scholarly journals Method for Rapid Labeling of Waste Sludge from a Food Factory with 15N-Glycine and Evaluation of N Use Using Komatsuna (Brassica rapa Var. perviridis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mizuho Miura-Ido ◽  
Yuzuri Iwamoto ◽  
Hiroi Kouya ◽  
Yoshihiko Takahashi ◽  
Amjad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Active Sludge ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Excellent Growth ◽  
Mixing Method ◽  
Rapid Labeling ◽  
To Come ◽  
N Use

The waste sludge from food factories has rich nutrients and useful material for fertilizer or animal feed, but quick treatments and recycling of the waste sludge are difficult due to its higher water content. We have developed a rapid composting system to make sludge fertilizer using mix of waste sludge and shredded newspaper (Sludge Fertilizer Made by Paper Mixing Method, SF-PMM). The mixture was incubated in a box reactor, continuously aerated with warm air around 35°C, and changed to mature SF-PMM, in only two weeks. To search movement of N from the SF-PMM to plants, we developed a new method to label small amounts of SF-PMM with 15N-glycine. 50 L of wastewater from a food factory was incubated with 1 L of active sludge and 3 g of 15N-glycine (98 atom% 15N), and 175 g of labeled sludge was obtained in a day. This sludge was mixed with 25 g of newspaper chips, packed between two steel meshes, and placed at 20 cm depth in the reactor composting 200 kg of unlabeled sludge-paper mixture. Composting was restarted, and after about 7 days of reaction, 15N-labeled SF-PMM 7.03 atom% 15N was obtained. The surrounding unlabeled compost contained 4.0, 4.0, and 0.8% of N, P2O5, and K2O, respectively. C/N and pH were 10 and 7.4, respectively. Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) was cultivated in a pot with 50 and 100 mg N of SF-PMM, and healthy plants were obtained as in the Control experiments containing 50 mg N ammonium sulfate. No growth inhibition was observed in these experiments. Even in 100 mg SF-PMM, excellent growth of the roots was observed. About 56% of the N in the plant was shown to come from 15N-SF-PMM, and about 6% of the total15N in the 15N-SF-PMM was also shown to be incorporated into the plant.

scholarly journals 274 Effects of Supplemental Calcium on Plant Growth, Ion Accumulation in Roots and Transports to Shoots of Brassica rapa L.

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 489D-489
Author(s):  
T.R. Kwon ◽  
P.J.C. Harris ◽  
W.F. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Ion Accumulation ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Nacl Salinity ◽  
Ca Addition ◽  
Supplemental Calcium

The effects of supplemental Ca on salinity tolerance were tested using a Brassica rapa L. landrace, `Sani', which is salt-sensitive. Plants were grown in a continuous aerated hydroponic system with 0.25-strength Hoagland solutions containing 125 mM NaCl plus 0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10 mM CaCl 2. The effects of Ca treatment were significant in reducing Na accumulation in roots, Na+ transport from roots to shoots and in enhancing K and Ca accumulation and transport. The Ca addition also enhanced the selectivities of both K and Ca over Na of accumulation at roots and of transport to shoots. However, supplemental Ca did not alleviate the growth reduction caused by the NaCl salinity. These results suggest that the growth inhibition of salt-treated B. rapa `Sani' is mainly caused by factors other than Na, K, and Ca contents in plants.

Heavy metals removal from contaminated sewage sludge by naturally fermented raw liquid from pineapple wastes

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominica Del Mundo Dacera ◽  
Sandhya Babel
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
High Protein Content ◽  
Waste Sludge ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Pineapple Pulp ◽  
Digested Sewage Sludge

