Technology and the Development Debate: Limitations of NIEO Strategy

1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-341
Author(s):  
Thomas Baumgartner ◽  
Tom R. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
National Level ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
International Level ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The West ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
Central Factor ◽  
Transfer Of Technology ◽  
The Relationship

Technology has become the new central factor in the debate about development. The means to achieve development (which, it is assumed, must necessarily be in the image of a few industrialized countries, whether of the West or the East) is conceptualized simply as the transfer of technology, regardless of the certain mismatch between imported, culturally determined, technology and the historically given structural and institutional frameworks of the importing societies. On the international level, transferred technology tends to create dependency; on the national level, it leads to distortions and undesirable developments. This paper explicates the relationship between technology and social systems, and discusses its implications for development strategies.

scholarly journals Comparative Study: Chinese and Western Theoretical Sources for Sustainable Development Theory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Tongzhen
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
International Level ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Countries around the world are now plagued by deteriorating environmental problems (including global warming, desertification, reduction of biodiversity, and possible sources of unknown viruses such as COVID-19). Besides cooperation at the international level, countries, especially the East and West, have adopted different approaches. Philosophy can guide our actions, and exploring the theories of each period could help us understand what people know about and how they behave. The Chinese “San cai” and “Sheng Wang Zhi Zhi” theories and the "Anthropocentrism" and "Resource are limited" of the West countries have their on the relationship between human beings and environment, which play important roles in their traditional philosophies before the largely accepted definition of Sustainable Development (SD).

scholarly journals Comparative Study: Chinese and Western Theoretical Sources for Sustainable Development Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Tongzhen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Development Theory ◽  
International Level ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

Countries around the world are now plagued by deteriorating environmental problems (including global warming, desertification, reduction of biodiversity, and possible sources of unknown viruses such as COVID-19). Besides cooperation at the international level, countries, especially the East and West, have adopted different approaches. Philosophy can guide our actions, and exploring the theories of each period could help us understand what people know about and how they behave. The Chinese “San cai” and “Sheng Wang Zhi Zhi” theories and the "Anthropocentrism" and "Resource are limited" of the West countries have their on the relationship between human beings and environment, which play important roles in their traditional philosophies before the largely accepted definition of Sustainable Development (SD).

scholarly journals Relationship between Athletes’ Values and Moral Disengagement in Sport, and Differences Across Gender, Level and Years of Involvement

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (84) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulius Šukys ◽  
Aušra Janina Jansonienė
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Moral Behavior ◽  
International Level ◽  
Gender And Sports ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
University Athletes

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  The  research  focuses  on  university  athletes’  values  and  moral disengagement  in  sport.  Hypothetically  moral  and  competence  values  would  negatively  correlate  with  moral disengagement in sport. Also, values in sport would differ across gender and sports mastery.Research aim was to examine the relationship between athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport, and to determine the manifestation of athletes’ values and moral disengagement in sport by gender, sports mastery and sports experience.Research methods. The sample included 318 athletes recruited from Lithuanian universities. The participants completed the Youth Sport Value Questionnaire-2 (YSVQ-2; Lee et al., 2008) and the Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale-Short (MDSS-S; Boardley, Kavussanu, 2008).Research  results.  The  positive  correlation  between  values  in  sport  and  negative  correlation  between  moral values and moral disengagement in sport were established. Moral values were more important to females compared to males (p < 0.01). Competence values were more important to international level athletes compared to the national level athletes (p < 0.01). ANOVA indicated the differences of years of involvement in sport in dependence on moral values (p < 0.05) and competence values (p < 0.01). Discussion  and  conclusions.  Research  established  negative  correlation  between  moral  values  and  moral disengagement, but there were no correlations with status values. The study confirmed the hypothesis that female athletes’ scores on moral values would be higher comparing to those of male, but there were no differences comparing moral disengagement in sport. Athletes of higher levels of competition (international level athletes) scored higher on competence values. Research supported the hypothesis that athletes’ moral disengagement in sport would not differ across sport experience.Keywords: sport, athletes’ moral behavior, values in sport, moral disengagement in sport

