scholarly journals Female Entrepreneurs and Access to Financial Capital

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-43
Author(s):  
Klarissa Lueg ◽  
Amanda Ni
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Constructivist Perspective ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study identifies what similar aspects determine access to financial capital for female entrepreneurs both in Denmark and Indonesia. Departing from a structuralist constructivist perspective (including the concepts of symbolic violence, social similarity, female otherness), we identify the impact of gender-discrimination, nationality, and further variables. The sample comprises 124 female respondents and, for reasons of comparison, 86 male respondents from Denmark and Indonesia. Binary logistic regressions and t-tests show that financial discrepancies between male and female entrepreneurs (FE s) were larger in Indonesia than in Denmark. However, findings also suggest that gender discrimination prevails in both countries, as men have easier access to funds from family, banks, and angel investors. This study provides evidence of gender bias prevailing in both a maturing and a matured economy with a strong discourse on gender equality. We propose explaining the similarities in gender discrimination with veiled, structural discrimination being able to linger in both post-feminist, legally equality-granting, as well as in legally less egalitarian societies.

scholarly journals Gender Inequality and Symbolic Violence in Women’s Access to Family Land in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Lusasi ◽  
Dismas Mwaseba
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Symbolic Violence ◽  
Family Land ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Laws And Regulations

We set out to unveil gender inequality with respect to women’s access to family land following the surge in tree-planting in selected villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Specifically, the study describes land-transaction procedures at the household level and shows how the lack of women’s involvement in such land transactions affect their access to and control over family lands. Gender inequality is portrayed in a variety of social and economic activities, with women being deprived of access to, control over, and ownership of land. Although the current land laws address gender inequalities pertaining to women’s access to, ownership of, and control over land, the impact of such reforms has been minimal. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of symbolic violence, we reveal how women suffer symbolic violence through traditional practices of land management and administration. Societies in the studied villages are strongly patriarchal, with men being dominant and women subordinate. In such a patriarchal system, women’s empowerment is urgent. Women require knowledge and awareness of the laws and regulations that affirm their rights not only to family lands, but also to participation in decision-making processes regarding family assets. We recommend non-oppressive approaches to natural-resource management. As such, we call for existing authorities at the village and district levels, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and legal bodies to promote gender equality in land-management practices. We also advocate dialectical communication between women and men in order to reveal and heal practices of symbolic violence, and enhance gender equality in respect of access to land and its control and ownership in villages in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Effective implementation of existing land laws and regulations that address gender inequality and associated violence is unavoidable.

scholarly journals Gender inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Natalia Kostiuk ◽  
Olena Antoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article deals with gender inequality in the economic, political and social spheres of Ukraine and the key reasons for gender imbalance in the observation and realization of gender rights. The topicality of the article is predetermined by the necessity of the systemic solution to the problem of gender equality in Ukraine that is declared in the country’s constitution as the pivotal principle of safeguarding legal rights and freedoms of people in a democratic state.The authors have made an analysis of the Ukrainian norms and laws in force as well as some ratified international treaties in the sphere of gender equality insurance. The current state of realization of the main directions of social policy of Ukraine in the sphere of gender equality has been determined on the basis of the World Economic Forum and in particular the analysis of the index of gender discrepancy in certain spheres of human activity as well as the gender monitoring of the representation of candidates in the special election of people’s deputies of Ukraine in 2014 and 2019. The impact of gender discrimination against women on the social economic development of the world countries and their national wealth level has been considered.The study has allowed revealing a positive tendency in the realization of women’s right to participate and be represented in the economic and political spheres of Ukrainian activity and offering further necessary state measures in the social policy pertaining to the eradication of gender asymmetry in the Ukrainian society. The need of redirecting the government gender policy to more effective measures for overcoming gender inequality, gender segregation and multiple forms of discrimination against women under the conditions of the severe economic, political and social upheavals in Ukraine has been pointed to. The authors have come to the conclusion that the development of the political and juridical concept of eradication of gender discrimination against women in Ukraine is the pledge of sustainable development of the Ukrainian society which in its turn is a necessary condition for forming a competitive human capital of the country that has chosen the Eurointergation foreign policy course.

scholarly journals 1612 Unconscious Gender Bias from Patients: Are Female and Male Doctors Perceived Differently?

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Toi ◽  
S Lewis ◽  
S Lounis ◽  
A Najdawi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Healthcare Team ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Abstract Introduction While the need for gender equality has been well recognised within the medical profession, attitudes of patients towards doctors of different genders has not been addressed. We aim to identify whether gender biases exist within the minds of patients we treat and how we can address this. Method A survey was disseminated through social media platforms and work communication groups. Data was collected on gender, ethnicity, frequency of being mistaken for different members of the healthcare team and frequency of being asked to perform non-medical tasks. A free text option was available for respondents to elaborate on the context and how this made them feel. Results 88 doctors (26 male, 62 female) responded. 65% (40) of females have had their roles misidentified at least once a week, compared to 0%(0) of males. 75% (46) of women reported negative emotions associated with being mistaken in their role, 25% (15) were neutral, none were positive. 62% (38) of female doctor’s report being asked to perform non-medical tasks at least once a week compared to 31% (8) of male doctors. Conclusions There is a clear disparity in how patients perceive male and female roles in medicine, with females being less likely to be identified as a doctor and twice as likely to be asked to perform non-medical tasks. As well as being potentially disruptive to their role, responses suggest that this impacts negatively on the confidence of these respondents. Further exploration of this subject, the impacts and remedies will be required in future.

