The ‘Real’ Price of Primary Products

1977 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 72-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Ray
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
The Real ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Real Price ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Real Value ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article traces the course of world commodity prices back to the middle of the 19th century and attempts to assess the changes in their purchasing value by deflating them by the export prices of manufactured goods. The purchasing power of commodity prices was in decline over long periods but they usually regained their earlier real value, or improved on it, in powerful upsurges of which the 1972-74 boom was the most recent; it was also unique in peacetime and, though with fluctuations, the purchasing value of commodities has since remained at a relatively high level.

Сирия (аш-Шам) в системе османских владений (XVI – начало XX в.)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

Аннотация В статье рассматривается роль и место Сирии (включая Ливан и Палестину) в системе османских владений на протяжении нескольких веков от османского завоевания до периода правления султана Абдул-Хамида II. В течение четырех столетий османского владычества территория исторической Сирии (Билад аш-Шам) была одним из важнейших компонентов османской системы и играла роль связующего звена между Анатолией, Египтом, Ираком и Хиджазом. Необходимость ежегодной организации хаджа с символами султанской власти и покровительства над святынями Мекки и Медины определяла особую стратегическую важность сирийских провинций Османской империи. Несмотря на ряд серьезных угроз во время общего кризиса османской государственности (конец XVI начало XIX вв.), имперскому центру удалось сохранить контроль над Сирией путем создания сдержек и противовесов между местными элитами. В XIX в. и особенно в период правления Абдул- Хамида II (18761909 гг.), сохранение Сирии под османским контролем стало вопросом существования Османской империи, которая перед лицом растущего европейского давления и интервенции потеряла большую часть своих владений на Балканах и в Северной Африке. Задача укрепления связей между имперским центром и периферией в сирийских вилайетах в последней четверти XIX в. была в целом успешно решена. К началу XX в. Сирия была одним из наиболее политически спокойных и прочно связанных со Стамбулом регионов Османской империи. Этому в значительной степени способствовали довольно высокий уровень общественной безопасности, развитие внешней торговли, рост образования и постепенная интеграция местных элит (как мусульман, так и христиан) в османские государственные и социальные механизмы. Положение Сирии в системе османских владений показало, что процесс ослабления и территориальной дезинтеграции Османской империи в эпоху реформ не был линейным и наряду с потерей владений и влияния на Балканах, в азиатской части империи в течение XIX и начала XX вв. происходил параллельный процесс имперской консолидации.Abstract The article examines the role and place of Greater Syria (including Lebanon and Palestine) in the system of Ottoman possessions over several centuries from the Ottoman conquest to the period of the reign of Abdul Hamid II. For four centuries of Ottoman domination, the territory of historical Syria (Bilad al-Sham) was one of the most important components in the Ottoman system and played the role of a link between Anatolia, Egypt, Iraq and Hijaz. The need to ensure the Hajj with symbols of Sultan power and patronage over the shrines of Mecca and Medina each year determined the special strategic importance of the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Despite a number of serious threats during the general crisis of the Ottoman state system (late 16th early 19th centuries), the imperial center managed to maintain control over Syria by creating checks and balances between local elites. In the 19th century. And especially during the reign of Abdul Hamid II (18761909), keeping Syria under Ottoman control became a matter of existence for the Ottoman Empire, which, in the face of increasing European pressure and intervention, lost most of its possessions in the Balkans and North Africa. The task of strengthening ties between the imperial center and the periphery in Syrian vilayets in the last quarter of the 19th century was generally successfully resolved. By the beginning of the 20th century, Syria was one of the most politically calm and firmly connected with Istanbul regions of the Ottoman Empire. This was greatly facilitated by a fairly high level of public safety, the development of foreign trade, the growth of education and the gradual integration of local elites (both Muslims and Christians) into Ottoman state and social mechanisms. Syrias position in the system of Ottoman possessions clearly showed that the process of weakening and territorial disintegration of the Ottoman Empire during the era of reform was not linear, and along with the loss of possessions and influence in the Balkans, in the Asian part of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries there was a parallel process of imperial consolidation.

The ‘Real’ Price of Crude Oil

1977 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
G. F. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Export Prices ◽  
Real Price ◽  
Primary Products ◽  
Cent Increase ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Posted Price

This note traces the course of the price of crude oil back to 1880 and attempts to assess the changes in its purchasing value by deflating it by the export prices of manufactured goods. The purchasing power of the posted price of crude oil declined through the 1960s, even without allowance for significant discounts, and then trebled in 1974. The sixfold nominal rise of the oil price from 1972 to 1977 compares with a 150 per cent increase in the prices of other primary products, and a rise of about 75 per cent in the price level of manufactured goods in world trade.

