scholarly journals Overweight and Obesity, Cardiometabolic Health, and Body Composition: Findings From the Follow-Up Studies of the INCAP Longitudinal Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S59-S68
Author(s):  
María F. Kroker-Lobos ◽  
Manuel Ramirez-Zea ◽  
Aryeh D. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: There has been increased interest in the hypothesis that undernutrition in early life predisposes to cardiometabolic disease risk in adulthood. The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama Longitudinal Study is able to address one critical aspect of this field, specifically whether improvements in nutrition can prevent this increased risk. Objective: To describe the main findings on obesity and body composition across 5 waves of field work (1988-1989, 1991-1994, 1998-1999, 2002-2004, and 2015-2017) and on cardiometabolic health across 3 waves (1998-1999, 2002-2004, and 2015-2017). Results: Body weight and body fat increased considerably in adulthood, especially among women with sedentary occupations. Adiposity and weight in adulthood were strongly predicted by weight gain after the first 1000 days of life. On the other hand, exposure to improved nutrition in early life reduced diabetes risk by approximately 50% but increased the risk of overweight and obesity. Conclusions: Future research will aid in clarifying the underlying mechanisms that drive the opposite associations among diabetes and obesity with early-life nutrition.

Epigenetics and DOHaD: how translation to predictive testing will require a better public understanding

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fiona Lynch ◽  
Sharon Lewis ◽  
Ivan Macciocca ◽  
Jeffrey M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Predictive Testing ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Needed Information ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Health And Disease

Abstract Epigenetics is likely to play a role in the mediation of the effects of genes and environment in risk for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory presents unique opportunities regarding the possibility of early life interventions to alter the epigenetic makeup of an individual, thereby modifying their risk for a variety of NCDs. While it is important to determine how we can lower the risk of these NCDs, it is equally important to understand how the public’s knowledge and opinion of DOHaD and epigenetic concepts may influence their willingness to undertake such interventions for themselves and their children. In this review, we provide an overview of epigenetics, DOHaD, NCDs, and the links between them. We explore the issues surrounding using epigenetics to identify those at increased risk of NCDs, including the concept of predictive testing of children. We also outline what is currently understood about the public’s understanding and opinion of epigenetics, DOHaD, and their relation to NCDs. In doing so, we demonstrate that it is essential that future research explores the public’s awareness and understanding of epigenetics and epigenetic concepts. This will provide much-needed information which will prepare health professionals for the introduction of epigenetic testing into future healthcare.

scholarly journals Race, Adolescent Socioeconomic Status, and Lifetime Non-Medical Use of Prescription Painkillers: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (23) ◽  
pp. 12289
Author(s):  
Amy Ehntholt ◽  
Roman Pabayo ◽  
Lisa Berkman ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
National Longitudinal Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The misuse of prescription painkillers is a major contributor to the ongoing drug overdose epidemic. This study investigated variability in non-medical use of prescription painkillers (NMUPP) by race and early-life socioeconomic status (SES) in a sample now at increased risk for opioid overdose. Data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 11,602) were used to calculate prevalence of reported NMUPP by Wave 4 (2008; mean age 28), and to assess variation by race and by equivalized household family income at Wave 1 (1994/5). Predicted values for prevalence of NMUPP were modelled, adjusting for age, sex, parental education, and region. Race and SES in adolescence were associated with later reported NMUPP. A gradient was seen in prevalence by SES (adjusted: family income quartile 1 = 13.3%; quartile 2 = 13.8%; quartile 3 = 14.8%; quartile 4 = 16.0%; trend p-value = 0.007). Prevalence was higher among males. Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence were seen (non-Hispanic white (NHW) = 18.5%; non-Hispanic black (NHB) = 5.8%; Hispanic = 10.5%; Other = 10.0%). SES differences were less pronounced upon stratification, with trend tests significant only among females (p = 0.004), and marginally significant among Hispanic males (p = 0.06). Early-life SES was associated with reported lifetime NMUPP: the higher the family income in adolescence, the greater the likelihood of NMUPP by young adulthood. Variations in NMUPP by income paled in comparison with racial/ethnic differences. Results point to a possible long-enduring association between SES and NMUPP, and a need to examine underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Genetic Variants in Lipid Metabolism Pathways Interact with Diet to Influence Blood Lipid Concentrations in Adults with Overweight and Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
Bridget A. Hannon ◽  
Caitlyn G. Edwards ◽  
Sharon V. Thompson ◽  
Sarah K. Burke ◽  
Nicholas A. Burd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Dietary Fat Intake ◽  
Increased Risk

