The Importance of Challenge for the Enjoyment of Intrinsically Motivated, Goal-Directed Activities

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Abuhamdeh ◽  
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Rock Climbing ◽  
Activity Type ◽  
Art Making ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Perceived Challenge ◽  
Consistent Support ◽  
Subjective Level

Although early interview-based analyses of the enjoyment of intrinsically motivated, goal-directed activities (e.g., chess, rock climbing, art making) suggested the importance of relatively difficult, “optimal” challenges, subsequent findings derived from a wider range of activities have not provided consistent support for this proposition. Two studies were conducted to clarify the relation between challenge and enjoyment. Study 1 focused on a single activity—Internet chess. The importance of challenge was evident at the subjective level (perceived challenge strongly predicted enjoyment) as well as the objective level (games against superior opponents were more enjoyable than games against inferior opponents, and close games were more enjoyable than blowouts). In Study 2, the experience sampling method was used to examine the enjoyment of challenge across a wide range of everyday activities. Activity motivation (intrinsically motivated, non-intrinsically motivated) and activity type (goal directed, non-goal directed) moderated the relation. Implications for theories of intrinsic motivation are discussed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Motivasi Intrinsik Komunikasi Verbal Kompensasi Finansial Terhadap Kinerja Individual Karyawan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Afif Joko Purnomo ◽  
Prayekti Prayekti ◽  
Jajuk Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Financial Compensation ◽  
Civil Registration ◽  
Individual Employee ◽  
Communication Variable

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine whether the effect of intrinsic motivation, verbal communication, financial compensation, on individual employee performance. The research took place at the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Bantul Regency. The sampling method was nonprobability, and the sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out by means of a questionnaire which was directly submitted to the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Bantul Regency. The number of questionnaires that were processed was 48 questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 The results of the t-test research. has an influence on Employee Individual Performance (Y), Based on the results of data processing the Verbal Communication variable has a t-count smaller than t-table (1.024 <1.681) with a probability (0.312) greater than the significant level of 0.05, thus Communication Verbal (X2) partially has no effect on Employee Individual Performance (Y). 0.05, thus Financial Compensation (X3) partially has an effect on Individual Employee Performance (Y). And the f test can be seen that the calculated F value is 5.345 and the f table value is 1.681. The value of F count> F table and the sig value of 0.003 <0.05 (α) so that hypothesis 4 has a positive and significant effect on Intrinsic Motivation, Verbal Communication, Financial Compensation, on Kryawan's Individual Performance at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, Bantul Regency Key words: Influence of Intrinsic Motivation, Verbal Communication, Financial Compensation, Against Individual Employee Performance in the Department of Population and Civil Registration, Bantul Regency.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ILLUMINATION ON STEREO DTM QUALITY: SIMULATIONS IN SUPPORT OF EUROPA EXPLORATION

2016 ◽  
Vol III-4 ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Kirk ◽  
E. Howington-Kraus ◽  
T. M. Hare ◽  
L. Jorda
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Simulated Image ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Rules Of Thumb ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Optimal Quality ◽  
Consistent Support

We have investigated how the quality of stereoscopically measured topography degrades with varying illumination, in particular the ranges of incidence angles and illumination differences over which useful digital topographic models (DTMs) can be recovered. Our approach is to make high-fidelity simulated image pairs of known topography and compare DTMs from stereoanalysis of these images with the input data. Well-known rules of thumb for horizontal resolution (&gt;3–5 pixels) and matching precision (~0.2–0.3 pixels) are generally confirmed, but the best achievable resolution at high incidence angles is ~15 pixels, probably as a result of smoothing internal to the matching algorithm. Single-pass stereo imaging of Europa is likely to yield DTMs of consistent (optimal) quality for all incidence angles ≤85°, and certainly for incidence angles between 40° and 85°. Simulations with pairs of images in which the illumination is not consistent support the utility of shadow tip distance (STD) as a measure of illumination difference, but also suggest new and simpler criteria for evaluating the suitability of stereopairs based on illumination geometry. Our study was motivated by the needs of a mission to Europa, but the approach and (to first order) the results described here are relevant to a wide range of planetary investigations.

