scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Digestibility of Beef and Consequences for Designing Meat-Centric Meals

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mustafa M. Farouk ◽  
Guojie Wu ◽  
Deborah A. Frost ◽  
Maryann Staincliffe ◽  
Scott O. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rigor State ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Starchy Foods

The impact of the following on beef digestibility was determined by static in vitro methods: (1) age of cattle; (2) muscle rigor state, ultimate pH, and mincing/particle size; (3) muscle/meat cut; (4) organ meats; and (5) meat accompaniments. Results indicate that beef is more digestible from older compared to younger cattle; prerigor compared to postrigor meat; higher compared to lower ultimate pH meat; cuts with lower compared to higher collagen contents; finely compared to coarsely minced/ground meat; and organ (liver and kidney) compared to muscle meat. Beef digestibility is enhanced when cooked with mushroom and pumpkin and reduced with starchy foods such as rice and potatoes. The outcomes of this study provide a base for the scientific design of meals with beef as a central ingredient and digestibility as the main functionality of interest.

scholarly journals Water-Dispersible Phytosterol Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and in vitro Digestion

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ao Li ◽  
Aixia Zhu ◽  
Di Kong ◽  
Chunwei Wang ◽  
Shiping Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soybean Lecithin ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Soy Protein Isolate ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
The Impact

For improving solubility and bioaccessibility of phytosterols (PS), phytosterol nanoparticles (PNPs) were prepared by emulsification–evaporation combined high-pressure homogenization method. The organic phase was formed with the dissolved PS and soybean lecithin (SL) in anhydrous ethanol, then mixed with soy protein isolate (SPI) solution, and homogenized into nanoparticles, followed by the evaporation of ethanol. The optimum fabrication conditions were determined as PS (1%, w/v): SL of 1:4, SPI content of 0.75% (w/v), and ethanol volume of 16 ml. PNPs were characterized to have average particle size 93.35 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.179, zeta potential −29.3 mV, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) 97.3%. The impact of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the stability of fabricated PNPs was determined. After 3-h in vitro digestion, the bioaccessibility of PS in nanoparticles reached 70.8%, significantly higher than the 18.2% of raw PS. Upon freeze-drying, the particle size of PNPs increased to 199.1 nm, resulting in a bimodal distribution. The solubility of PS in water could reach up to 2.122 mg/ml, ~155 times higher than that of raw PS. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of functional PS-food ingredients.

scholarly journals The Impact of Nylon-3 Copolymer Composition on the Efficiency of siRNA Delivery to Glioblastoma Cells

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Hartl ◽  
Friederike Adams ◽  
Gabriella Costabile ◽  
Lorenz Isert ◽  
Markus Döblinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Laser Doppler Anemometry ◽  
Sirna Delivery ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Approach ◽  
The Impact

Glioblastoma multiforme is a devastating disease that has attracted enormous attention due to poor prognosis and high recurrence. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) in principle offers a promising therapeutic approach by the downregulation of disease-related genes via RNA interference. For efficient siRNA delivery to target sites, cationic polymers are often used in preclinical studies for the protection of siRNA and complex formation based on electrostatic interactions. In an effort to develop biocompatible and efficient nanocarriers with a translational outlook for optimal gene silencing at reduced toxicity, we synthesized two sets of nylon-3 copolymers with variable cationic content (DM or NM monomer) and hydrophobic subunits (CP monomer) and evaluated their suitability for in vitro siRNA delivery into glioblastoma cells. DM0.4/CP0.6 and NM0.4/CP0.6 polymers with similar subunit ratios were synthesized to compare the effect of different cationic subunits. Additionally, we utilized NM0.2/CP0.8 polymers to evaluate the impact of the different hydrophobic content in the polymer chain. The siRNA condensation ability and polymer–siRNA complex stability was evaluated by unmodified and modified SYBR gold assays, respectively. Further physicochemical characteristics, e.g., particle size and surface charge, were evaluated by dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler anemometry, whereas a relatively new method for polyplex size distribution analysis—tunable resistive pulse sensing—was additionally developed and compared to DLS measurements. Transfection efficiencies, the route of cell internalization, and protein knockdown abilities in glioblastoma cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, cellular tolerability was evaluated by MTT and LDH assays. All the polymers efficiently condensed siRNA at N/P ratios of three, whereas polymers with NM cationic subunits demonstrated smaller particle size and lower polyplex stability. Furthermore, NM0.2/CP0.8 polyplexes with the highest hydrophobic content displayed significantly higher cellular internalization in comparison to more cationic formulations and successful knockdown capabilities. Detailed investigations of the cellular uptake route demonstrated that these polyplexes mainly follow clathrin-mediated endocytotic uptake mechanisms, implying high interaction capacity with cellular membranes. Taken together with conducive toxicity profiles, highly hydrophobic nylon-3 polymers provide an appropriate siRNA delivery agent for the potential treatment of glioblastoma.