The ACTN3 XX Genotype’s Underrepresentation in Japanese Elite Wrestlers

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Kikuchi ◽  
Dai Ueda ◽  
Seok-ki Min ◽  
Koichi Nakazato ◽  
Shoji Igawa
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
National Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
International Level ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Athletic Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose:To examine the relationship between ACTN3 polymorphisms and level of athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.Methods:The control group consisted of 243 healthy Japanese individuals. The authors divided 135 wrestlers into 3 groups based on their results in national or international competitions. They classified as elite 24 wrestlers who had placed in the top 8 in a world championship or participated in Olympic games, 28 wrestlers who had participated in world championships or become champions in Japan’s national championships were classified as subelite, and 83 wrestlers were classified as national (N-W, ie, national-level wrestler). In addition, the authors combined the elite and subelite to form the classification international-level wrestlers (I-W).Results:The frequency of the null X allele and the XX genotype were significantly lower in the I-W group than in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in ACTN3 genotype or allele frequency between the N-W and control groups. The frequency of the ACTN3 XX genotype in the elite groups was lower than that of all groups, and a linear tendency was observed between ACTN3 XX genotype and athletic status.Conclusions:In conclusion, the data indicated that ACTN3 polymorphisms were related to athletic performance in Japanese wrestlers.

Russia – USA relationship: R.I.P. Cold War?

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Isabela de Andrade Gama
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The Self ◽  
International Level ◽  
The West ◽  
Nato Enlargement ◽  
Sphere Of Influence ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
New Situation

The focus of the proposal is related to the relationship of Russia and the West after the Cold War, especially concerning the NATO enlargement. It is assumed that at this moment the relationship of these entities have changed to a whole new situation. However if the Cold War was about performance of identity conformation, this proposal claims that this logic still persists In this scenario Russia is trying to find a new role at the international level, as much as NATO is trying to do the same. since their main enemy no longer exists, so the Atlantic Alliance starts a new project of spreading democracy and market economy to the ex-soviet sphere of influence, on the basis of fear of a renewed cycle of Russian nationalist expansionism. Thereby, the rationalism of this debate can be substituted by a new one more inclined to the post-structuralist debate. In this way the main purpose of this paper is to analyze the delimitation of the Russian and West’s identities in this space full of “otherness” constituting the “self”, in this scenario of tension/distension hark back to the Cold War era, with special emphasis on Russian foreign policy.

Contemporary Qur'anic Studies in Iran and its Relationship with Qur'anic Studies in the West

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-72
Author(s):  
Morteza Karimi-Nia
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The West ◽  
Communications Technologies ◽  
Religious Learning ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The status of tafsīr and Qur'anic studies in the Islamic Republic of Iran has changed significantly during recent decades. The essay provides an overview of the state of Qur'anic studies in Iran today, aiming to examine the extent of the impact of studies by Western scholars on Iranian academic circles during the last three decades and the relationship between them. As in most Islamic countries, the major bulk of academic activity in Iran in this field used to be undertaken by the traditional ʿulamāʾ; however, since the beginning of the twentieth century and the establishment of universities and other academic institutions in the Islamic world, there has been increasing diversity and development. After the Islamic Revolution, many gradual changes in the structure and approach of centres of religious learning and universities have occurred. Contemporary advancements in modern sciences and communications technologies have gradually brought the institutions engaged in the study of human sciences to confront the new context. As a result, the traditional Shīʿī centres of learning, which until 50 years ago devoted themselves exclusively to the study of Islamic law and jurisprudence, today pay attention to the teaching of foreign languages, Qur'anic sciences and exegesis, including Western studies about the Qur'an, to a certain extent, and recognise the importance of almost all of the human sciences of the West.