The large amount of unutilised pineapple wastes produced every year in tropical countries, particularly in Thailand, adds to the existing environmental pollution problems of the country. This study investigated the utilisation of pineapple wastes to treat another form of waste (sludge) from wastewater treatment facilities in Thailand. Laboratory scale studies were carried out to determine the potential of using naturally fermented raw liquid from pineapple wastes as a source of citric acid in the extraction of Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn from anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Results of the leaching study revealed its effectiveness in extracting Zn (at 92%) at pH 3.67 and a short leaching time of only 2 h, and Ni at almost 60% removal at the same leaching time. Chromium removal was also high at almost 75% at a longer leaching time of 11 days. Variation in metal removal efficiencies may also be attributed to the forms of metals in sludge, with metals predominantly in the exchangeable and oxidisable phases showing ease of leachability (such as Zn). Compared to citric acid, at pH approaching 4.0, naturally fermented raw liquid seemed to be more effective in the removal of Zn and Cu at the same leaching time of 2 h, and Cr at a longer leaching time of 11 days. The pineapple pulp, which is a by-product of the process, can still be used as animal feed because of its high protein content.

scholarly journals Mycotoxins: Risks, regulations and European co-operation

2013 ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egmond Van
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Mycotoxins and mycotoxicises have been problems of the past and the present, but scientific attention for mycotoxins did not start until the early 1960?s. Nowa?days, many mycotoxins are known, and their occurrence in food and animal feed may cause various adverse effects on human and animal health, including carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, oestrogenic and teratogenic effects. Some important mycotoxins include the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, the fumonisins and the trichothecenes, and their significance is briefly described. To protect human and animal health, many countries have enacted specific regulations for mycotoxins in food and animal feed. Risk assessment is a major factor for scientific underpinning of regulations, but other factors such as availability of adequate sampling and analysis procedures also play an important a role in the establishment of mycotoxin regulations. In addition, socio-economic factors such as cost-benefit considerations, trade issues and sufficiency of food supply are equally important in the decision-taking process to come to meaningful regulations. Nowadays, more than 100 countries have formal mycotoxin regulations for food and feed. The mycotoxin regulations are the most stringent in the EU, where various organizations and pan-European networks contribute to combat the mycotoxin problem. It is to be expected that mycotoxins will stay with us in the future and climate change might have a negative influence in this respect. Several possibilities exist to mitigate the problems caused by mycotoxins. In particular prevention of mould growth and mycotoxin formation is key to the control of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Optimalisasi Variasi Volume Resin Komposit Serat Limbah Karung Glangsing

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Utsman Syah Amrullah ◽  
Riyanto Heri Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Fiber Material ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
To Come ◽  
Reinforcing Fiber ◽  
Equal Thickness ◽  
Fiber Reinforce ◽  
Made In

The waste of sacks glangsing of rice, fertilizer, sugar, animal feed and others can cause serious problems, example in the household scale causes the storage process in the warehouse very difficult because takes place, also invites mices to come. And on a larger scale the excessive use of sacks of glangsing causes waste and pollution to the soil due to the difficult and time-consuming decomposition. Efforts to utilize waste sacks glangsing are make it as a reinforcing fiber composite material. It is expected to be an alternative fiber replacement fiber material available on the market. The stiffness or flekstural test is taken to show comparison the composite. The composite material (with glass fiber reinforce) which made in equal thickness and simultaneously, showed that the resin volume of 15 cc applied to fiberglass fiber with an area of ​​180 x 180 mm, with 3 layers have a deflection 1.2 mm at 31.5 grams load. While the volume of 30 cc resin gives a deflection 0.25 mm at the same load. While specimens that use glangsing sack fiber did not provide a good enough stiffness. At 31.5 gram load the deflections are very large 12 mm for 15 cc resin volume, and 9.8 mm for 25 cc resin volume, and 4.5 mm for resin volume of 30 cc, and 4.5 mm for resin volume 45 cc. Beside a large deflection, the composite with sack glangsing fibers is apparently subjected to delamination (exfoliation). Therefore, the use of glangsing sack fiber is not recommended.