,,Ein Vorhof zum Paradies". Das Czernowitz-Bild in der deutsch-jüdischen Literatur

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Anna-Dorothea Ludewig
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Holocaust Survivors ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Place ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe present research on Czernowitz focuses mostly on the 20th century and on the works and memoirs of Holocaust survivors. But Czernowitz was at its cultural and economical height at the end of the 19th century, and it was during that time that the myth of the ,,ideal city" was established. This essay stresses the importance of that time period for understanding the ,,Czernowitz myth," and it analyzes the relationship between the ,,real" place Czernowitz and the literary topos of a ,,sunken city" (Rose Ausländer).

Conflict and cooperation in OPEC: some additional economic considerations

1979 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Real ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Real Price ◽  
Political Dispute ◽  
Economic Considerations

In a recent article in this journal Paul Jabber presents a cogent analysis of many of the potential conflicts that may face OPEC over the coming years and concludes that a collapse of the cartel is extremely unlikely, even under conditions of severe political dispute among OPEC members. I share Jabber's view that a collapse of the cartel is not probable in the medium-term future. I believe, however, that Jabber has not sufficiently recognized the divergencies as well as the similarities in the economic interests of the oil countries, and that, as a result, his analysis significantly overstates the likelihood that the real level of oil prices, i.e., the nominal price adjusted for the depreciating purchasing power of currencies, is likely to average near if not above the levels initially established with the first full-fledged flexing of OPEC's muscles in 1973–74. After the 1973–74 increases, the real price of oil fell substantially through 1978, although of course nowhere near preembargo levels. Thus Jabber's prediction was that a significant increase in real oil prices will occur over the coming decade.

scholarly journals Trading in Air Bangis in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Junaidi Junaidi ◽  
Ratna Ratna
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This study aims to explain trading activities at the Air Bangis harbor during the Dutch Colonial Government. Since the early 19th century, the Dutch Colonial Government had been more ambitious than before to utilize as much forest and agricultural products as possible in the hinterland of the West Coast of Sumatra. This intention was also supported by the improvement of the functions of harbor cities along the West Coast of Sumatra, including Air Bangis. The improvement per se had allowed a small-scale trade to be upgraded to export-oriented free harbors. The high level of trading activity in the Air Bangis harbor was made possible by its hinterland which is rich in export commodities. Among the types of the export commodities were gold, camphor, myrrh, rattan, dammar, coffee and pepper. The Air Bangis harbor had a role in lifting the spirits of the foreign nations, such as Aceh, VOC, English, and the Dutch Colonial Government, to build their influences in the harbor. The competition often caused friction which resulted in a conflict and power overtaking. The winners would take over the power from the losers, established their hegemony and monopolized the trade in the area of Air Bangis. The prosperity of the maritime activities in Air Bangis reached its peak in the first quarter of the 19th century, but it did not last long. In the last quarter of the 19th century, maritime activities in Air Bangis harbor started to decline. Nevertheless, sea voyage and trading activities in Air Bangis harbor had given a specific color to the maritime world in the West Sumatera Coast.

scholarly journals Mariia Vernadska on the role and rights of women in the society of the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Kseniia Lopukh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The role of women in the modern socio-economic life of Ukrainian society is still underestimated. Gender issues are perceived superficially or ignored, and sometimes remain taboo despite the significant number of national and foreign research and publications, information sources and materials. Blindness to issues of the equal rights and opportunities for women and men is deeply rooted in the stereotypes and traditional views on the role and place of women in the society. The purpose of the article is to analyze the scientific and journalistic activity of Mariia Vernadska. She was the first woman who researched political and economic problems in the Russian Empire. She actively interested in the economic issues and processes in the country and analyzed them, and published a number of articles in the journal «Ekonomicheskiy ukazatel», edited by Ivan Vernadsky who was a notable economist and statistician in the first half of the 19th century. The distinguishing feature of her articles was the comprehensible writing language to present and explain the complex economic laws and principles of the genesis of the market economy. Mariia Vernadska used this method to explain the benefits of division of labor, technological progress, free trade, cost sharing and cooperation, road quality, etc. She also criticized the regulation of commodity prices and persisted in the abolition of serfdom explaining its economic inefficiency and backwardness. Mariia Vernadska espoused the ideas of classical political economy, mainly the principle of individual freedom. This basic principle was used by her for interpretation of the women’s labor, the role of women in the society, the women’s rights to pick and choose the activities. She paid special attention to the necessity and the value of the women’s work as a basis for the equality between men and women. She emphasized that it could be achieved due to the education and fighting prejudices against the shame of women's working.