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> The effect of various types of dietary fat on cardiometabolic health continues to be debated, due in part to the high heterogeneity of results following clinical trials investigating the effects of saturated (SFA) and unsaturated fat intake. This variability may be due to genetic differences. Individuals with obesity are at an increased risk for adverse cardiometabolic health and dyslipidemia, and often present with the combined phenotype of elevated triglyceride (TG) and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. Studying genetic variants relevant to lipid and lipoprotein metabolism can elucidate the mechanisms by which diet might interact with genotype to influence these phenotypes. The objective of this study was to determine relationships of genetic variation, dietary fat intake, and blood lipid concentrations in adults with overweight and obesity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Genomic DNA, blood lipid concentrations (HDL and TG), and 7-day diet records were obtained from 101 adults (25–45 years of age) with overweight or obesity. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using indirect calorimetry and used to determine implausible intakes using a modified Goldberg method (kilocalories/REE). Genetic variants included 23 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 15 genes in lipid metabolism pathways. Variants were analyzed with dietary fat intake (total fat, SFA, monounsaturated fat [MUFA], and polyunsaturated fat [PUFA]) via regression analyses. All models were adjusted for age, sex, ancestry, visceral adipose tissue mass, and total kilocalorie intake. The Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Two interactions were detected for TG concentrations. Five gene-diet interactions were associated with HDL concentrations. There was a significant interaction detected between the rs5882 variant of cholesterol-esterase transfer protein (<i>CETP</i>) and MUFA intake to associate with TG concentrations (interaction <i>p</i> = 0.004, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.306). Among carriers of the <i>CETP-</i>rs5882 major allele (G), TG concentrations were significantly lower in individuals consuming more than the median MUFA intake (31 g/day) than in those with an intake below the median. Total dietary fat intake interacted with the rs13702 polymorphism of lipoprotein lipase (<i>LPL</i>) to associate with HDL concentrations (interaction <i>p</i> = 0.041, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.419), by which individuals with the risk allele (G) had significantly higher HDL concentrations when consuming a higher-fat diet (&#x3e;92 g/day) than those with a lower-fat diet (56 ± 3 vs. 46 ± 2 mg/dL, <i>p</i> = 0.033). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Interactions between dietary intake and genes in lipid metabolism pathways were found to be associated with blood lipid concentrations in adults with overweight and obesity. Fatty acid intake may not modulate blood lipid concentrations uniformly across all individuals. Additional research is needed to determine the biological causes of individual variability in response to dietary intake. Understanding the influence of nutrigenetic interactions on dyslipidemia can aid in the development and implementation of personalized dietary strategies to improve health.