scholarly journals Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5820
Author(s):  
Zhenzhou Deng ◽  
Yushan Deng ◽  
Guandong Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Silicon Photomultiplier ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

Positron emission tomography (PET) has a wide range of applications in the treatment and prevention of major diseases owing to its high sensitivity and excellent resolution. However, there is still much room for optimization in the readout circuit and fast pulse sampling to further improve the performance of the PET scanner. In this work, a LIGHTENING® PET detector using a 13 × 13 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal array read out by a 6 × 6 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array was developed. A novel sampling method, referred to as the dual time interval (DTI) method, is therefore proposed to realize digital acquisition of fast scintillation pulse. A semi-cut light guide was designed, which greatly improves the resolution of the edge region of the crystal array. The obtained flood histogram shown that all the 13 × 13 crystal pixels can be clearly discriminated. The optimum operating conditions for the detector were obtained by comparing the flood histogram quality under different experimental conditions. An average energy resolution (FWHM) of 14.3% and coincidence timing resolution (FWHM) of 972 ps were measured. The experimental results demonstrated that the LIGHTENING® PET detector achieves extremely high resolution which is suitable for the development of a high performance time-of-flight PET scanner.

A Study to Evaluate the Need for Comminution in the Preparation of Food Materials for Testing of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus Species, and Generic Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1639-1645
Author(s):  
Patricia Hanson ◽  
Nicole Mitchell ◽  
S Brian Caudle ◽  
Lyndsey Caulkins ◽  
Cameron Owens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Sampling ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Comminution reduces the sampling error arising from distributional heterogeneity of the target contaminant/target analyte in the material, facilitating the selection of a more representative test portion. A laboratory sampling method incorporating comminution prior to selection of the test portion (Sampling Method B) was compared to current sampling methods that used no comminution step (Sampling Method A). Objective This required the development of an efficient process for comminution of food samples prior to removal of the test portion for the detection and isolation of Listeria monocytogenes and the enumeration of Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli. Method From December 2016 to December 2017, 2742 tests were conducted on 778 unique food samples. For all food samples, a test portion (TPA) was first removed using Sampling Method A, and then the remainder of the material was comminuted and a second test portion (TPB) was removed using Sampling Method B and tested alongside the first portion. Results Across all food matrices and microbial targets, 17 additional targets were detected using only Sampling Method B, and positive detections of target analytes increased by 77% using Sampling Method B from the test portions taken using Sampling Method A. Conclusion Utilizing a sample preparation method that includes a comminution step resulted in an increased number of pathogen detections. Highlights The introduction of a comminution step in the preparation of food samples for detection of three common microbial contaminants resulted in an increase in the rate of detection of natural contaminates in a variety of ready to eat foods. An efficient aseptic process for commutation that can be adapted to a wide range of laboratory settings was identified.

scholarly journals Non-Employment Activity Type Imputation from Points of Interest and Mobility Data at an Individual Level: How Accurate Can We Get?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanos Bantis ◽  
James Haworth
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Type Inference ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Activity Type ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Human activity type inference has long been the focus for applications ranging from managing transportation demand to monitoring changes in land use patterns. Today’s ever increasing volume of mobility data allow researchers to explore a wide range of methodological approaches for this task. Such data, however, lack reference observations that would allow the validation of methodological approaches. This research proposes a methodological framework for urban activity type inference using a Dirichlet multinomial dynamic Bayesian network with an empirical Bayes prior that can be applied to mobility data of low spatiotemporal resolution. The method was validated using open source Foursquare data under different isochrone configurations. The results provide evidence of the limits of activity detection accuracy using such data as determined by the Area Under Receiving Operating Curve (AUROC), log-loss, and accuracy metrics. At the same time, results demonstrate that a hierarchical modeling framework can provide some flexibility against the challenges related to the nature of unsupervised activity classification using trajectory variables and POIs as input.

