Glycans in scaffold design in tissue reconstruction

2021 ◽  
pp. 088391152199784
Author(s):  
Nipun Jain ◽  
Shashi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Cell Carrier ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tissue Reconstruction ◽  
A Cell

Development of an artificial tissue by tissue engineering is witnessed to be one of the long lasting clarified solutions for the damaged tissue function restoration. To accomplish this, a scaffold is designed as a cell carrier in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) performs a prominent task of controlling the inoculated cell’s destiny. ECM composition, topography and mechanical properties lead to different types of interactions between cells and ECM components that trigger an assortment of cellular reactions via diverse sensing mechanisms and downstream signaling pathways. The polysaccharides in the form of proteoglycans and glycoproteins yield better outcomes when included in the designed matrices. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains present on proteoglycans show a wide range of operations such as sequestering of critical effector morphogens which encourage proficient nutrient contribution toward the growing stem cells for their development and endurance. In this review we discuss how the glycosylation aspects are of considerable importance in everyday housekeeping functions of a cell especially when placed in a controlled environment under ideal growth conditions. Hydrogels made from these GAG chains have been used extensively as a resorbable material that mimics the natural ECM functions for an efficient control over cell attachment, permeability, viability, proliferation, and differentiation processes. Also the incorporation of non-mammalian polysaccharides can elicit specific receptor responses which authorize the creation of numerous vigorous frameworks while prolonging the low cost and immunogenicity of the substance.

scholarly journals Nutritionally variant streptococci.

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
K L Ruoff
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Successful Treatment ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
A Cell

Streptococci requiring either pyridoxal or L-cysteine for growth were first observed 30 years ago as organisms forming satellite colonies adjacent to colonies of "helper" bacteria. Although they were previously considered nutritional mutants of viridans streptococcal species, the nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are currently thought to belong to distinct species of the genus Streptococcus. NVS strains may display pleomorphic cellular morphologies, depending on their growth conditions, and are distinguished from most other streptococci by enzymatic and serological characteristics and the presence of a cell wall chromophore. NVS are found as normal inhabitants of the oral cavity, and in addition to their participation in endocarditis, they have been isolated from a wide range of clinical specimens. Endocarditis caused by NVS is often difficult to eradicate; combinations of penicillin and an aminoglycoside are recommended for treatment. The unique physiological features of the NVS contribute to the difficulties encountered in their recovery from clinical specimens and may play a role in the problems associated with successful treatment of NVS endocarditis.

Application of SU-8 photoresist as a multi-functional structural dielectric layer in FOWLP

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Raquel Pinto ◽  
André Cardoso ◽  
Sara Ribeiro ◽  
Carlos Brandão ◽  
João Gaspar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Material ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) are a fast growing technology for sensor and actuator miniaturization finding more and more commercial opportunities by having an important role in the field of Internet of Things (IoT). On the same note, Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP), namely WLFO technology of NANIUM, which is based on Infineon/ Intel eWLB technology, is also finding further applications, not only due to its high performance, low cost, high flexibility, but also due to its versatility to allow the integration of different types of components in the same small form-factor package. Despite its great potential it is still off limits to the more sensitive components as micro-mechanical devices and some type of sensors, which are vulnerable to temperature and pressure. In the interest of increasing FOWLP versatility and enabling the integration of MEMS, new methods of assembling and processing are continuously searched for. Dielectrics currently used for redistribution layer construction need to be cured at temperatures above 200°C, making it one of the major boundary for low temperature processing. In addition, in order to accomplish a wide range of dielectric thicknesses in the same package it is often necessary to stack very different types of dielectrics with impact on bill of materials complexity and cost. In this work, done in cooperation with the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), we describe the implementation of commercially available SU-8 photoresist as a structural material in FOWLP, allowing lower processing temperature and reduced internal package stress, thus enabling the integration of components such as MEMS/MOEMS, magneto-resistive devices and micro-batteries. While SU-8 photoresist was first designed for the microelectronics industry, it is currently highly used in the fabrication of microfluidics as well as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and BIO-MEMS due to its high biocompatibility and wide range of available thicknesses in the same product family. Its good thermal and chemical resistance and also mechanical and rheological properties, make it suitable to be used as a structural material, and moreover it cures at 150°C, which is key for the applications targeted. Unprecedentedly, SU-8 photoresist is tested in this work as a structural dielectric for the redistribution layers on 300mm fan-out wafers. Main concerns during the evaluation of the new WLFO dielectric focused on processability quality; adhesion to multi-material substrate and metals (copper, aluminium, gold, ¦); between layers of very different thicknesses; and overall reliability. During preliminary runs, processability on 300 mm fan-out wafers was evaluated by testing different coating and soft bake conditions, exposure settings, post-exposure parameters, up to developing setup. The outputs are not only on process conditions and results but also on WLFO design rules. For the first time, a set of conditions has been defined that allows processing SU-8 on WLFO, with thickness values ranging from 1 um to 150 um. The introduction of SU-8 in WLFO is a breakthrough in this fast-growing advanced packaging technology platform as it opens vast opportunities for sensor integration in WLP technology.