JOHN LOUIS ESPOSITO TENTANG DIALOG PERADABAN ISLAM-BARAT

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moh. Salman Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
The West ◽  
Strong Bond ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
Muslim Intellectuals ◽  
Abrahamic Religions ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to provide explanation about John Louis Esposito’s insights on therelationship between Islam and The West. The relationship is a fluctuative one, some tensionsand even open conflict may occur. Some events become the entry point to the relationship, forinstance, the crusades that is not only happened physically but also, through this war, the meetingbetween Islam and The West establishes inter cultural dialogue among them.John Louis Esposito’s views on the relationship between Islam and The West ispositioned in view of some Muslim intellectuals and orientalists to emphasize its originality. Theintellectual positions do not put it on pros or cons side in the context of the relationship betweenIslam and The West.Historically, the relationship between Islam and The West actually has a theologicallystrong bond that there is common ground and similarities between Islam and The West. Islamand The west are inherited with Jewish and Christian traditions. Islam like Christianity andJudaism are religions ‘of the sky’ that are allied in Abrahamic religions. Therefore, according toJohn L. Esposito, based on historical fact, there were a real strong bond between Islam and theWest and it started centuries ago .

Rola Avarského Kaganátu Pri Vzniku Slovenčiny

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-236
Author(s):  
Martin Braxatoris ◽  
Michal Ondrejčík
Keyword(s):  
Slavic Language ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Danube Region ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
North Edge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Slovak Language

Abstract The paper proposes a basis of theory with the aim of clarifying the casual nature of the relationship between the West Slavic and non-West Slavic Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language. The paper links the absolute chronology of the Proto-Slavic language changes to historical and archaeological information about Slavs and Avars. The theory connects the ancient West Slavic core of the Proto-Slavic base of the Slovak language with Sclaveni, and non-West Slavic core with Antes, which are connected to the later population in the middle Danube region. It presumes emergence and further expansion of the Slavic koiné, originally based on the non-West Slavic dialects, with subsequent influence on language of the western Slavic tribes settled in the north edge of the Avar Khaganate. The paper also contains a periodization of particular language changes related to the situation in the Khaganate of that time.

Cotton Textile and Leather Exports: What Cost Foreign Exchange? (Notes & Comments)

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-342
Author(s):  
G. C. Hufbauer ◽  
Nayyara Aziz ◽  
Asghar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
The West ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Economic Inquiry ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Development Department

The senior author has elsewhere argued [8] that foreign exchange earned by the export of West Pakistan-manufactured goods has a high domestic cost. Much the same contention has been advanced by Hecox [7], Islam [9] and MacEwan [11]. In these papers the relationship between costs and earnings is usually based on fairly abstract assumptions. The purpose of this note is to reduce the calculations to a "plain man" level. Specifically, we try to calculate how many rupees of indigenous resources are expended to earn each extra rupee of foreign exchange which is received from exporting cotton textiles and leather goods rather than their primary ingredients, namely raw cotton and hides and skins i. Since this note was written, the Board of Economic Inquiry, Lahore, at the request of the West Pakistan Planning and Development Department, has undertaken a wider study applying the same general approach used here.

The Western Connection: Western Support for the East German Opposition

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
East Germany ◽  
Secret Police ◽  
The West ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
East German ◽  
Environmental Network ◽  
The Relationship

Without help from the west, the small East German opposition,such as it was, never would have achieved as much as it did. Themoney, moral support, media attention, and protection provided bywestern supporters may have made as much of a difference to theopposition as West German financial support made to the East Germanstate. Yet this help was often resented and rarely acknowledgedby eastern activists. Between 1988 and 1990, I worked withArche, an environmental network created in 1988 by East Germandissidents. During that time, the assistance provided by West Germans,émigré East Germans, and foreigners met with a level of distrustthat cannot entirely be blamed on secret police intrigue.Outsiders who tried to help faced a barrage of allegations and criticismof their work and motives. Dissidents who elected to remain inEast Germany distrusted those who emigrated, and vice versa,reflecting an unfortunate tendency, even among dissidents, to internalizeelements of East German propaganda. Yet neither the helpand support the East German opposition received from outside northe mentalities that stood in its way have been much discussed. Thisessay offers a description and analysis of the relationship betweenthe opposition and its outside supporters, based largely on one person’sfirst-hand experience.

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