scholarly journals Shevchenko’s Grateful Readers from Dnieper Ukraine: Volodymyr Antonovych and Mykola Lysenko

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Roxana Kharchuk
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Educational Program ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper outlines the portrait of Shevchenko’s reader from the Dnieper Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century based on the example of two prominent figures of Kyiv (Old) “Hromada” Volodymyr Antonovych and Mykola Lysenko. The first one represented the intellectuals from the Right Bank Ukraine, the second one ‒ from the Left Bank part. Under the influence of the Ukrainian national renaissance Volodymyr Antonovych became de-Polonized. He was the first political Ukrainian who understood the significance of Shevchenko’s poetry for the formation of Ukrainian national identity (this is evidenced by his memoirs and promoting Shevchenko’s works). According to M. Starytskyi, Mykola Lysenko perceived “Kobzar” passionately. Not only did he become de-Russificated under the influence of Shevchenko’s poetry, but also made the music to “Kobzar” a matter of his life. The author of the paper emphasizes that Shevchenko’s works urged the intellectuals from the Right and Left Bank Ukraine, disconnected after the Truce of Andrusovo, to unite in “Hromada” movement. At the same time the Left Bank intellectuals dominated in “Hromada”. On the researcher’s opinion, this fact may be explained by the high level of education in the Cossak Hetmanate Ukraine. “Kobzar” was a cornerstone for the educational program of Ukrainian ‘narodnyks’ and this whole intellectual movement was based on it. Shevchenko’s works essentially contributed to spreading the Ukrainian idea in Galicia. There is an opinion, that it was the Galician people who separated the Ukrainian national identity from Russian, while in the Left Bank Ukraine both of these identities coexisted. The author of the paper believes that the intellectuals in both parts of Ukraine in 1860s-1870s had an indistinct national identity. Unlike the Galicians the intellectuals from Ukraine under Russian rule, in particular Volodymyr Antonovych, could not speak openly about Ukrainian self-sufficiency. However Shevchenko (born in the Right Bank Ukraine) was first among Ukrainian intellectuals to voice a thesis about the separation of Ukrainians from Russians, about the distinctive Ukrainian history, language and literature that differ from the Russian ones.

scholarly journals O Santo Ofício em Portugal e a narrativa crítica de Alexandre Herculano em relação à Inquisição / The Holy Office in Portugal and the Critical Narrative of Alexandre Herculaneum in Relation to the Inquisition