scholarly journals Fibrin Gel as an Injectable Biodegradable Scaffold and Cell Carrier for Tissue Engineering

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Li ◽  
Hao Meng ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Bruce P. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffold ◽  
Fibrin Gel ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Injectable Scaffolds ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Cell Carrier ◽  
A Cell

Due to the increasing needs for organ transplantation and a universal shortage of donated tissues, tissue engineering emerges as a useful approach to engineer functional tissues. Although different synthetic materials have been used to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds, they have many limitations such as the biocompatibility concerns, the inability to support cell attachment, and undesirable degradation rate. Fibrin gel, a biopolymeric material, provides numerous advantages over synthetic materials in functioning as a tissue engineering scaffold and a cell carrier. Fibrin gel exhibits excellent biocompatibility, promotes cell attachment, and can degrade in a controllable manner. Additionally, fibrin gel mimics the natural blood-clotting process and self-assembles into a polymer network. The ability for fibrin to curein situhas been exploited to develop injectable scaffolds for the repair of damaged cardiac and cartilage tissues. Additionally, fibrin gel has been utilized as a cell carrier to protect cells from the forces during the application and cell delivery processes while enhancing the cell viability and tissue regeneration. Here, we review the recent advancement in developing fibrin-based biomaterials for the development of injectable tissue engineering scaffold and cell carriers.

scholarly journals Mapping the binding domains on decay accelerating factor (DAF) for haemagglutinating enteroviruses: implications for the evolution of a DAF-binding phenotype

1999 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3145-3152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Powell ◽  
Trevor Ward ◽  
Ian Goodfellow ◽  
Jeffrey W. Almond ◽  
David J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Decay Accelerating Factor ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Short Consensus Repeat ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Cell

Decay accelerating factor (DAF) functions as a cell attachment receptor for a wide range of human enteroviruses, the interaction accounting for the haemagglutination phenotype exhibited by many members of this family. Haemagglutination inhibition assays using purified truncated soluble DAF (sDAF) receptors and short consensus repeat (SCR) domain-specific antibodies have been used to determine the domain(s) of DAF to which the viruses bind. Further sDAF-mediated virus neutralization and biosensor analysis have been used to confirm the virus-binding domains of DAF. Of the four distinct clusters of human enteroviruses, three contain representatives that bind DAF. The majority of DAF-binding enteroviruses occupy the ‘CBV-like’ cluster, and require SCR domains 2–4 for DAF binding. In contrast, the DAF-binding representatives of the ‘ENV70-like’ and ‘PV-like’ clusters require SCR1 for DAF interaction. These studies confirm that DAF binding is a widespread characteristic amongst phylogenetically divergent clusters within the enteroviruses and suggest that the ability to bind DAF may have evolved more than once within this group of viruses.

scholarly journals Indigenous Bacillus paramycoides and Alcaligenes faecalis: potential solution for the bioremediation of wastewaters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneeba Rashid ◽  
Safdar A. Mirza ◽  
Ciara Keating ◽  
Sikander Ali ◽  
Luiza C. Campos
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Hospital Wastewater ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Rdna Sequencing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

