteo-articular diseases is very limited, this review updates the main experimental and clinical evidences concerning the potential beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the most diffuse osteo-articular chronic and degenerative joint disease.

scholarly journals Evodiamine Attenuates P2X7-Mediated Inflammatory Injury of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Exposed to High Free Fatty Acids

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Xue ◽  
Ting Guo ◽  
Lifang Zou ◽  
Yingxin Gong ◽  
Bing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Human Umbilical Vein ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent around the world. Elevated concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) are closely related to insulin resistance and T2DM. P2X7 receptor is an ion channel gated by ATP, which is implicated in various scenarios including immune response, pain, and inflammation. In this study, we have explored whether P2X7 receptor is involved in pathological changes in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by high FFA treatment, and the potential beneficial effects of evodiamine. Evodiamine could effectively suppress the enhanced expression of P2X7 receptor caused by high FFAs at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, high FFA-induced cytotoxicity, the upregulated release of ATP, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be ameliorated by evodiamine in HUVECs. Evodiamine could also reverse the decreased NO formation and the increased adhesive events of immune cells at high FFAs. Moreover, evodiamine inhibited P2X7-dependent TNF-α expression and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation due to high FFAs. All these results indicated that evodiamine could correct the upregulated expression of P2X7 receptor induced under high FFA condition in HUVECs, and consequently suppressed oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

scholarly journals Excessive Refined Carbohydrates and Scarce Micronutrients Intakes Increase Inflammatory Mediators and Insulin Resistance in Prepubertal and Pubertal Obese Children Independently of Obesity

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardia López-Alarcón ◽  
Otilia Perichart-Perera ◽  
Samuel Flores-Huerta ◽  
Patricia Inda-Icaza ◽  
Maricela Rodríguez-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Refined Carbohydrates

Background.Low-grade inflammation is the link between obesity and insulin resistance. Because physiologic insulin resistance occurs at puberty, obese pubertal children are at higher risk for insulin resistance. Excessive diets in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats are risk factors for insulin resistance, but calcium, magnesium, vitamin-D, and the omega-3 fatty acids likely protect against inflammation and insulin resistance.Objective.To analyze interactions among dietary saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of inflammation and insulin resistance in a sample of prepubertal and pubertal children.Methods.A sample of 229 children from Mexico City was analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Anthropometric measurements, 24 h recall questionnaires, and blood samples were obtained. Serum insulin, glucose, calcium, magnesium, 25-OHD3, C-reactive protein, leptin, adiponectin, and erythrocytes fatty acids were measured. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used for analysis.Results.While mean macronutrients intake was excessive, micronutrients intake was deficient(P<0.01). Inflammation determinants were central obesity and magnesium-deficient diets. Determinants of insulin resistance were carbohydrates intake and circulating magnesium and adiponectin.Conclusions.Magnesium-deficient diets are determinants of inflammation, while high intake of refined carbohydrates is a risk factor for insulin resistance, independently of central adiposity.

scholarly journals “Insulin-Like” Effects of Palmitate Might Contribute to the Development of Insulin Resistance in Hypothalamic Neurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Benzler ◽  
Jonas Benzler ◽  
Sigrid Stoehr ◽  
Cindy Hempp ◽  
Mohammed Z. Rizwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Protein Levels

Saturated fatty acids are implicated in the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. There is evidence, however, that polyunsaturated fatty acids can counteract the pathogenic effects of saturated fatty acids. To gain insight into the early molecular mechanisms by which fatty acids influence hypothalamic inflammation and insulin resistance, we performed time-course experiments in a hypothalamic cell line, using different durations of treatment with the saturated fatty acid palmitate, and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Western blot analysis revealed that palmitate elevated the protein levels of phospho(p)AKT in a time-dependent manner. This effect seems involved in the pathogenicity of palmitate, as temporary inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway by selective PI3K inhibitors prevented palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Similarly to palmitate, DHA also increased levels of pAKT, but to a weaker extent. Co-administration of DHA with palmitate decreased pAKT close to the basal level after 8 h, and prevented palmitate-induced insulin resistance after 12 h. Measurement of the inflammatory markers pJNK and pNF&kappa;B-p65 revealed tonic elevation of both markers in the presence of palmitate alone. DHA alone transiently induced elevation of pJNK, returning to basal levels by 12 h treatment. Co-administration of DHA with palmitate prevented palmitate-induced inflammation after 12 h, but not at earlier time points.

