scholarly journals Exosomes: Emerging Therapy Delivery Tools and Biomarkers for Kidney Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Can Jin ◽  
Peipei Wu ◽  
Linli Li ◽  
Wenrong Xu ◽  
Hui Qian
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects

Exosomes are nanometer-sized small EVs coated with bilayer structure, which are released by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Exosomes are rich in a variety of biologically active substances, such as proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids and cell culture supernatants, and it mediates the physiological and pathological processes of the body through the shuttle of these active ingredients to target cells. In recent years, studies have shown that exosomes from a variety of cell sources can play a beneficial role in acute and chronic kidney disease. In particular, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells have significant curative effects on the prevention and treatment of kidney disease in preclinical trials. Besides, some encapsulated substances are demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on various diseases, so they have attracted much attention. In addition, exosomes have extensive sources, stable biological activity, and good biocompatibility and are easy to store and transport; these advantages endow exosomes with superior diagnostic value. With the rapid development of liquid biopsy technology related to exosomes, the application of exosomes in the rapid diagnosis of kidney disease has become more prominent. In this review, the latest development of exosomes, including the biosynthesis process, the isolation and identification methods of exosomes are systematically summarized. The utilization of exosomes in diagnosis and their positive effects in the repair of kidney dysfunction are discussed, along with the specific mechanisms. This review is expected to be helpful for relevant studies and to provide insight into future applications in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Targeting the KEAP1-NRF2 System to Prevent Kidney Disease Progression

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nezu ◽  
Norio Suzuki ◽  
Masayuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Renal Protection ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Basic Studies

Background: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a critical transcription factor for the antioxidative stress response and it activates a variety of cytoprotective genes related to redox and detoxification. NRF2 activity is regulated by the oxidative-stress sensor molecule Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) that induces proteasomal degradation of NRF2 through ubiquitinating NRF2 under unstressed conditions. Because oxidative stress is a major pathogenic and aggravating factor for kidney diseases, the KEAP1-NRF2 system has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for renal protection. Summary: Oxidative-stress molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, accumulate in the kidneys of animal models for acute kidney injury (AKI), in which NRF2 is transiently and slightly activated. Genetic or pharmacological enhancement of NRF2 activity in the renal tubules significantly ameliorates damage related to AKI and prevents AKI progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing oxidative stress. These beneficial effects of NRF2 activation highlight the KEAP1-NRF2 system as an important target for kidney disease treatment. However, a phase-3 clinical trial of a KEAP1 inhibitor for patients with stage 4 CKD and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was terminated due to the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Because recent basic studies have accumulated positive effects of KEAP1 inhibitors in moderate stages of CKD, phase-2 trials have been restarted. The data from the ongoing projects demonstrate that a KEAP1 inhibitor improves the glomerular filtration rate in patients with stage 3 CKD and T2DM without safety concerns. Key Message: The KEAP1-NRF2 system is one of the most promising therapeutic targets for kidney disease, and KEAP1 inhibitors could be part of critical therapies for kidney disease.

scholarly journals Intercorrências Clínicas em Hemodiálise Ambulatorial: Intervenções do Enfermeiro

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (5-esp.) ◽  
pp. 611-618
Author(s):  
Vânia Aparecida dos Santos ◽  
Haroldo Ferreira Araújo ◽  
Marcio Luiz Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapies ◽  
Urinary Infections ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Volume Of Fluids ◽  
Do So

Os rins têm função vital, pois são responsáveis pela eliminação de toxinas, regulação do volume de líquidos e pela filtragem do sangue (filtram, por minuto, em média 20% do volume sanguíneo bombeado pelo coração). Dessa forma, a função renal é avaliada com base na filtração glomerular (FG) e sua redução é observada na doença renal crônica (DRC), quando ocorre a perda das funções reguladora, excretora e endócrina dos rins. Desequilíbrios esses que podem ser de consequência vascular, por comorbidade secundária, por doença renal secundária a drogas ou agentes tóxicos, infecções urinárias de repetição, doença de próstata, doenças policísticas renal, entre outras. Nas terapias renais substitutivas, a diálise é empregada para remover líquidos e produtos residuais urêmicos do organismo, quando o corpo não consegue mais fazê-lo. Tendo em vista que o procedimento hemodialítico tem complicações potenciais, considera-se vital  que o enfermeiro deva estar apto para intervir em tais intercorrências, portanto, ficando evidente a importância deste estudo. Objetiva-se, portanto, descrever as intervenções do enfermeiro em intercorrências clínicas durante a hemodiálise ambulatorial, bem como descrever as principais intercorrências durante as sessões de hemodiálise ambulatorial e se há protocolos específicos de intervenções do enfermeiro em intercorrências com o paciente dialítico. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de revisão integrativa da literatura, pois esta metodologia de revisão tem por propósito realizar uma dada síntese rigorosa de todas as pesquisas encontradas relacionadas a uma questão específica.   Palavras-chave: Enfermagem. Hemodiálise. Intercorrências   Abstract The kidneys have a vital function, as they are responsible for eliminating toxins, regulating the volume of fluids and filtering the blood (they filter, on average, 20% of the blood volume pumped by the heart per minute). Thus, renal function is assessed based on glomerular filtration (FG) and its reduction is seen in chronic kidney disease (CKD), when the loss of the kidneys regulatory, excretory and endocrine functions occurs. These imbalances can be of vascular consequence, secondary comorbidity, kidney disease secondary to drugs or toxic agents, recurrent urinary infections, prostate disease, polycystic kidney diseases, among others. In renal replacement therapies, dialysis is used to remove uremic fluids and waste products from the body when the body is unable to do so. Bearing in mind that the hemodialysis procedure has potential complications, it is considered nodal that the nurse must be able to intervene in such complications, therefore, the importance of this study is evident. Therefore, the objective is to describe the nurse's interventions in clinical complications during the outpatient hemodialysis, as well as to describe the main complications during the outpatient hemodialysis sessions and if there are specific protocols for the nurse interventions in complications with dialysis patients. It is an integrative literature review research, since this review methodology aims to perform a given rigorous synthesis of all the studies found related to a specific issue.   Keywords: Nursing. Hemodialysis. Complications

