scholarly journals Association of Combined Estrogen–Progestogen and Progestogen-Only Contraceptives with the Development of Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-452
Author(s):  
William V. Williams ◽  
Louise A. Mitchell ◽  
S. Kathleen Carlson ◽  
Kathleen M. Raviele
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Steroid Hormone Receptors ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overall Risk

Combined estrogen–progestogen contraceptives (oral contraceptives or OCs) and progestogen-only contraceptives (POCs) are synthetic steroids that bind to steroid hormone receptors, which are widespread throughout the body. They have a profound effect on cellular physiology. Combined OCs have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 carcinogens, but their findings have not been updated recently. In order to update the information and better understand the impact that OCs and POCs have on the risk of development of cancers, a comprehensive literature search was undertaken, focusing on more recently published papers. In agreement with the IARC, the recent literature confirms an increased risk of breast cancer and cervical cancer with the use of OCs. The recent literature also confirms the IARC conclusion that OCs decrease the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers. However, there is little support from recent studies for the IARC conclusion that OCs decrease the risk of colorectal cancer or increase the risk of liver cancer. For liver cancer, this may be due to the recent studies having been performed in areas where hepatitis is endemic. In one large observational study, POCs also appear to increase the overall risk of developing cancer. OCs and POCs appear to increase the overall risk of cancer when carefully performed studies with the least intrinsic bias are considered. Summary: OCs have been classified as cancer-causing agents, especially leading to increases in breast cancer and cervical cancer. A review of the recent scientific literature was performed to see whether this still appears to be the case. The recent literature supports the cancer-causing role of OCs especially for breast cancer and cervical cancer. Studies also indicate that progesterone-only contraceptives (such as implants and vaginal rings) also can cause cancer. This is especially true for breast cancer and cervical cancer.

scholarly journals CBR3 V244M is associated with LVEF reduction in breast cancer patients treated with doxorubicin

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Lang ◽  
Badri Karthikeyan ◽  
Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña ◽  
Rachael Hageman Blair ◽  
Amy P. Early ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
The Body ◽  
Left Ventricular Ejection ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Ventricular Ejection Fraction ◽  
Echocardiographic Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The CBR3 V244M single nucleotide polymorphism has been linked to the risk of anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in survivors of childhood cancer. There have been limited prospective studies examining the impact of CBR3 V244M on the risk for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in adult cohorts. Objectives This study evaluated the presence of associations between CBR3 V244M genotype status and changes in echocardiographic parameters in breast cancer patients undergoing doxorubicin treatment. Methods We recruited 155 patients with breast cancer receiving treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) at Roswell Park Comprehensive Care Center (Buffalo, NY) to a prospective single arm observational pharmacogenetic study. Patients were genotyped for the CBR3 V244M variant. 92 patients received an echocardiogram at baseline (t0 month) and at 6 months (t6 months) of follow up after DOX treatment. Apical two-chamber and four-chamber echocardiographic images were used to calculate volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using Simpson’s biplane rule by investigators blinded to all patient data. Volumetric indices were evaluated by normalizing the cardiac volumes to the body surface area (BSA). Results Breast cancer patients with CBR3 GG and AG genotypes both experienced a statistically significant reduction in LVEF at 6 months following initiation of DOX treatment for breast cancer compared with their pre-DOX baseline study. Patients homozygous for the CBR3 V244M G allele (CBR3 V244) exhibited a further statistically significant decrease in LVEF at 6 months following DOX therapy in comparison with patients with heterozygous AG genotype. We found no differences in age, pre-existing cardiac diseases associated with myocardial injury, cumulative DOX dose, or concurrent use of cardioprotective medication between CBR3 genotype groups. Conclusions CBR3 V244M genotype status is associated with changes in echocardiographic parameters suggestive of early anthracycline-related cardiomyopathy in subjects undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer.

scholarly journals Mortality and Risk of Cancer After Prophylactic Bilateral Oophorectomy in Women With a Family History of Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Abildgaard ◽  
Magnus Glindvad Ahlström ◽  
Gedske Daugaard ◽  
Dorte Lisbet Nielsen ◽  
Anette Tønnes Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Family History ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Bilateral Oophorectomy ◽  
Family History Of Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
History Of Cancer