scholarly journals Determination of Natural Resistance Frequencies in Penicillium digitatum Using a New Air-Sampling Method and Characterization of Fludioxonil- and Pyrimethanil-Resistant Isolates

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (8) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kanetis ◽  
H. Förster ◽  
J. E. Adaskaveg
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Air Sampling ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Laboratory Selection ◽  
Wide Range

Fungicide resistance was identified in natural populations of Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of green mold of citrus, to two of three new postharvest fungicides before their commercial use. Using a new air-sampling method where large populations of the pathogen in citrus packinghouses were exposed to agar plates with a continuous, wide-range fungicide concentration gradient, isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil or pyrimethanil were obtained. Resistance frequencies to fludioxonil and pyrimethanil were calculated as 9.5 × 10–7 to 1.5 × 10–5 and 7.3 × 10–6 to 6.2 × 10–5, respectively. No isolates resistant to azoxystrobin were detected. Isolates with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil or pyrimethanil were also obtained in laboratory selection studies, where high concentrations of conidial mixtures of isolates sensitive to the three fungicides were plated onto agar amended with each fungicide at 10 μg/ml. Isolates obtained from fludioxonil selection plates in laboratory and packinghouse experiments were placed into two categories based on mycelial growth: moderately resistant isolates had 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.1 to 0.82 μg/ml and highly resistant isolates had EC50 values > 1.5 μg/ml. Isolates resistant to pyrimethanil all had EC50 values >8 μg/ml. Representative isolates of the two categories with reduced sensitivity to fludioxonil varied widely in their virulence and sporulation capacity as measured by the incidence of decay and degree of sporulation on inoculated fruit, respectively, whereas pyrimethanil-resistant isolates were mostly similar to the wild-type isolate. Fungicide sensitivity characteristics for isolates from fludioxonil and pyrimethanil selection plates remained stable after passages on nonamended agar, and disease could not be controlled after treatment with the respective fungicides. Types of fungicide resistance were visualized on thiabendazole- (TBZ) and imazalil-amended selection plates that were exposed in packinghouses where resistance to these fungicides was known to occur. The qualitative, single-site resistance to the benzimidazole TBZ was visualized by two distinct subpopulations in regard to fungicide sensitivity, whereas the quantitative, multi-site resistance to the demethylation inhibitor imazalil was apparent as a continuous density gradient of colonies along the fungicide concentration gradient. Types of resistance could not be assigned to fludioxonil or pyrimethanil because a limited number of resistant colonies was obtained on each plate. Thus, with this new method, we were able to estimate fungicide resistance frequencies as well as characterize and visualize types of resistance within populations of a fungal species. This information will be used to design resistance management strategies for previous and newly registered postharvest fungicides of citrus.

Relationships between Perceived Learning Environment and Intrinsic Motivation in Middle School Physical Education

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Middle School Students ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
School Students ◽  
Perceived Challenge

In this article, a study focusing on the perceptions and motivations of middle school students in physical education classes is described. The Physical Education Learning Environment Scale (PELES) was developed to measure student perceptions of learning environment, or class climate, in physical education on dimensions of perceived challenge, perceived threat to sense of self, perceived competitiveness, and perceived control. The PELES was administered, together with the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) to a sample (N = 622) of middle school students. Exploratory factor analyses provided evidence of adequate construct validity for the PELES, following elimination of the perceived control subscale. Multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived threat and perceived challenge predicted intrinsic motivation for both males and females. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for practicing teachers and for future research.

scholarly journals Towards a neo-configurational theory of intrinsic motivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Daria Swiatczak
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Empowerment Theory ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Configurational Theory ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Perceived Challenge