scholarly journals Adipokines and Obesity. Potential Link to Metabolic Disorders and Chronic Complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Zorena ◽  
Olga Jachimowicz-Duda ◽  
Daniel Ślęzak ◽  
Marlena Robakowska ◽  
Małgorzata Mrugacz
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Overweight People ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized obesity as one of the top ten threats to human health. It is estimated that the number of obese and overweight people worldwide exceeds the number of those who are undernourished. Obesity is not only a state of abnormally increased adipose tissue in the body, but also of increased release of biologically active adipokines. Adipokines released into the circulating blood, due to their specific receptors on the surface of target cells, act as classic hormones affecting the metabolism of tissues and organs. What is more, adipokines and cytokines may decrease the insulin sensitivity of tissues and induce inflammation and development of chronic complications. Certainly, it can be stated that in an era of a global obesity pandemic, adipokines may gain more and more importance as regards their use in the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of white, brown and perivascular fatty tissue and obesity-related metabolic and chronic complications was conducted online using PubMed, the Cochrane database and Embase.

scholarly journals The potency of PLGA-Encapsulated Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) as adjuvant therapy for chronic kidney disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-279
Author(s):  
Deandra Maharani Widiatmaja ◽  
Alyaa Ulaa Dhiya Ul Haq ◽  
Dinda Dwi Purwati ◽  
Arifa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Adjuvant Therapy ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Protective Agent ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Plga Encapsulation

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence keeps increasing worldwide and being particular concern due to its morbidity and mortality. However, current CKD therapy are known to be economically costly and not necessarily provide better outcomes. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the substances that widely studied as perspective therapeutic agents of CKD due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and enhancing mitochondrial function ability. However, the use of EGCG is limited to low bioavailability and poor pharmacokinetic profile. Encapsulation of EGCG with PLGA is expected to increase the efficacy of EGCG especially for its use as the kidney protective agent and optimize therapy of CKD. Thus, this study aims to analyze the potency of PLGA-encapsulated EGCG as the adjuvant therapy for CKD. This study was a narrative review summarizes studies related to current adjuvant therapy of CKD. EGCG has beneficial effects in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines among chronic kidney disease. EGCG also can increase scavenging of free radicals to decrease reactive oxygen species. EGCG is known to enhance mitochondrial function and increase mitochondrial protection to prevent apoptosis in various kidney diseases. Combination of PLGA encapsulation with EGCG has a beneficial effect in improving the delivery, bioavailability, stability, and the pharmacokinetic profile of EGCG. PLGA-encapsulated EGCG also provides a better therapeutic effect on preventing and decreasing progression of kidney damage. Finally, this study concluded that combination of PLGA-encapsulated EGCG has a potency as the adjuvant therapy of CKD.

COLONIC MICROBIOTA AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASES INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. PART II

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
A. Sh. Rumyantsev ◽  
I. Yu. Panina ◽  
V. Akimenko
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Chronic Kidney Diseases ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Active Substances

Interest in studying the role of the gastrointestinal tract in maintaining homeostasis in chronic kidney disease is a traditional one. It served, in particular, as a starting point for the creation of enterosorbents. However, if earlier the main attention was paid to the mechanical removal of a number of potentially dangerous biologically active substances, recently an intestinal microbiota has become an object of interest. The first part of the review of the literature on this topic is devoted to questions of terminology, the normal physiology of the colon microbiota. A detailed description of dysbiosis is given. The features of the main groups of microorganisms are reflected. The hypothetical and confirmed interrelations of the intestine-kidney axis are presented. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the influence of colon dysbiosis on the processes of local and systemic inflammation are discussed. The influence of dysbiosis on the state of the kidney parenchyma and its participation in the progression of CKD are debated.

Biochemical Composition And Medical Value Of Pharmacy Chamomile

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (06) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
Yuldashev Nasirdjan ◽  
◽  
Tuhtaeva Feruza ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Chamomile has been used in scientific and folk medicine since ancient times and is still widely used in medicine due to its high medicinal properties. The beneficial effects of the flavonoids, essential oils and other biochemicals contained in it prevent and fight many diseases in the body thanks to its positive effects.