Abstract Background Current international guidelines recommend systemic hormone therapy (HT) to oophorectomized women until the age of natural menopause. Despite an inherited predisposition to estrogen-dependent malignancies, the guidelines also apply to women oophorectomized because of a family history of cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of HT on mortality and risk of cancer in women oophorectomized because of a family history of cancer. Methods A nationwide, population-based cohort was used to study women oophorectomized because of a family history of cancer (n = 2002). Comparison cohorts included women from the background population individually matched on age (n = 18 018). Oophorectomized women were subdivided into three groups: oophorectomized at 1) age 45 years or younger not using HT, 2) age 45 years or younger using HT, 3) older than age 45 years, and their respective population comparison cohorts. Results Women oophorectomized at age 45 years or younger using HT had increased overall mortality (mortality rate ratio [MRR] = 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.53 to 7.79), mortality because of cancer (MRR = 5.67, 95% CI = 1.86 to 17.34), and risk of overall cancer (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.93 − 6.98), primarily reflected in an increased risk of breast cancer (IRR = 4.88, 95% CI = 2.19 − 10.68). Women oophorectomized at age 45 years or younger not using HT and women oophorectomized at older than age 45 years did not have increased mortality, mortality because of cancer, or risk of overall cancer, but they had increased risk of breast cancer (IRR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.14 to 6.13, and IRR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.59, respectively). Conclusions Use of HT in women oophorectomized at age 45 years or younger with a family history of cancer is associated with increased mortality and risk of overall cancer and breast cancer. Our study warrants further investigation to establish the impact of HT on mortality and cancer risk in oophorectomized women with a family history of cancer.

Meeting Highlights: Updated International Expert Consensus on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 3357-3365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aron Goldhirsch ◽  
William C. Wood ◽  
Richard D. Gelber ◽  
Alan S. Coates ◽  
Beat Thürlimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Endocrine Resistance ◽  
Steroid Hormone Receptors ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Impact

This account of the highlights of the eighth St Gallen (Switzerland) meeting in 2003 emphasizes new information that has emerged during the 2 years since the seventh meeting in 2001. This article should be read in conjunction with the report of that earlier meeting. Recommendations for patient care are so critically dependent on assessment of endocrine responsiveness that the importance of high-quality steroid hormone receptor determination and standardized quantitative reporting cannot be overemphasized. The International Consensus Panel modified the risk categories so that only endocrine receptor–absent status was sufficient to reclassify an otherwise low-risk, node-negative disease into the category of average risk. Absence of steroid hormone receptors also was recognized as indicating endocrine nonresponsiveness. Some important areas highlighted at the recent meeting include: (1) recognition of the separate nature of endocrine-nonresponsive breast cancer—both invasive cancers and ductal carcinoma-in-situ; (2) improved understanding of the mechanisms of acquired endocrine resistance, which offer exciting prospects for extending the impact of successful sequential endocrine therapies; (3) presentation of high-quality evidence indicating that chemotherapy and tamoxifen should be used sequentially rather than concurrently; (4) availability of a potential alternative to tamoxifen for treatment of postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive disease; and (5) the promise of newly defined prognostic and predictive markers.

scholarly journals Dairy Consumption and Risk of Cancer: An 11 Year Prospective Cohort Study of the China Kadoorie Biobank

