scholarly journals Language shift: The case of the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava region

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Danguolė Mikulėnienė ◽  
Aušra Pacevičiūtė

Language shift: The case of the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava regionAs a result of application of the principles of multidimensional dialectology in Lithuania in the early twenty-first century, the research discourse of Lithuanian dialectologists now covers not only the traditional dialects, but also several local language variations that continuously interact and compete with one another in the same geographical area. The processes of convergence and divergence of language variations are addressed in a more comprehensive manner, not only analysing the linguistic characteristics of a local variation, but also looking into the language environment (or language landscape) and the attitude of the local populace (especially the young generation) towards their linguistic homeland.The linguistic study presented in this article was conducted in the Žeimiai area in the Kaunas-Jonava region in 2015–2017. It involved interviews with 21 members of three generations of one family (15 females and 6 males aged 19 to 95), over 20 hours of audio material in total; the informants also answered a sociolinguistic survey. The description and analysis of collected material involved: (1) analysis of the degree of viability of language variations used in the area on the basis of a model of sociocultural networks of Žeimiai town; (2) description of the linguistic landscape of the region; (3) description of the linguistic behaviour and attitudes towards local variations on the basis of informants’ replies in the sociolinguistic survey; (4) analysis of salient phonetic features of the informants’ speech that best describe the local language variation in use. The collected and processed material allowed the researchers to investigate the competitiveness of local language variations in this area, identifying ones that have greater demand with representatives of different generations compared to others (cf. Inoue, 1997, p. 41).In the opinion of the authors of this article, a local Lithuanian variation has developed in the Kaunas-Jonava region on the basis of the local Polish variation actively used for decades; this variation cannot be seen as a natural continuation of the Western Higher Lithuanian subdialects of the Kaunas or Šiauliai regions. What makes it different from the traditional Lithuanian subdialects is the mixing of ė and ie, o and uo in stressed position, and the processes of neutralisation of intonation in stressed compound and mixed diphthongs.These phonetic features, which, as the analysis shows, have been preserved in the language of all three generations to a greater or lesser extent, were absorbed by the Lithuanian dialectal language from the local Polish subdialect. Consequently, the local Lithuanian variation currently spoken in the Kaunas-Jonava region cannot be considered a direct continuation of the old traditional dialect. Przesunięcie językowe: Okolice Żejm w regionie kowieńsko-janowskim (studium przypadku)Kiedy na początku XXI wieku na Litwie zaczęto stosować metodologię opartą na zasadach dialektologii wielofunkcyjnej (ang. multidimensional dialectology), badania naukowe litewskich dialektologów ukierunkowano nie tylko na opis tradycyjnych gwar, ale też na inne języki współwystępujące na tym samym terenie, oddziałujące na siebie nawzajem i konkurujące ze sobą. Zachodzące procesy konwergencji i dywergencji różnych odmian języka są badane kompleksowo: przy opisie właściwości językowych miejscowej odmiany języka bada się otoczenie językowe (krajobraz lingwistyczny) oraz nastawienie mieszkańców (zwłaszcza najmłodszego pokolenia) do ukształtowanej sytuacji językowej.Badania językoznawcze przedstawione w niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono w okolicach Żejm w regionie kowieńsko-janowskim w latach 2015–2017. Przeprowadzono wywiady z 21 mieszkańcami w wieku od 19 do 95 lat, reprezentującymi trzy pokolenia jednej rodziny; nagrano 20 godzin rozmów i pozyskano dane za pomocą kwestionariusza socjolingwistycznego. Zgromadzony materiał został opracowany w następujący sposób: 1) wykorzystując sporządzony model sieci społeczno-kulturowych miasteczka Żejmy, ustalono stopień witalności używanych na tym terenie odmian języka; 2) zanalizowano krajobraz lingwistyczny regionu; 3) na podstawie odpowiedzi informatorów na pytania kwestionariusza socjolingwistycznego przedstawiono zachowania językowe osób badanych i ich nastawienie do lokalnych odmian języka; 4) dokonano analizy podstawowych cech fonetycznych języka respondentów, które najlepiej oddają właściwości miejscowych odmian języka. Zgromadzony i usystematyzowany materiał pozwolił na bardziej dogłębne zbadanie konkurencyjności odmian języka używanych w tym rejonie, to znaczy na ustalenie, która z odmian cieszy się wyższym prestiżem wśród reprezentantów różnych pokoleń mieszkańców tych okolic.Zdaniem autorek artykułu, w regionie kowieńsko-janowskim, pod wpływem miejscowej odmiany języka polskiego, intensywnie używanej przez wiele dziesięcioleci, ukształtował się lokalny wariant języka litewskiego, którego nie można uznać za typową gwarę dialektu zachodnioauksztockiego, kowieńskiego lub szawelskiego. Różni się on od tradycyjnych dialektów litewskich sposobem realizacji ė oraz ie, o oraz uo w pozycji akcentowanej, jak również zjawiskiem neutralizacji zestrojów akcentowych w dyftongach złożonych i mieszanych, występujących w pozycji akcentowanej.Te cechy fonetyczne, które, jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy, w różnym stopniu występują w języku wszystkich trzech pokoleń mieszkańców, zostały przejęte do języka litewskiego z miejscowej gwary polskiej. Dlatego nie można uznać lokalnej odmiany języka litewskiego używanej obecnie w regionie kowieńsko-janowskim za bezpośrednią kontynuację dawnego tradycyjnego dialektu litewskiego.