Angiotensin-(1–7) in kidney disease: a review of the controversies

2012 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 333-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Zimmerman ◽  
Kevin D. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Renal Vasculature ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Enzymatic Pathways

Ang-(1–7) [angiotensin-(1–7)] is a biologically active heptapeptide component of the RAS (renin–angiotensin system), and is generated in the kidney at relatively high levels, via enzymatic pathways that include ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The biological effects of Ang-(1–7) in the kidney are primarily mediated by interaction with the G-protein-coupled receptor Mas. However, other complex effects have been described that may involve receptor–receptor interactions with AT1 (angiotensin II type 1) or AT2 (angiotensin II type 2) receptors, as well as nuclear receptor binding. In the renal vasculature, Ang-(1–7) has vasodilatory properties and it opposes growth-stimulatory signalling in tubular epithelial cells. In several kidney diseases, including hypertensive and diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, pre-eclampsia and acute kidney injury, a growing body of evidence supports a role for endogenous or exogenous Ang-(1–7) as an antagonist of signalling mediated by AT1 receptors and thereby as a protector against nephron injury. In certain experimental conditions, Ang-(1–7) appears to paradoxically exacerbate renal injury, suggesting that dose or route of administration, state of activation of the local RAS, cell-specific signalling or non-Mas receptor-mediated pathways may contribute to the deleterious responses. Although Ang-(1–7) has promise as a potential therapeutic agent in humans with kidney disease, further studies are required to delineate its signalling mechanisms in the kidney under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

scholarly journals Posture and physical activity in dialysis patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Szałowska-Bojarun ◽  
Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Sroka
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Negative Effect

A review of the literature concerning posture and physical activity among dialysis patients was performed in order to determine strategies for improving physical activity and thus quality of life in this group of patients. Correct posture ensures harmonious functioning of the body with optimal efficiency. A sedentary lifestyle has a negative effect on posture and reduces a person’s physical fitness. Haemodialysis forces patients to sit or lie down for long periods of time, while the consequences of chronic disease additionally predispose them to a sedentary lifestyle. Patients with chronic kidney disease treated by dialysis are particularly likely to exhibit sedentary behaviour, and thus are less physically active. The physical fitness of dialysis patients deteriorates due to kidney disease, but also because of concomitant diseases. It is very important to educate patients about the positive effects of physical activity, as well as to promote exercise as a necessary element of treatment for improving their quality of life.

Exosomes: the ideal nanovectors for biodelivery

2013 ◽  
Vol 394 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Fais ◽  
Mariantonia Logozzi ◽  
Luana Lugini ◽  
Cristina Federici ◽  
Tommaso Azzarito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Nanomedicine aims to exploit the improved and often novel physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials at the nanometric scale, possibly with the highest level of biomimetism, an approach that simulates what occurs in nature. Although extracellularly released vesicles include both microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, only exosomes have the size that may be considered suitable for potential use in nanomedicine. In fact, recent reports have shown that exosomes are able to interact with target cells within an organ or at a distance using different mechanisms. Much is yet to be understood about exosomes, and currently, we are looking at the visible top of an iceberg, with most of what we have to understand on these nanovesicles still under the sea. In fact, we know that exosomes released by normal cells always trigger positive effects, whereas those released by cells in pathological condition, such as tumor or infected cells, may induce undesired, dangerous, and mostly unknown effects, but we cannot exclude the possibility that exosomes may also be detrimental for the body in normal conditions. However, whether we consider extracellular vesicles as a whole, thus including MVs, it appears that even in normal conditions, extracellular vesicles may lead to unwanted effects, depending on gender and age. This review aims to critically emphasize existing data in the literature that support the possible roles of exosomes in both diagnostic and therapeutic scopes.

scholarly journals Fundamental Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-111
Author(s):  
Sergey Brankovich Bolevich ◽  
Peter Frantzevich Litvitsky ◽  
Sergei Vitalievich Grachev ◽  
Sergey Ivanovich Vorobyev ◽  
Alexandra Sergeevna Orlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Atypical Pneumonia ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus infection occurred in the People’s Republic of China with an epicentre in the city of Wuhan. On February 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization assigned the official name of the infection caused by the new coronavirus – COVID-19. COVID-19 has affected people from all over the world given that the infection was noted in 200 countries resulting in annunciation of the pandemic situation. Human corona viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory infections. At the end of 2002, a new coronavirus appeared (SARS-CoV), the causal agent of atypical pneumonia, which caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The initial stage of COVID-19 infection is the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into target cells that have angiotensin converting enzyme type II receptors. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and interacts primarily with toll-like receptors (TLRs). The events in SARS-Cov-2 induced infection follow the next scenario: epithelial cells via TLRs recognize and identify SARS-Cov-2, and after that the information is transmitted to the transcriptional NF-κB, which causes expression of the corresponding genes. Activated in this way, the epithelial cells begin to synthesize various biologically active molecules. The results obtained on preclinical material indicate that ROS generation increases and the antioxidant protection decreases, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV, as well as in the progression and severity of this respiratory disease.

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