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1046-1046
Author(s):  
Maria Kakkoura ◽  
Huaidong Du ◽  
Timothy Key ◽  
Zhengming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Female Breast Cancer ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Dairy Intake ◽  
Dairy Consumption ◽  
Female Breast ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Objectives Consumption of dairy products has been associated with possible higher or lower risks of some types of cancer. However, results are often inconsistent and evidence from China, particularly for prospective data, is very limited. We therefore investigated the associations between intake of dairy products and incidence of 17 common cancers in Chinese adults. Methods The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank study recruited slightly over 0.5 million adults, aged 30–79 years, from ten diverse regions (five urban and five rural) in China during 2004–2008. Information on the consumption frequency of major food groups, including total dairy products, was collected at baseline and periodic resurveys, using a validated interviewer-administered laptop-based questionnaire. Over a mean follow-up of 10.8 years, 29,177 incident malignant cancer cases were recorded among the 510,146 study participants, who did not have a prior history of cancer at baseline. Cox regression analyses were performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident cancers associated with dairy intake. Analyses were stratified by age-at-risk, sex and region, and adjusted for cancer family history, education, income, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, fresh fruit intake and BMI. Analyses for liver cancer was additionally adjusted for status of hepatitis B surface antigen. Results Overall at baseline, 68.5% of participants reported never or rare dairy consumption and 20.4% reported weekly dairy consumption (≥1 day/week), with milk accounting largely for the total dairy consumption. The multivariable-adjusted HRs per 50 g/day increase in usual dairy consumption were 1.07 (95% CI 1.04–1.10), 1.12 (1.02–1.22), 1.19 (1.01–1.41) and 1.17 (1.07–1.29) for total cancer, liver cancer, lymphoma and female breast cancer, respectively. These associations were similar across subgroups defined by baseline sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics (e.g., sex and smoking status) and across the ten survey regions. No significant associations were observed between dairy intake and risk of the other 14 common cancer sites. Conclusions In this large study of Chinese adults, higher consumption of dairy products was associated with higher risks of liver cancer, lymphoma and female breast cancer. Funding Sources Wellcome Trust.

scholarly journals Effects of alcohol consumption in general, and wine in particular, on the risk of cancer development: a review

OENO One ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-832
Author(s):  
Pierre-Louis Teissedre ◽  
Zurine Rasines-Perea ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruf ◽  
Creina Stockley ◽  
Arina Oana Antoce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lifestyle Pattern ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Since 1988, alcohol has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, the highest level of risk, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In fact, alcohol consumption is the third leading risk factor for disease and mortality in Europe. It accounts for 4.65 % of the global burden of both injury and disease, making it one of the most preventable causes of injury and death. Tissues in closest contact with alcohol when it is ingested, such as those of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and larynx, have at greater risk of becoming cancerous than other body tissues. The consumption of alcohol is also associated with an increased risk of stomach, colon, rectum, liver, female breast and ovarian cancers. Conversely, recent studies suggest that red wine components inhibit colony formation of human breast cancer and esophageal carcinoma cells, suggesting that wine-derived phenolic compounds may be inhibitory, in contrast to the alcohol component of wine. Because of a lack of systematic studies dealing with the different types of cancer and alcoholic beverages and wine in particular, in this narrative review we summarize the general risk of cancer linked to the consumption of alcoholic beverages, including wine, according to type of cancer, with 140 extracted relevant references from 1966 to 2020. Mostly epidemiological studies concerning large cohorts have been selected. For the cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, liver, colorectum, breast cancer, pancreatic, prostate, an excessive consumption and/or misuse of alcoholic beverages is correlated with increased risk. Conversely a probable decreased risk has been found for renal/kidney cancers, as well as for Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, such as thyroid lymphomas, associated with the moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. There is no evidence of ovarian, gastric, head and neck, and lung cancer being linked to the moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Cancer is a multifactorial disease, and many factors contribute to effects on health status, usually being both genetic and environmental. Habits (smoking, dietary/lifestyle pattern/ habits, physical activity), should also be taken into account when defining appropriate consumption frequencies for different types of alcoholic drink (wine, beer, spirits). Further research is needed related to wine consumption in the context of a healthy dietary and lifestyle pattern given health-promoting constituents of wine and its effects on cancer incidence.