Author(s):  
Yeşim Sevinç

AbstractDrawing on questionnaire and interview data, this study explores the process of language maintenance and shift across three generations of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. It compares three generations of Turkish-Dutch bilinguals by examining age and place of language learning, self-rated language proficiency, and language choices in six domains (home, school, work, friends, media and leisure time activities, and cognitive activities). Furthermore, it investigates bilinguals’ experiences, motivations for learning languages and attitudes towards bilingualism. Findings suggest that following the typical pattern of language shift described by Mario Saltarelli and Susan Gonzo in 1977, language history, self-rated language proficiency and current language practices of third-generation children differ from those of first- and second-generation bilinguals. Consequently, possible language shift among third-generation bilinguals causes socioemotional pressure about maintaining the Turkish language, triggering intergenerational tensions in Turkish immigrant families. At the same time, the perceived need to shift to Dutch for social and economic reasons causes immigrant children to experience tensions and ambiguities in the linguistic connections between the family and other social domains (e. g. school, friendship). The findings evidence that the Turkish immigrant community in the Netherlands may no longer be as linguistically homogeneous as once observed. The dissolution of homogeneity can be a sign of social change in which maintaining the Turkish language has become a challenge, whereas speaking Dutch is a necessity of life in the Netherlands.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-51
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Andan Firmansyah ◽  
Asri Aprilia Rohman ◽  
Nurisriani Najamuddin ◽  
Rahmayanti Puang Kuma

Smoking is a usual activity that we always find in our society, although most of the people know the danger of it, the habit of smoking still can be found in a big amount in our society, especially in the teenage area, whose stand in the biggest amount of smoker in Indonesia in this present. Health education changes attitude of young generation through knowledge, which is influence by several elements, such as delivered information, manner or props used, and language. The purpose of this research was to identify the comparison of leaflets and videos using local language to improve knowledge of the adverse health effects of smoking in the teenager. This research used the Quasi Experiment design with Pretest and Posttest Two Group of 120 respondents. The questionnaire used to examine the knowledge of respondents. The result using the Wilcoxon test showed that leaflet and video with local language are equally effective to increase knowledge of respondents of the health effects of smoking(p= -0.000), mean score after intervention by using the local language leaflet is 1.98, and mean score by using local language video is 2.32. So, local video is more effective to improve the knowledge of teenagers about the danger of smoking than the use of local language leaflets.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Stolberg