AbstractFarmers near towns and cities are using wide range of untreated wastewaters for crop irrigation in Pakistan due to severe freshwater shortage. The present study aimed to treat different types of wastewater including domestic, hospital, textile, pharmaceutical and mixed wastewaters using indigenous bacterial isolates to remove contaminants and render these wastewaters safer for irrigation. 37 bacterial strains were isolated from the 5 wastewater samples collected from different sites in Lahore, Pakistan. Under optimum growth conditions, the isolates D6, D7 and P1 showed maximum decolourisation potential of 96, 96, 93 %, respectively against hospital wastewater. GCMS analysis of the untreated hospital wastewater confirmed the presence of pharmaceutic pollutants i.e. Phenol, Salicylic acid, Caffeine, Naproxen, Octadecene and Diazepam. These organic compounds were biodegraded into derivate Ticlopidine in the case of isolate D6, derivatives Tetradecene and Griseofulvin in the case of isolate D7, and derivatives Lidocaine and Butalbital in the case of isolate P1. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify these isolates. Isolates D6 and D7 showed 100 and 99.86 % homology to Bacillus paramycoides, a novel strain from Bacillus cereus group (Liu et al., 2017). Isolate P1 showed 97.47 % homology to Alcaligenes faecalis. These strains therefore could represent a low-cost and low-tech alternative to bioremediate complex wastewaters prior to irrigation to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal 6 - clean water and sanitation in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Compact, Field-Portable Smartphone Chiral Molecule Concentration Estimation System via Multi-sensor Computational Polarimetry

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid A. Haider ◽  
Farnoud Kazemzadeh ◽  
Alexander Wong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Chiral Molecule ◽  
Compact Field ◽  
Concentration Estimation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Estimation System ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Molecule Concentration

In this paper, we present a compact, field-portable smartphone chiralmolecule concentration estimation system based on the principleof multi-sensor computational polarimetry. The presented systemwas designed as an attachment for a smartphone, thus leveragingthe computational power to achieve full autonomy and smallform factor, while greatly reducing the cost of the system. In addition,by leveraging Maul’s Law, the size and complexity of thepresented system can be greatly reduced, consisting of just fourstatic components: i) a diode laser source, ii) a linear polariser, iii)a cell for chiral solution, and iv) a linear analyser. Finally, the highmegapixel count of the smartphone camera is leveraged via multisensorcomputational polarimetry, where a multitude of measurementsby different sensors are made in a single acquisition to enhancethe estimation of the angle of linear polarisation, and therebyenhance the estimation of the concentration of chiral molecules insolution. Such a system can have potential for enabling low-cost,mobile chiral molecule concentration analysis, which would be wellsuitedfor a wide range of industrial and clinical applications wherefield testing or on-site testing is required.

Automated cell counting of astrocytes on patterned substrates containing aliphatic and charged properties

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 974-975
Author(s):  
W. Shain ◽  
H. Ancin ◽  
H.C. Craighead ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
L. Kam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Nuclear Staining ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Wafer Test ◽  
Cell Densities

Neural protheses have potential to restore nervous system functions lost by trauma or disease. Nanofabrication extends this approach to implants for stimulating and recording from single or small groups of neurons in the spinal cord and brain; however, tissue compatibility is a major limitation to their practical application. We are using a cell culture method for quantitatively measuring cell attachment to surfaces designed for nanofabricated neural prostheses.Silicon wafer test surfaces composed of 50-μm bars separated by aliphatic regions were fabricated using methods similar to a procedure described by Kleinfeld et al. Test surfaces contained either a single or double positive charge/residue. Cyanine dyes (diIC18(3)) stained the background and cell membranes (Fig 1); however, identification of individual cells at higher densities was difficult (Fig 2). Nuclear staining with acriflavine allowed discrimination of individual cells and permitted automated counting of nuclei using 3-D data sets from the confocal microscope (Fig 3). For cell attachment assays, LRM5 5 astroglial cells and astrocytes in primary cell culture were plated at increasing cell densities on test substrates, incubated for 24 hr, fixed, stained, mounted on coverslips, and imaged with a 10x objective.