Gains and Losses: The Impact of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action on the Legal Status of Kenyan Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-110
Author(s):  
Nancy Baraza ◽  
Karen Koech
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
The World ◽  
Kenyan Women ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BDPFA) or ‘the Platform for Action’ (PFA) of 1995 is the landmark blueprint on how the globe intends to achieve a solution to the never-ending debate regarding equality of the sexes. In 1995, women globally gathered at the Chinese capital, Beijing, for the monumental Fourth World Conference on Women. They agreed on the BDPFA, through which they forged an elaborate path towards gender equality and women’s empowerment. From the first wave of feminism in the nineteenth century to the current #MeToo movement, it is apparent that the realisation of gender equality is a marathon and not a sprint. The 2015 Report of the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General on the 20-year review and appraisal of the implementation of the BDPFA irrefutably brings this reality to light. The PFA has seen significant reforms in both laws and regulations in many states aimed at attaining gender equality over the years. However, these reforms do not match the magnitude of the efforts put into the fight to achieve equality; the world is still lagging. In Kenya, there has been a remarkable shift in the laws and regulations providing for gender equality and non-discrimination after the BDPFA. The dawn of the current genderresponsive constitutional dispensation has seen the enactment of several statutes that specifically address issues that have historically perpetuated patriarchy and disempowered women in Kenya. In attempting to implement these laws, the country has unveiled the roots of gender discrimination and highlighted the dangers of disregarding other nuances of this form of inequality such as economic, social, legal, and cultural factors and the intersectional nature of gender imparity. The impact of the BDPFA on the legal status of women in Kenya is evident; the implementation, however, has presented a few challenges as a result of the distinctive difficulties encountered by Kenyan women and the existing Kenyan legal system.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ENTREPRENEURIAL RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE FRANCHISE CONTEXT

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450026 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM R. MEEK ◽  
DIANE M. SULLIVAN ◽  
JOHN MUELLER
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Justice ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feminine Gender ◽  
Potential Barriers

This study examines how entrepreneurial relationship variables such as trust, conflict, interpersonal justice (IJ) and satisfaction differ among a group of male and female franchisees. Results suggest differences exist between these two groups in relation to conflict, IJ and trust with their franchisor. These results are consistent with research on feminine gender roles and research that suggests female entrepreneurs are more relationship oriented throughout the entrepreneurial process. The results further make a case for the importance of empirically examining different entrepreneurial relationship variables in future research on gender and entrepreneurship, and illustrate the power of the franchising business model in breaking down potential barriers of gender discrimination for female entrepreneurs.

Gender Equity in College Majors: Looking Beyond the STEM/Non-STEM Dichotomy for Answers Regarding Female Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Ganley ◽  
Casey E. George ◽  
Joseph R. Cimpian ◽  
Martha B. Makowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
College Major ◽  
College Majors ◽  
Stem Majors ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Els 2002 ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Impact

Women are underrepresented in many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors and in some non-STEM majors (e.g., philosophy). Combining newly gathered data on students’ perceptions of college major traits with data from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), we find that perceived gender bias against women emerges as the dominant predictor of the gender balance in college majors. The perception of the major being math or science oriented is less important. We replicate these findings using a separate sample to measure college major traits. Results suggest the need to incorporate major-level traits in research on gender gaps in college major choices and the need to recognize the impact of perceptions of potential gender discrimination on college major choices.

scholarly journals Influence of gender on SME performance in emerging economies

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herring Shava ◽  
Ellen C. Rungani
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Business Outcomes ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Impact

Research purpose: The aim of this article was to establish whether or not performance between male-owned and female-owned small and medium-sized entities (SMEs) differs significantly and to assess the extent to which the gender gap in SME performance (if any) could be allocated to gender differences in levels of business-related experience.Motivation for the study: The influence of gender on SME performance is well documented from an international perspective. However, what lacks in extant literature is the understanding of whether the performance gap between male and female entity owners with similar business-related experience exists or not. This study investigated gender influence through data collected from both male and female entity owners.Research design, approach and method: The study was descriptive by design. Primary data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken through t-test and chi-square analysis.Main findings: The findings confirm that male- and female-owned SMEs perform at similar levels, given that such owners possess high business-related experience. Therefore, gender gap in firm performance does not exist among male and female entrepreneurs who fall either in low or high business-related experience categories.Contribution/value-add: The value of this research lies in the findings contrary to extant literature; that gender plays no role in the performance of SMEs. However, the level of business-related experience the owner holds, regardless of gender, influences the entity’s performance.Conclusion: Contrary to evidence provided in literature, the study concludes that focusing on the impact of gender on entrepreneurship with the aim of comparing business outcomes of male- and female-owned entities, while ignoring the role of key variables such as business-related experience, may yield misleading results.