scholarly journals The effect of home-based low-volume, high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic health in women of normal body mass and those with overweight or obesity: protocol for a randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Frimpong ◽  
Chloe Dafkin ◽  
Janine Donaldson ◽  
Aletta Maria Esterhuyse Millen ◽  
Rebecca Mary Meiring
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Home Based ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Abstract Background There is a high prevalence of women in South Africa with overweight and obesity which is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Perceived barriers such as lack of time and motivation reduce engagement in beneficial activity behaviours for health. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient and effective way to improve cardiometabolic risk profile regardless of a loss in body mass or change in body composition. This randomized controlled trial aims to determine the effects on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic health and feasibility of a home-based 14-week HIIT program in women with overweight/obesity or normal body mass. Methods One hundred and twenty women (18–40 years old) with a body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m2, will be stratified according to their BMI (normal, BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2; or high BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and randomized into a HIIT exercising group (HIIT) or a non-exercising control group (CON). HIIT participants will perform exercises for 11 min/session six times per week for a period of 14 weeks. The 2 × 4 HIIT protocol will require a work phase of own-body weight exercise lasting 2 minutes (85% VO2peak), repeated four times and separated by a one-minute active rest phase (65% VO2peak). CON participants will be asked to maintain their normal habitual lifestyle. Outcomes of cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, echocardiography, central blood pressure, arterial stiffness and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health will be measured before and after the 14-week intervention. Every 4 weeks during the intervention, an objective estimation of compliance to the study protocol will be assessed by measuring participant physical activity over 7 days using an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer. Discussion Supervised laboratory-based HIIT interventions are effective in improving cardiometabolic health. More pragmatic exercise protocols may however show to be successful for mitigating barriers to the engagement in physical activity and exercise resulting in positive benefits to health. Investigation into home-based HIIT regimens are important in women, where globally the rising trend of overweight and obesity overshadows that of men. The results from this study may therefore inform future research on effective exercise prescription for women’s health. Trial registration Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (www.pactr.org - id no: PACTR201806003434299), 6th June 2018.

scholarly journals Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Lanigan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Complex Interventions ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Childhood Weight ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Uk

Childhood obesity is a serious challenge for public health. The problem begins early with most excess childhood weight gained before starting school. In 2016, the WHO estimated that 41 million children under 5 were overweight or obese. Once established, obesity is difficult to reverse, likely to persist into adult life and is associated with increased risk of CVD, type 2 diabetes and certain cancers. Preventing obesity is therefore of high importance. However, its development is multi-factorial and prevention is a complex challenge. Modifiable lifestyle behaviours such as diet and physical activity are the most well-known determinants of obesity. More recently, early-life factors have emerged as key influencers of obesity in childhood. Understanding risk factors and how they interact is important to inform interventions that aim to prevent obesity in early childhood. Available evidence supports multi-component interventions as effective in obesity prevention. However, relatively few interventions are available in the UK and only one, TrimTots, has been evaluated in randomised controlled trials and shown to be effective at reducing obesity risk in preschool children (age 1–5 years). BMI was lower in children immediately after completing TrimTots compared with waiting list controls and this effect was sustained at long-term follow-up, 2 years after completion. Developing and evaluating complex interventions for obesity prevention is a challenge for clinicians and researchers. In addition, parents encounter barriers engaging with interventions. This review considers early-life risk factors for obesity, highlights evidence for preventative interventions and discusses barriers and facilitators to their success.

scholarly journals Paediatrician’s guide to epigenetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Byrne ◽  
Amanda Jane Drake
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Early Life Events

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is critical for normal development. Dysregulation of the epigenome can lead to the development and progression of a number of diseases relevant to paediatricians, including disorders of genomic imprinting and malignancies. It has long been recognised that early life events have implications for future disease risk, and epigenetic modifications may play a role in this, although further high-quality research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms. Research in the field of epigenetics will contribute to a greater understanding of growth, development and disease; however, paediatricians need to be able to interpret such research critically, in order to use the potential advances brought about through epigenetic studies while appreciating their limitations.

scholarly journals The emerging role of lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (4) ◽  
pp. E814-E819
Author(s):  
Seth F. McCarthy ◽  
Hashim Islam ◽  
Tom J. Hazell
Keyword(s):  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Regulatory Molecule ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Exercise Induced