Nitrogen use and food production in European regions from a global perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. M. VAN GRINSVEN ◽  
J. H. J. SPIERTZ ◽  
H. J. WESTHOEK ◽  
A. F. BOUWMAN ◽  
J. W. ERISMAN
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food System ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
N Pollution ◽  
Energy Chain ◽  
N Use

SUMMARYCurrent production systems for crops, meat, dairy and bioenergy in the European Union (EU) rely strongly on the external input of nitrogen (N). These systems show a high productivity per unit of land. However, the drawback is a complex web of N pollution problems contributing in a major way to degradation of ecosystems. European Union Directives and national policies have improved nutrient management and reduced fertilizer N use in most European countries, which has curbed the N pollution trends particularly in regions with high stocking rates of animals. However, improvement is slowing down and environmental targets for N are not within reach. Building on the 2011 European Nitrogen Assessment, the current paper reviews key features of the complex relationships between N use and food production in Europe in order to develop novel options for a more N-efficient, less N-polluting and secure European food system. One option is to relocate feed and livestock production from Northwestern to Central and Eastern Europe. This would allow a reduction of N rates and N pollution in cereal production in Northwest Europe by 30% (50 kg N/ha), while increasing total cereal production in Europe. Another option is a change towards legume-based cropping systems to produce animal feed, in order to decrease dependence on N fertilizer and feed imports. The greatest challenge for Europe is to decrease the demand for feed commodities, and thus for land and N, by a shift to more balanced (and healthier) diets with less animal protein. These drastic changes can be stimulated by targeted public–private research funding, while the actual implementation can be enhanced by smart payment schemes using, for example money from the Common Agricultural Policy, certification and agreements between stakeholders and players in the food and energy chain. Involving networks of consumers, producers and non-governmental organizations is critical. An effective strategy starts with convincing consumers with a Western diet to eat less meat and dairy by communicating the associated health benefits and smaller ecological footprints. Internalizing the cost of N pollution leading to increased prices for N-intensive food products may also enhance involvement of consumers and provide financial resources to compensate farmers for loss of income and extra costs for stricter N measures.

scholarly journals Dietary exposure of deoxynivalenol affected cytochrome P450 and growth related-gene expression via DNA methylation in piglet liver

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimei Liu ◽  
Siyi Hu ◽  
Xiaohui Zhu ◽  
Awais Ihsan ◽  
Qinghua Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aminotransferase Activity

Abstract Background Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an inevitable contaminant in animal feed and human food and can lead to decreased appetite and growth retardation in children and piglets, which are often used as models for children. Hepatotoxicity induced by DON is closely related to growth inhibition. Although many molecular mechanisms are related to the liver damage caused by DON, few studies have been done on cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) and DNA methylation, and the role of DNA methylation in growth inhibition of piglets was also unclear. Results In the present study, piglets were randomly assigned to the following three different dietary treatments for 4 weeks: control diet, diet containing 1 mg DON/kg feed, and diet containing 3 mg DON/kg feed. Compared to the control group, elevated alanine aminotransferase activity and globulin level were observed in DON groups; however, aspartate aminotransferase activity was decreased in 3 mg/kg DON group. DON exposure increased the mRNA expression of CYP450s including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B22, CYP2C33, CYP2D25, CYP2E1, CYP3A22 and CYP3A39, in which DNA methylation was involved in the regulation of the expression of these enzymes. By estimating the benchmark dose value of the metabolic enzymes, CYP1A1 was found to be the most sensitive metabolic enzyme to evaluate the clinical liver injury caused by DON. DON upregulated the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1 and DNMT3B) in a dose-dependent manner, thus increasing the level of 5-mC in the whole genome. Notably, DON downregulated the expression of nicotinamide n-methyltransferase, possibly reducing the weight of the piglets. Additionally, 1 mg/kg DON decreased the expression of galanin-like peptide (GALP), while 3 mg/kg DON significantly increased the level of GALP through DNA methylation, thus affecting the appetite of the piglets. DON can significantly reduce the methylation level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) promoter and thus increase its expression. Conclusions Taken together, increased CYP450 expression and DNA methylation are important mechanisms of liver injury and growth inhibition induced by DON, which provide future reference values determination of antagonistic toxicity.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
P. A. Madden ◽  
W. R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Silver Paint ◽  
To Come ◽  
Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
C.K. Hou ◽  
C.T. Hu ◽  
Sanboh Lee
Keyword(s):  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Electrical Steels ◽  
Vacuum Degassing ◽  
Spherical Inclusions ◽  
Residual Aluminum ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Fine Size ◽  
To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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