scholarly journals Omega 3 Fatty Acid and Skin Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Sawada ◽  
Natsuko Saito-Sasaki ◽  
Motonobu Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Humans are exposed to various external environmental factors. Food intake is one of the most influential factors impacting daily lifestyle. Among nutrients obtained from foods, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have various beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, omega-3 PUFA metabolites, including resolvins, are known to demonstrate strong anti-inflammatory effects during allergic and inflammatory diseases; however, little is known regarding the actual impact of these metabolites on skin diseases. In this review, we focused on metabolites that have strong anti-inflammatory actions in various inflammatory diseases, as well as those that present antitumor actions in malignancies, in addition to the actual effect of omega-3 PUFA metabolites on various cells.

scholarly journals Glycemic index differences of high-fat diets modulate primarily lipid metabolism in murine adipose tissue

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (15) ◽  
pp. 942-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evert M. van Schothorst ◽  
Annelies Bunschoten ◽  
Eline Verlinde ◽  
Patrick Schrauwen ◽  
Jaap Keijer
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Ppar Γ

A low vs. high glycemic index of a high-fat (HF) diet (LGI and HGI, respectively) significantly retarded adverse health effects in adult male C57BL/6J mice, as shown recently (Van Schothorst EM, Bunschoten A, Schrauwen P, Mensink RP, Keijer J. FASEB J 23: 1092–1101, 2009). The LGI diet enhanced whole body insulin sensitivity and repressed HF diet-induced body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weight gain, resulting in significantly reduced serum leptin and resistin levels and increased adiponectin levels. We questioned how WAT is modulated and characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying the glycemic index-mediated effects using whole genome microarrays. This showed that the LGI diet mainly exerts its beneficial effects via substrate metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism. In addition, cell adhesion and cytoskeleton remodeling showed reduced expression, in line with lower WAT mass. An important transcription factor showing enhanced expression is PPAR-γ. Furthermore, serum levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL- and LDL-cholesterol were all significantly reduced by LGI diet, and simultaneously muscle insulin sensitivity was significantly increased as analyzed by protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation. Cumulatively, even though these mice were fed an HF diet, the LGI diet induced significantly favorable changes in metabolism in WAT. These effects suggest a partial overlap with pharmacological approaches by thiazolidinediones to treat insulin resistance and statins for hypercholesterolemia. It is therefore tempting to speculate that such a dietary approach might beneficially support pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance or hypercholesterolemia in humans.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have beneficial effects on visceral fat in diet-induced obesity model

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Haas de Mello ◽  
Rosiane de Bona Schraiber ◽  
Mariana Pereira de Souza Goldim ◽  
Khiany Mathias ◽  
Carolini Mendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity

This study evaluated the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on oxidative stress and energy metabolism parameters in the visceral fat of a high-fat-diet induced obesity model. Energy intake, body mass, and visceral fat mass were also evaluated. Male Swiss mice received either a control diet (control group) or a high-fat diet (obese group) for 6 weeks. After this period, the groups were divided into control + saline, control + omega-3, obese + saline, and obese + omega-3, and to these groups 400 mg·(kg body mass)−1·day−1 of fish oil (or saline) was administered orally, for 4 weeks. Energy intake and body mass were monitored throughout the experiment. In the 10th week, the animals were euthanized and the visceral fat (mesenteric) was removed. Treatment with omega-3 PUFAs did not affect energy intake or body mass, but it did reduced visceral fat mass. In visceral fat, omega-3 PUFAs reduced oxidative damage and alleviated changes to the antioxidant defense system and the Krebs cycle. The mitochondrial respiratory chain was neither altered by obesity nor by omega-3 PUFAs. In conclusion, omega-3 PUFAs have beneficial effects on the visceral fat of obese mice because they mitigate changes caused by the consumption of a high-fat diet.

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