Influence of MBE Growth Conditions on Dislocation Densities of GaAs/Ge Epilayers Grown on Silicon Substrates

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 364-365
Author(s):  
K.M. Hones ◽  
P. Sheldon ◽  
B.G. Yacobi ◽  
A. Mason
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nonradiative Recombination ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dislocation Densities ◽  
Dislocation Type

There is increasing interest in growing epitaxial GaAs on Si substrates. Such a device structure would allow low-cost substrates to be used for high-efficiency cascade- junction solar cells. However, high-defect densities may result from the large lattice mismatch (∼4%) between the GaAs epilayer and the silicon substrate. These defects can act as nonradiative recombination centers that can degrade the optical and electrical properties of the epitaxially grown GaAs. For this reason, it is important to optimize epilayer growth conditions in order to minimize resulting dislocation densities. The purpose of this paper is to provide an indication of the quality of the epitaxially grown GaAs layers by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine dislocation type and density as a function of various growth conditions. In this study an intermediate Ge layer was used to avoid nucleation difficulties observed for GaAs growth directly on Si substrates. GaAs/Ge epilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on Si substrates in a manner similar to that described previously.

Nanoparticles Functionalized with Venom-Derived Peptides and Toxins for Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. dos Santos ◽  
Tamara G. de Araújo ◽  
Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Venom Peptides ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Animal Venoms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Venom-derived peptides display diverse biological and pharmacological activities, making them useful in drug discovery platforms and for a wide range of applications in medicine and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Due to their target specificities, venom peptides have the potential to be developed into biopharmaceuticals to treat various health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic pain. Despite the high potential for drug development, several limitations preclude the direct use of peptides as therapeutics and hamper the process of converting venom peptides into pharmaceuticals. These limitations include, for instance, chemical instability, poor oral absorption, short halflife, and off-target cytotoxicity. One strategy to overcome these disadvantages relies on the formulation of bioactive peptides with nanocarriers. A range of biocompatible materials are now available that can serve as nanocarriers and can improve the bioavailability of therapeutic and venom-derived peptides for clinical and diagnostic application. Examples of isolated venom peptides and crude animal venoms that have been encapsulated and formulated with different types of nanomaterials with promising results are increasingly reported. Based on the current data, a wealth of information can be collected regarding the utilization of nanocarriers to encapsulate venom peptides and render them bioavailable for pharmaceutical use. Overall, nanomaterials arise as essential components in the preparation of biopharmaceuticals that are based on biological and pharmacological active venom-derived peptides.

Wetting of glass surface using natural surfactants

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihar Ranjan Biswal
Keyword(s):  
Contact Angle ◽  
Glass Surface ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Amyl Alcohol ◽  
Synthetic Surfactant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Natural Surfactants ◽  
Triton X ◽  
Solid Liquid

Background: Surfactant adsorption at the interfaces (solid–liquid, liquid–air, or liquid–liquid) is receiving considerable attention from a long time due to its wide range of practical applications. Objective: Specifically wettability of solid surface by liquids is mainly measured by contact angle and has many practical importances where solid–liquid systems are used. Adsorption of surfactants plays an important role in the wetting process. The wetting behaviours of three plant-based natural surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai, and Acacia) on the glass surface are compared with one widely used nonionic synthetic surfactant (Triton X-100) and reported in this study. Methods: The dynamic contact angle study of three different types of plant surfactants (Reetha, Shikakai and Acacia) and one synthetic surfactant (Triton X 100) on the glass surface has been carried out. The effect of two different types of alcohols such as Methanol and amyl alcohol on wettability of shikakai, as it shows little higher value of contact angle on glass surface has been measured. Results: The contact angle measurements show that there is an increase in contact angle from 47° (pure water) to 67.72°, 65.57°, 68.84°, and 68.79° for Reetha, Acacia, Shikakai, and Triton X-100 respectively with the increase in surfactant concentration and remain constant at CMC. The change in contact angle of Shikakai-Amyl alcohol mixtures are slightly different than that of methanol-Shikakai mixture, mostly there is a gradual increase in contact angle with the increasing in alcohol concentration. Conclusion: There is no linear relationship between cos θ and inverse of surface tension. There was a linear increase in surface free energy results with increase in concentration as more surfactant molecules were adsorbing at the interface enhancing an increase in contact angle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document