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (64) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Felipe Dos Santos Matias
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Work History ◽  
Second Moment ◽  
The Real ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jose Saramago ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Resumo: O presente artigo estuda, inicialmente, o Santo Ofício português – iniciado em 1536 e oficialmente extinto apenas no século XIX, em 1821 –, procurando abordar alguns aspectos históricos, sociais, políticos e culturais decorrentes do funcionamento do tribunal inquisitorial em solo luso. Para tanto, dialoga-se com historiadores e intelecuais como António Baião, Anita Novinsky, António Sérgio, Lana Lage da Gama Lima, Giuseppe Marcocci, José Pedro Paiva, Toby Green, António José Saraiva, Eduardo Lourenço, dentre outros. Em um segundo momento do estudo, analisa-se a obra História da origem e estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal (1854), de Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877), buscando-se evidenciar a forma pela qual a narrativa historiográfica herculaniana constituiu um discurso crítico em relação à institucionalização da Inquisição no reino português – durante a monarquia de D. João III – e aos laços estreitos entre os poderes real e religioso.Palavras-chave: Inquisição; Portugal; Alexandre Herculano.Abstract: This article initially studies the Portuguese Holy Office - which began in 1536 and was officially extinguished only in the 19th century, in 1821 - and seeks to address some historical, social, political and cultural aspects arising from the operation of the Inquisitorial Court on Portuguese soil. To do so, it dialogues with historians and intellectuals such as António Baião, Anita Novinsky, António Sérgio, Lana Lage da Gama Lima, Giuseppe Marcocci, José Pedro Paiva, Toby Green, António José Saraiva, Eduardo Lourenço, among others. In a second moment of study, the work History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal (1854), by Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877), is analyzed, seeking to highlight the way in which the herculanian historiographic narrative constituted a discursive criticism in relation to the institutionalization of the Inquisition in the Portuguese kingdom – during the monarchy of D. João III – and to the close ties between the real and religious powers.Keywords:Inquisition; Portugal; Alexandre Herculano.Resumo: O presente artigo[1] estuda, inicialmente, o Santo Ofício português – iniciado em 1536 e oficialmente extinto apenas no século XIX, em 1821 –, procurando abordar alguns aspectos históricos, sociais, políticos e culturais decorrentes do funcionamento do tribunal inquisitorial em solo luso. Para tanto, dialoga-se com historiadores e intelecuais como António Baião, Anita Novinsky, António Sérgio, Lana Lage da Gama Lima, Giuseppe Marcocci, José Pedro Paiva, Toby Green, António José Saraiva, Eduardo Lourenço, dentre outros. Em um segundo momento do estudo, analisa-se a obra História da origem e estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal (1854), de Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877), buscando-se evidenciar a forma pela qual a narrativa historiográfica herculaniana constituiu um discurso crítico em relação à institucionalização da Inquisição no reino português – durante a monarquia de D. João III – e aos laços estreitos entre os poderes real e religioso.Palavras-chave: Inquisição; Portugal; Alexandre Herculano.Abstract: This article initially studies the Portuguese Holy Office - which began in 1536 and was officially extinguished only in the 19th century, in 1821 - and seeks to address some historical, social, political and cultural aspects arising from the operation of the Inquisitorial Court on Portuguese soil. To do so, it dialogues with historians and intellectuals such as António Baião, Anita Novinsky, António Sérgio, Lana Lage da Gama Lima, Giuseppe Marcocci, José Pedro Paiva, Toby Green, António José Saraiva, Eduardo Lourenço, among others. In a second moment of study, the work History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal (1854), by Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877), is analyzed, seeking to highlight the way in which the herculanian historiographic narrative constituted a discursive criticism in relation to the institutionalization of the Inquisition in the Portuguese kingdom – during the monarchy of D. João III – and to the close ties between the real and religious powers.Keywords: Inquisition; Portugal; Alexandre Herculano.[1] Este estudo é parte da tese As representações da Inquisição nos discursos historiográfico de Alexandre Herculano e literário de José Saramago, defendida em 2014, na UFJF. 

scholarly journals THE POETIC WORLD OF I. A. KURATOV

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-642
Author(s):  
Lidiya Egorovna Surnina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Objective World ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Subjective Level

I. A. Kuratov’s creative activity has been an outstanding phenomenon in the history of Komi and Finno-Ugrian literatures. In the period of the democratic enlightenment the incipient Komi literature which was written by I. A. Kuratov in terms of the real illustration of the nation’s life was in line with literatures with old traditions. It is known, that I. A. Kuratov was not the sole writer of the 19th century, such names as G. Lytkin, P. Rasputin, P. Klochkov, M. Istomin and others are also well known. I. Kuratov knew about literary experiments by the Komi writers of the beginning of the 19th century. The critical perception of the works by these authors helped him to a certain degree to comprehend which targets must the poet solve, who represents a small nation of Russia. This article deals with the study of I. Kuratov’s lyric system, which is multi-subject, containing different ways of expressing the author’s consciousness. The relevance of the work is due to research opportunities that open up the study of the subjective system of works to reveal the individual author's system of the Komi poet. Poems of peasant themes by I. Kuratov are analyzed. The subject of the research is the subject organization as one of the most important ways of expressing the author's consciousness. I. Kuratov strives to embody the idea of the internal unity of the rural collective both at the heroic and at the structural and subjective level. Such a task materializes both in the sphere of subject organization and in the structure of the text itself, each element of which (artistic space, imagery series, motive complex, objective world, composition, plot) somehow becomes a means of representing the author's discourse.

Investment in assets seen as inflation-proof will rise

2022 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Value

Significance Traditionally, a balanced portfolio mix of 60% stocks against 40% bonds and cash offered investors some protection against inflation. However, recent periods when equities and bonds have fallen in tandem have encouraged investors to assess other assets' resilience to inflation. Impacts Demand for different inflation hedges will vary according to investors’ timeframes and risk tolerances. While rising inflation can affect the purchasing power of assets, an offsetting positive is that it can also reduce the real value of debt. If inflation eases faster than expected this year, demand for inflation hedges will fall.

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