Physical Activity in Women with Breast Cancer and Those After Mastectomy

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Patrycja Gierszon ◽  
Agata Stachura ◽  
Magdalena Paziewska ◽  
Marzena Samardakiewicz ◽  
Marzena Furtak-Niczyporuk
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Mammary Gland Cancer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Mammary gland cancer, commonly known as breast cancer, is the most common malignancy in women in Poland. The occurrence of the disease and its treatment are associated with a decrease in physical fitness and endurance of the body, and also make it difficult to meet basic life needs and result in a deterioration in the quality of life. The aim of the study is to present physical activity in women with breast cancer and after mastectomy. Analysis of professional literature and available research results in patients undergoing oncological therapy in the treatment of breast cancer indicates the need for them to undertake physical activity and physiotherapy in order to minimize the effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and mastectomy. Analysis of studies in terms of the impact of physical activity on the rehabilitation and recovery of patients with breast cancer showed a significant impact of physical fitness on bone mineral density as the most important factor in the development and maintenance of normal bone metabolism. Physical exercises have also been shown to have a positive effect on patients during and after treatment. Regular physical exercise in women treated for cancer is essential and has a significant impact on reducing muscle deficits and the entire skeletal system.

Effect of General Impact of Weak Low Frequency Vortex Magnetic Field on the System of Natural Antitumor Resistance of the Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Yu. Rybakov ◽  
V. Gukasov ◽  
Yu. Kozlov
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Functional Activity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Effect ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Observation Period

Purpose: Experimental study of the antitumor mechanism of increasing the functional activity of phagocytes with a general effect on the body of a weak low-frequency vortex magnetic field (VMP). Material and methods: The functional activity of phagocytes was assessed upon activation by the intensity of chemiluminescence (CHL) on a Biolumat instrument (model LB 9500, by Berthold, Germany). Samples for in vitro and in vivo experiments were prepared according to generally accepted protocols. The impact of the VMP (Vmax = 3.0 mTl, f = 100 Hz) was performed using a Magnitoturbotron magnetotherapeutic installation (developed by NPF Az). Results: It was found in vitro experiments that the exposure of a suspension of VMP cells stimulated an increase in CHL by 58 % relative to the control, while the main contribution to the intensity of the signal of the CHL was made by neutrophils. In the study of the blood CHL of mice with subcutaneously inoculated melanoma B-16, it was established that the value of the specific CHL in the experiment with VFM by the end of the observation period (day 17) increased sharply (3 times) relative to the beginning of the observation and to the control at the same observation period was 3.3 times more. Experiments with whole blood of healthy donors and patients with breast cancer showed that the CHL curves over time were biphasic in nature and had two maxima, but the phase ratio was different. At donors, the main luminescence developed by the 100th minute, and a maximum of 30–40 min was mild. In patients with breast cancer, the first maximum at 30–40 min was the main, the second maximum was weak and came later than that of donors. Experiments with the effects of VMP on the organism of healthy and patients with breast cancer of people showed an increase in the functional activity of neutrophils as a result of exposure to VMP, but in patients with breast cancer, the level of CHL was significantly (3 times) higher than of healthy donors. Based on the research, it was concluded that exposure to the VMP is able to form a priming neutrophil. Сonclusion: It is shown that the overall effect of weak low-frequency VFM increases the level of nonspecific resistance of the organism to the tumor process, which expands the possibilities of rehabilitation of patients, allows expanding the compensatory capabilities of the body and reduce the risk of disease.