scholarly journals Analysis of a grinding efficiency in the electromagnetic mill for variable process and feed parameters

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Marta Wołosiewicz-Głąb ◽  
Dariusz Foszcz ◽  
Daniel Saramak ◽  
Tomasz Gawenda ◽  
Damian Krawczykowski
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Copper Ore ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Grinding Media ◽  
Grinding Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Article describes issues related to the assessment of raw materials grinding efficiency in an electromagnetic mill. Application of such type of mill in grinding processes can result in measurable benefits of more efficient raw material grinding by reducing time needed to produce a product of a suitable particle size compared to conventional mills. The expected effect of application of a system based on an electromagnetic mill is to achieve a lower energy consumption of grinding process for raw material processing compared to the existing equipment used for the fine grinding. A key element of correct design of comminution circuits in processing of particular feed mineral is to identify the impact of key factors affecting the efficiency of the grinding process. The most important factors determining the efficiency of the grinding process are the time, the construction parameters of the machine, the type of grinding media used in grinding process, as well as the parameters of the feed, among others the crushing resistance or particle size. The paper presents the results of kinetic study of copper ore grinding in electromagnetic mill for variable feed particle size distribution of and different sizes of grinding media.

The impact of particle size on the rate and extent of in vitro fermentation investigated using the Reading Pressure Technique

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
F.L. Mould ◽  
D. Colombatto ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
The Impact

The extent of rumen degradability of a feedstuff depends on the interaction between rate of degradation and residence time. In situ techniques require that substrates are ground to obtain a homogenous sample and to reduce result variability. However undegraded feed particle losses increase with bag pore size and fineness of grinding. If these particles are degraded at a similar or lower rate than the retained material, degradability, especially for short-term incubations, will be overestimated. In contrast if the feed particles lost are more readily degraded the degradability measurements obtained will be unaffected. Where improvements due to grinding have been recorded in situ these are assumed to result from variations in the proportion of fine particles that are immediately soluble or rapidly degradable. Gas-based in vitro feed evaluation systems offer the possibility of quantifying this effect directly and a study was therefore conducted to investigate the impact of particle size on the rate and extent of fermentation using the Reading Pressure Technique (Mauricio et al., 1999).

scholarly journals Revalorization of Coffee Husk: Modeling and Optimizing the Green Sustainable Extraction of Phenolic Compounds

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz ◽  
Silvia Cañas ◽  
Diego Taladrid ◽  
Vanesa Benítez ◽  
Begoña Bartolomé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sustainable Extraction

This study aimed to model and optimize a green sustainable extraction method of phenolic compounds from the coffee husk. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to model the impact of extraction variables (temperature, time, acidity, and solid-to-liquid ratio) on the recovery of phenolic compounds. All responses were fitted to the RSM and ANN model, which revealed high estimation capabilities. The main factors affecting phenolic extraction were temperature, followed by solid-to-liquid ratio, and acidity. The optimal extraction conditions were 100 °C, 90 min, 0% citric acid, and 0.02 g coffee husk mL−1. Under these conditions, experimental values for total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, o-diphenols, and in vitro antioxidant capacity matched with predicted ones, therefore, validating the model. The presence of chlorogenic, protocatechuic, caffeic, and gallic acids and kaemferol-3-O-galactoside was confirmed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The phenolic aqueous extracts from the coffee husk could be used as sustainable food ingredients and nutraceutical products.

scholarly journals Musa sp. Leaves Extract Ameliorates the Hepato-Renal Toxicities Induced by Cadmium in Mice

Molecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Karim Samy El-Said ◽  
Shaimaa Hussein ◽  
Barakat M. Alrashdi ◽  
Heba A. Mahmoud ◽  
Mahrous A. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Molecular Alterations ◽  
Musa Sp ◽  
Antioxidant Parameters ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
The Impact

Heavy metals intoxication causes several health problems that necessitate finding new protective and therapeutic approaches. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Musa sp. leaves extract (MLE) on hepato-renal toxicities induced by cadmium (Cd) in male mice. The phytochemical screening, metal chelating activity (MCA), and the median lethal dose (LD50) of MLE were determined. Fifty CD-1 male mice were used and intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with MLE (1000 to 5000 mg/kg b.wt) for MLE LD50 determination. Another 50 mice were used for evaluating the effect of MLE on Cd toxicity. Blood samples were collected for hematological, liver, and kidney functions assessments. Liver tissue homogenates were used for determination of oxidant/antioxidant parameters. Liver and kidney tissues were harvested for histopathological and molecular investigations. MLE showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities. The MCA and LD50 of the MLE were 75 µg/mL and 3000 mg/kg b.wt, respectively. MLE showed beneficial therapeutic activity against hepato-renal toxicities in Cd-intoxicated mice, evidenced by improving the hematological, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular alterations.