AbstractIt is well known that migration has an effect on language use and language choice. If the language of origin is maintained after migration, it tends to change in the new contact setting. Often, migrants shift to the new majority language within few generations. The current paper examines a diary corpus containing data from three generations of one German-Canadian family, ranging from 1867 to 1909, and covering the second to fourth generation after immigration. The paper analyzes changes that can be observed between the generations, with respect to the language system as well as to the individuals’ decision on language choice. The data not only offer insight into the dynamics of acquiring a written register of a heritage language, and the eventual shift to the majority language. They also allow us to identify different linguistic profiles of heritage speakers within one community. It is discussed how these profiles can be linked to the individuals’ family backgrounds and how the combination of these backgrounds may have contributed to giving up the heritage language in favor of the majority language.


1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Corne

Relative clauses in Tayo, the French-lexicon Creole of St-Louis (New Caledonia) which emerged in the late 19th century, reflect in their construction and their distribution typically Melanesian patterns, including a sub-ordinator derived from a personal pronoun, sa. Thematization similarly reflects Melanesian strategies, but may also be handled by clefting using a subordinator ki (< French qui). While this construction shows how the lexifier may be modifying Tayo, the emergence of a complex system of relativization and thematization, over three generations after the settlement of St-Louis in 1860, shows that French was not the "motor" of creolization, and suggests that creolization is, in effect, a special case of language shift and creation over some 50 or so years.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Haerudin Haerudin

This study investigates kinship greeting in Sasaknese.  The study used ethnolinguistic approach that described aspects of relation between language and culture to maintain cultural practices and social structure of a society.  The study revealed: (1) the Sasak kinship greetings had relation to the kinship structure, having hierarchical boundaries of four generations above one’s family group chart and three generations below one’s family group chart, and are related to users’ age; (2) the custom greetings have social and cultural functions; (3) the existing condition of the use of the kinship greetings is undergoing a shifting in some areas on Lombok Island as a result of modernization. The shifting is merely occurred on the greetingforms; whereas others, which are related to the kinship structure and the users’ age, remain as the characteristic of Sasak tribe; (4) by constantly using the kinship greetings, Sasak people, have participated in preserving the cultural riches; that is the local language. This effort constitutes one of the strategies in preventing language extinction as the cultural heritage of the nation. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Santy Yulianti ◽  
Retno Handayani ◽  
Pangkul Ferdinandus

Revitalization locations for the Adang language learning process are carried out in Alaang Village. The choice of this village due to Alaang Village is located around 30 kilometers from the center of Kalabahi city and is in the middle of the Adang language speaker area. Although it is quite far from the city center, the Alaang people only use the Adang language among the older generation. The target of this activity is the young generation as the next generation of the Adang language. One revitalization activity deals with at least 20 teenagers or children. The learning process is focused on storytelling, poetry, poetry, and singing in Adang. The material is developed based on the daily life of the Adang tribe. The recommendation that can be proposed from this activity is the maintenance of the Adang language that can be carried out by inserting local language learning through local content in schools located in the Adang language area.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ida Ayu Iran Adhiti

[Title: Linguistic Study of Comparative Historis on Sound Change Patterns] The local languages in Nusa Tenggara Timur need to be observed, analysed, constructed, and conserved. Data research phenomena is done deeply approaching especially the local languages, which exist and develop in Alor Island. The observer analyses language phenomena on pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island. The complete data of the three language are analysed by the study of comparative historic linguistic. The observation that analyses the languages in Alor Island use the synchronous approach, to know the language development in a period. The theory is used to analyse the pattern of sound change in the languages of Kabola, Hamap, and Klon in Alor Island is Blust (2013). Hock, (1988), Crowley (1987), Chomsky (1968), Dyen (1978), Schane (1973), Bynon (1979), Antila (1972), Jeffers and Lehiste (1979), and Keraf (1996). The result of observation is hoped that the young generation as local language speaker realize and understand that their languages are the same origin of languages so they are reconstructed, developed, and conserved so that they can support national language.


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