Lactate, a molecule originally considered metabolic waste, is now associated with a number of important physiological functions. Although the roles of lactate as a signaling molecule, fuel source, and gluconeogenic substrate have garnered significant attention in recent reviews, a relatively underexplored and emerging role of lactate is its control of energy intake (EI). To expand our understanding of the physiological roles of lactate, we present evidence from early infusion studies demonstrating the ability of lactate to suppress EI in both rodents and humans. We then discuss findings from recent human studies that have utilized exercise intensity and/or sodium bicarbonate supplementation to modulate endogenous lactate and examine its impact on appetite regulation. These studies consistently demonstrate that greater blood lactate accumulation is associated with greater suppression of the hunger hormone ghrelin and subjective appetite, thereby supporting a role of lactate in the control of EI. To stimulate future research investigating the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule, we also highlight potential underlying mechanisms explaining the appetite-suppressive effects of lactate using evidence from rodent and in vitro cellular models. Specifically, we discuss the ability of lactate to 1) inhibit the secretory function of ghrelin producing gastric cells, 2) modulate the signaling cascades that control hypothalamic neuropeptide expression/release, and 3) inhibit signaling through the ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus. Unravelling the role of lactate as an appetite-regulatory molecule can shed important insight into the regulation of EI, thereby contributing to the development of interventions aimed at combatting overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Targeting Parenting Quality to Reduce Early Life Adversity Impacts on Lifespan Cardiometabolic Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Bleil ◽  
Susan J. Spieker ◽  
Cathryn Booth-LaForce
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Parenting Quality ◽  
Family Based

Mounting evidence that early life adversity (ELA) exposures confer risk for cardiometabolic disease over the lifespan motivated this narrative review to examine parenting quality as a potential intervention target to reduce ELA exposures or mitigate their impact as a way of reducing or preventing cardiometabolic disease. We describe findings from the limited number of family-based intervention studies in ELA-exposed children that have tested parenting impacts on cardiometabolic health outcomes. We then describe the implications of this work and make recommendations for future research that will move this field forward.

The Association Between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Physical Activity in US Youth

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 1147-1153
Author(s):  
Morgan N. Clennin ◽  
Russell R. Pate
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Complex Sampling ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Background: Growing evidence suggests that the broader neighborhood socioeconomic environment is independently associated with cardiometabolic health. However, few studies have examined this relationship among younger populations. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to (1) investigate the association between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation (SED) and cardiorespiratory fitness and (2) determine the extent to which physical activity mediates this relationship. Methods: Data from 312 youth (aged 12–15 y) were obtained from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a standard submaximal treadmill test, and maximal oxygen consumption was estimated. Physical activity was self-reported time spent in moderate to vigorous activity. Neighborhood SED was measured by a composite index score at the census tract of residence. Logistic regression analyses examined relationships between neighborhood SED, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness, adjusting for individual-level characteristics and the complex sampling design. Results: Neighborhood SED was not significantly associated with cardiorespiratory fitness or physical activity among youth in the study sample. Conclusions: While not significant, cardiorespiratory fitness levels were observed to decrease as neighborhood SED increased. Future research is needed to better understand this relationship and to identify underlying mechanisms beyond fitness or physical activity that may drive the relationship between neighborhood SED and health.

scholarly journals Metabolic programming in early life in humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1770) ◽  
pp. 20180123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline H. D. Fall ◽  
Kalyanaraman Kumaran
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Evolutionary Medicine ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
High Birth Weight ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Increased Risk

An association of low birth weight with an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and diabetes led to the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which proposes that undernutrition during early development permanently ‘programmes’ organ structure and metabolism, leading to vulnerability to later cardio-metabolic disease. High birth weight caused by maternal gestational diabetes is also associated with later diabetes, suggesting that fetal over-nutrition also has programming effects. Post-natal factors (excess weight gain/obesity, smoking, poor diets and physical inactivity) interact with fetal exposures to increase disease risk. Animal studies have shown permanent metabolic effects in offspring after alterations to maternal or early post-natal diets but evidence in humans is largely limited to observational and quasi-experimental situations such as maternal famine exposure. Randomized trials of maternal nutritional interventions during pregnancy have so far had limited follow-up of the offspring. Moreover, interventions usually started after the first trimester and therefore missed key peri-conceptional or early pregnancy events such as epigenetic changes, placentation and fetal organogenesis. Recent and ongoing trials intervening pre-conceptionally and powered for long-term offspring follow-up will address these issues. While current preventive strategies for cardio-metabolic disease focus on high-risk individuals in mid-life, DOHaD concepts offer a ‘primordial’ preventive strategy to reduce disease in future generations by improving fetal and infant development. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Developing differences: early-life effects and evolutionary medicine’.

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