scholarly journals Radiodensity of Various Dental Biomaterials for Endodontics: The Role of Particle Size

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Saghiri ◽  
Steven M Morgano ◽  
Hamed Kazerani ◽  
Shuying Jiang ◽  
James L Gutmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Size Of Particles ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: The thickness threshold for detecting endodontic biomaterials depends on many factors, such as the nature of the radiopacifier and the particle size. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thickness on radiodensity of various endodontic biomaterials; and evaluate the impact of radiopacifier particle size on radiodensity. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted between August 2018 to December 2019. The study was divided in two parts, in first part, Six endodontic biomaterials (AH26, EndoSequence, Endoseal Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Nano-MTA, Endocem Zr, and MTA without radiopacifier) were selected and evaluated in different thicknesses, in second part, MTA mixed with Bismuth oxide 10 μm, 200 μm, 120 nm (Groups 1-3), and Zirconium oxide 5 μm, 1 μm and 20 nm (Groups 4-6) were placed in frames with 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.1 mm thicknesses to evaluate the radiopacity. Results: The mean radiodensity was significantly different among various thickness (p<0.001) and materials (p<0.001). The changes of the radiodensity in various thickness from one material to the other were not uniform (interaction p-value <0.001). A 1 mm thickness had highest radiodensity (206.6±83.99), followed by 0.5 mm (68.9±24.6), 0.2 mm (17.9±4.9), and 0.1 mm thick material had least radiodensity (11.97±4.37). Materials of AH26 (99.1±103.2), Nano MTA (97.4±104.9), Endoseal MTA (87.86±101.4), Endosequence BC sealer (85.5±93.87) and Endocem Zr (71.88±77.67) were significantly different from the control group (16.38±10.85). The size of particles played important role in radiodensity (p<0.001). The radiodensity of Fine GIII (100 nm) material (112.68±108.47) was significantly higher than other materials: Thin GII (200 nm) (100.9±102.4), Fine GVI (20-40 nm) (99.7±95.1), Coarse GI (10 μm) (76.66±74.75), Thin GV (1~3 μm) (63.19±67.3), Coarse GIV (5 μm) (49.66±51.59) and MTA without Radiopaque Agent GVII (100%) (23.67±19.68). The effect of the thickness on radiodensity was different for each biomaterial, with significant differences from the control group. Conclusion: One of the readily available methods for increasing radiodensity is to increase the amount of radiopacifier, which might compromise the physical properties of the material. Fine particle radiopacifier (120 nm) with 1 mm thickness has significantly higher radiodensity than any other biomaterials in this study. Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that the radiopacifier particle size has a significant impact on the level of radiodensity of dental biomaterials. Finding the optimum distribution, size, and geometry of radiopacifier particles within the same fraction rate can enhance the radiodensity.

scholarly journals Applying Box–Behnken Design for Formulation and Optimization of PLGA-Coffee Nanoparticles and Detecting Enhanced Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Nouran S. Sharaf ◽  
Amro Shetta ◽  
Jailan E. Elhalawani ◽  
Wael Mamdouh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Plga Nanoparticles ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Surface Stability ◽  
The Impact

In an attempt to prove biological activity enhancement upon particle size reduction to the nanoscale, coffee (Cf) was chosen to be formulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) using the single emulsion-solvent evaporation (SE-SE) method via Box–Behnken Design (BBD) to study the impact of certain process and formulation parameters on the particle size and size homogeneity, surface stability and encapsulation efficiency (EE%). The coffee-loaded PLGA (PLGA-Cf) NPs were characterized by different methods to aid in selecting the optimum formulation conditions. The desirable physicochemical characteristics involved small particle sizes with an average of 318.60 ± 5.65 nm, uniformly distributed within a narrow range (PDI of 0.074 ± 0.015), with considerable stability (Zeta Potential of −20.50 ± 0.52 mV) and the highest EE% (85.92 ± 4.01%). The antioxidant and anticancer activities of plain PLGA NPs, pure Cf and the optimum PLGA-Cf NPs, were evaluated using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. As a result of nano-encapsulation, antioxidant activity was enhanced by 26.5%. Encapsulated Cf showed higher anticancer potency than pure Cf against different cancerous cell lines with an increase of 86.78%, 78.17%, 85.84% and 84.84% against MCF-7, A-549, HeLa and HepG-2, respectively. The in vitro release followed the Weibull release model with slow and biphasic release profile in both tested pH media, 7.4 and 5.5.

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