scholarly journals Impact of BMI for clinical outcomes in Japanese breast cancer patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-240
Author(s):  
Naomi Gondo ◽  
Masataka Sawaki ◽  
Masaya Hattori ◽  
Akiyo Yoshimura ◽  
Haruru Kotani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival ◽  
Er Positive ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective The relationship between the body mass index (BMI) at the time of breast cancer diagnosis and the prognosis of breast cancer patients has not yet been clarified. We investigated the impact of obesity for clinical outcomes in Japanese breast cancer patients. Methods Women with primary breast cancer operated between 2002 and 2014 were identified. All patients are categorized into four groups according to BMI. The range of BMI is <18.5 kg/m2, from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2, >30 kg/m2 in underweight, normal, overweight and obesity groups, respectively. The correlation between BMI and overall survival (OS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were statistically analyzed. Results From the database of our institution, we identified 3223 patients. The median follow-up period was 57 months (1–149). We categorized 2257 (70.0%), 318 (9.9%), 545 (16.9%) and 103 (3.2%) patients into normal, underweight, overweight obesity groups respectively. There were189 patients (5.9%) deaths due to breast cancer recurrence (137 patients) and other disease (52 patients). Obesity groups was significantly high compared with normal groups for OS (adjusted HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.38–4.28; P < 0.001), BCSS (adjusted HR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.15–6.44; P = 0.02) and DFS (adjusted HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11–3.02; P = 0.017) by multivariate analysis. Especially, OS (adjusted HR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.15–11.04; P < 0.001), BCSS (adjusted HR, 4.51; 95% CI, 1.52–13.34; P < 0.001) and DFS (adjusted HR, 4.87; 95% CI, 1.02–4.89; P = 0.04) were statistically insignificant in postmenopausal ER-positive breast cancer patients. Conclusion Obesity might be risk factor for OS, BCSS and DFS, especially postmenopausal ER-positive women.

scholarly journals Cancer incidence in young and middle-aged people with schizophrenia: nationwide cohort study in Taiwan, 2000–2010

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Y. Chen ◽  
Y. N. Hung ◽  
Y. Y. Chen ◽  
S. Y. Yang ◽  
C. H. Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
General Population ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Psychiatric Admission ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Incidence Of Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Impact

Aims.For nearly a century, the incidence of cancer in people with schizophrenia was lower than in the general population. In the recent decade, the relationship between cancer and schizophrenia has become obscured. Thus, we investigated the cancer risk among young and middle-aged patients with schizophrenia.Methods.Records of newly admitted patients with schizophrenia (n = 32 731) from January 2000 through December 2008 were retrieved from the Psychiatric Inpatient Medical Claims database in Taiwan, and the first psychiatric admission of each patient during the same period was defined as the baseline. We obtained 514 incident cancer cases that were monitored until December 2010. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare the risk of cancer between those with schizophrenia and the general population. Stratified analyses of cancer incidences were performed by gender, site of cancers and duration since baseline (first psychiatric admission).Results.The incidence of cancer for all sites was slightly higher than that of the general population for the period (SIR = 1.15 [95% CI 1.06–1.26], p = 0.001). Men had a significantly higher incidence of colorectal cancer (SIR = 1.48 [95% CI 1.06–2.06], p = 0.019). Women had a higher incidence of breast cancer (SIR = 1.47 [95% CI 1.22–1.78], p < 0.001). Intriguingly, the risk for colorectal cancer was more pronounced 5 years after the first psychiatric admission rather than earlier (SIR = 1.94 [1.36–2.75], p < 0.001) and so was the risk for breast cancer (SIR = 1.85 [1.38–2.48], p < 0.001). The cancer incidence was higher in patients with schizophrenia contradicting the belief that schizophrenia was protective of cancers.Conclusions.Our analyses suggest that men and women with schizophrenia were more vulnerable to certain types of cancers, which indicates the need for gender-specific cancer screening programs. The fact that risk of colorectal cancer was more pronounced 5 years after the first psychiatric admission could imply the impact of unhealthy lifestyles or the possibility of delayed diagnoses.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Liver Cancer: Etiology and Therapeutic Targets

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanpeng Wang ◽  
Zhuonan Li ◽  
Yanshuo Ye ◽  
Lijuan Xie ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
The Body ◽  
Liver Carcinogenesis ◽  
Cancer Etiology ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Accumulating evidence has indicated that oxidative stress (OS) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Normally, OS occurs when the body receives any danger signal—from either an internal or external source—and further induces DNA oxidative damage and abnormal protein expression, placing the body into a state of vulnerability to the development of various diseases such as cancer. There are many factors involved in liver carcinogenesis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The relationship between OS and HCC has recently been attracting increasing attention. Therefore, elucidation of the impact of OS on the development of liver carcinogenesis is very important for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer. This review focuses mainly on the relationship between OS and the development of HCC from the perspective of cellular and molecular mechanisms and the etiology and therapeutic targets of HCC.

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