AbstractThis research seeks to improve our understanding of how intrinsic motivation is instantiated. Three motivation theories, flow theory, self-determination theory, and empowerment theory, have informed our understanding of the foundations of intrinsic motivation at work. Taken jointly, they suggest six causal factors for intrinsic motivation: (1) perceived competence, (2) perceived challenge, (3) perceived autonomy, (4) perceived impact, (5) perceived social relatedness, and (6) perceived meaningfulness. Integrating different theoretical perspectives, I employ a case-based configurational approach and conduct coincidence analyses on survey data from a German public utility to analyse the nuanced interplay of these six causal factors for intrinsic motivation. My data show that high perceived meaningfulness or high perceived autonomy is sufficient for high perceived intrinsic motivation and at least one of the two conditions must be present. Further, my findings reveal a common cause structure in which perceived impact is not a causal factor for intrinsic motivation but an additional outcome factor. Subsequent analyses shed light on possible roles of the remaining proposed causal factors by drawing a tentative causal chain structure. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the causal complexity underlying the formation of intrinsic motivation.

scholarly journals The Relation Between Television Viewing Time and Reading Achievement in Elementary School Children: A Test of Substitution and Inhibition Hypotheses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Supper ◽  
Frédéric Guay ◽  
Denis Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Reading Achievement ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Viewing Time ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tv Viewing ◽  
Gender Invariance ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mediating Variables

Research has focused on the relations between television (TV) viewing time and children’s reading achievement. Two hypotheses have been proposed to explain this relation. The substitution hypothesis proposes that TV viewing distracts students from activities that are important for their learning. The inhibition hypothesis proposes that watching television inhibits important affective/cognitive skills. In this study, we test both hypotheses by estimating the relation between TV viewing time and reading achievement. We use the frequency of students’ leisure reading and the frequency of interactions between students and their parents as potential mediators to test the substitution hypothesis, whereas for the inhibition one, we use students’ intrinsic motivation to read and their level of inattention. Data come from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). Designed by the Institut de la statistique du Québec, QLSCD covers a wide range of themes. The QLSCD is representative of children in Québec and contains 2223 participants who were followed from 0 to 21 years old. The four structural models tested are built as follows: the TV viewing time at 6 years old predicts the four mediating variables at 8 years old, which in turn predicts reading achievement at 10 years old. In addition, we have tested models’ gender invariance. Results indicate that TV viewing time is not directly or indirectly associated with reading achievement. Specifically, it is not associated with the mediating variables of child-parent interactions, intrinsic motivation, and inattention. However, the frequency of leisure reading is negatively associated with the time spent watching TV. This association is very small (−0.07) and has no indirect effect on reading achievement. Finally, results do not vary according to the gender of the participants. Our results are in line with those of previous studies in the field and cast some doubts on the potential negative effects of TV viewing time on reading achievement.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ISLAMIC WORK ETHICS ON JOB PERFORMANCE: MEDIATING ROLE OF INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaz Ud Din ◽  
Faisal Khan ◽  
Usman Khan ◽  
Ana Kadarningsih ◽  
Sih Darmi Astuti6
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Work Ethics ◽  
Mediating Role

The determination of this research is to examine the effect of Islamic work ethics on job performance and intrinsic motivation. This study also try to investigate the mediating role of intrinsic motivation on the association between Islamic Work Ethics and job performance. Nonprobability sampling, method was used. Data were collected through adopted questionnaires from 310 teachers of different Universities situated in Malakand Division, KP-Pakistan. SPSS and AMOS were used for Statistical tests. Empirical results indicate that there is a significant positive association between Islamic work ethics, Job performance and intrinsic motivation. The study determined that the idea of Islamic work ethics works as a therapy for the emergent ethical crisis of education sector of Pakistan which should be pervaded in organizational culture for sustainable job performance and growth. Further, study explain that intrinsic motivation mediates the association between Islamic Work Ethics and Job Performance. Implications and upcomingstudy recommendations are discuss in the conclusion.

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