Reactions to anti-male sexism claims: The moderating roles of status-legitimizing belief endorsement and group identification

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara L. Wilkins ◽  
Joseph D. Wellman ◽  
Katherine D. Schad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender

Men increasingly identify as victims of gender discrimination, but it is unclear how people react to men who claim to be victims of gender bias. We examined how status-legitimizing belief endorsement (SLBs) and gender identification (GID) moderated men and women’s reactions to a man who claimed to have lost a promotion because of anti-male sexism or another cause. Consistent with theory that claiming bias against high-status groups reinforces the status hierarchy, SLB endorsement was associated with more positive reactions toward an anti-male bias claimant for both men and women. Group identification, in contrast, affects group-specific concerns and thus differentially predicted male and female participants’ reactions. Men evaluated the claimant more positively the more strongly they identified with their gender. The more women identified with their gender, the more negatively they evaluated the male claimant. We also demonstrated that SLBs and GID moderated the extent to which the claimant was perceived as sexist. We discuss how these reactions may perpetuate gender inequality.

scholarly journals PERSEPSI MUBALIGH DAN MUBALIGHAH TERHADAP KESETARAAN DAN KEADILAN GENDER DI KOTA MEDAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Gender Awareness ◽  
And Gender ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Counter Argument

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat persepsi mubaligh dan mubalighah di Kota Medan terhadap kesetaraan dan keadilan gender. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dan dilakukan pada lima kecamatan di pinggiran kota Medan, yakni Medan Tembung, Medan Amplas, Medan Tuntungan, Medan Sunggal dan Medan Marelan. Sampel sebanyak 45 orang dan ditentukan dengan <em>purposive sampling</em>. Pengumpulan data menggunakan intrumen angket. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa persepsi muballigh dan mubalighah terhadap keadilan dan kesetaraan gender belum belum konsisten. Ada kesadaran gender pada satu tema di dalam satu indikator, tapi tidak sejalan dengan tema lain dalam indikator yang sama, sehingga muncul pendapat yang kontra, Mayoritas mereka setuju bahwa pemimpin tidak harus laki-laki, tapi mereka tidak setuju bila perempuan menduduki jabatan lebih tinggi dari laki-laki. Selain itu, jenis kelamin perempuan lebih cenderung menunjukkan keberpihakannya kepada perempuan, sedangkan dari pihak laki-laki 50% masih menunjukkan bias gender.<br /> <br /><strong>Abstract</strong>: <strong>The</strong> <strong>Perception Muslim Male and Female Preacher on Gender Equity and Justice in Medan. </strong>This research aims to find out the perception of gender equity and justice among preachers in North Sumatra province in the suburban of Medan, namely; Tembung, Amplas,  Tuntungan, Sunggal and Medan Marelan. This research used qualitative method with the sample of approximately 45 preachers determined by purposive sampling which then analyzed descriptively. The author concluded that the perception of preachers to justice and gender equality has not been entirely appropriate. There is incorrect understanding to religious creed which raises wrong perception to the gender equity and justice in matters of religious teachings. On one hand, they tend to to impress the gender awareness on one of theme in one of indicator that was not consistent with other themes that exist in the same indicators. Thus, counter argument appears, for example the majority of them agree that a leader should not be a man, but they also do not agree that a woman having higher positions than men. There is relationship between preachers perception with disposition of genders which woman like to show her side while the men from 50% still show gender bias.<br /> <br /><strong>Kata Kunci: </strong>gender, kesetaraan, keadilan, muballigh, muballighah<strong></strong>

scholarly journals Gender Bias in Translation Using Google Translate: Problems and Solution

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292
Author(s):  
Tira Nur Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Neutral Language

This study discusses gender bias in terms of language especially from Indonesian into English translation by using Google Translate. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The result shows that most likely every language has gender-biased sides, including English because the type of society in the reality of life is more represented by men and women. In Google translate, the unequal differences between men and women translated into google translate causes the system to be considered biased and sexist towards gender. Whereas in fact, nowadays all genders can have various activities and jobs. Indonesian is also a gender-neutral language. When google translates to change into English, the sentence becomes gendered. The Indonesian language in this case seems to have been saved from being sexist because it does not associate a particular profession or activity with any gender. Unlike English, which adjusts personal pronouns based on gender. Google Translate is not always accurate, especially when translating from English to other languages. That is where Google Translate tends to go astray. The problem is that many languages have gender-based words, whereas English does not. But some words, like profession or occupation, can be masculine or feminine depending on the subject of the sentence, by assigning gender to certain adjectives and words that describe them. Equality in gender and race has been very difficult to achieve in machine technology situations because these systems are trained on existing content, and are not demographically representative. Google decided to make changes. It is important to adapt and build technology that can better serve humans. What may seem like small changes to everyday life are big steps towards gender equality. The way people speak their respective languages is one of the strongest ways of gender discrimination.

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