A Little Word That Means A Lot: A Reassessment of Singular They in a New Era of Gender Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 089124322110579
Author(s):  
Abigail C. Saguy ◽  
Juliet A. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Gender Norms ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Language Practice ◽  
New Era ◽  
Inclusive Language ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
Insight Into

Singular they has emerged as a key term in contemporary gender politics, reflecting growing usage of they/them as nonbinary personal pronouns. Drawing on interviews with 54 progressive gender activists, we consider how singular they can be used to resist and redo aspects of the prevailing gender structure. We identify three distinct usages of singular they: (1) as a nonbinary personal pronoun, (2) as a universal gender-neutral pronoun, and (3) as an indefinite pronoun when a person’s self-identified gender is unknown. While previous research on singular they as a gender-inclusive language practice has focused primarily on its usage as a nonbinary personal pronoun, our findings point to the relevance for gender politics of all three usages. Our analysis offers new insight into how nonbinary they challenges dominant gender norms and practices beyond incorporating additional gender categories. Given our findings, we propose further investigation of how using gender-neutral pronouns for everyone in specific contexts can advance progressive activists’ goals. Finally, we argue that the longstanding usage of singular they as an indefinite pronoun has new importance today in affirming gender as a self-determined identity.

Optimum Infinite is a new era of oxygen permeability material for contact lenses

The Eye ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (129) ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Mark Eddleston
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lens ◽  
Oxygen Permeability ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
New Era ◽  
Lens Material ◽  
Insight Into

Optimum Infinite is a new GP contact lens material, with an oxygen permeability of 180 barrer and was launched by Contamac at the GSLS 2019. This article provides an insight into the development and characteristics of this breakthrough material.

scholarly journals Jämställda nyheter. Kvinnans ställning i svenska nyhetsprogram

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jakubowska
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Women's Status ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Women’S Status ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
News Programs ◽  
Service Channels ◽  
Insight Into

This article provides an insight into the contemporary level of gender equality that characterizes Swedish news programs. The study is based on available data and reports regarding women’s status in the newsroom, as well as their opportunities and access to the process of making news. The study analyses Swedish public service channels’ policy concerning women’s and men’s equal rights in the newsroom and the reflection of this in practice. The main aim of the article is to explore whether Swedish news is really as gender neutral as expected and what needs to be improved to achieve actual gender balance.

Masculinity and moral licensing in the locker room: a critical analysis of culture, gender, and leisure.

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-35
Author(s):  
Kate E. Evans ◽  
Dorothy L. Schmalz
Keyword(s):  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Moral Licensing ◽  
Locker Room ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Men's leisure has long been considered a 'male preserve' in which male purview is the norm, and women are relegated to subordinate roles. Current research and events indicate that masculinity continues to dominate leisure settings and impinges on women's leisure via factors ranging from social gender norms to overt acts of violence. Drawing on current research, cultural trends, and feminist theory and philosophy, this chapter examines the juxtapositions in culture and rhetoric that on the one hand promote female empowerment, and on the other provide footing for a contrary argument that men and masculinity are under threat. Related research also provides insight into a possible path forward including men's engagement in leisure violence prevention and implications for women's leisure and the leisure field.

Single-clause when-defining models in English monolingual pedagogical dictionaries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Ptasznik
Keyword(s):  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Modelling Analysis ◽  
Abstract Nouns ◽  
General Limit ◽  
Class Information ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
English Monolingual

Abstract The paper is concerned with the single-clause when-definition, which is a common folk-defining style that has been established by lexicographers in English monolingual learners’ dictionaries (the Big Five), especially the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. In brief, the single-clause when-definition format can be applied to explain the meaning of abstract nouns and it closely resembles the double-clause (full-sentence) definition, which can also begin with a subordinating conjunction such as when or if. However, the when-definition does not include the word which is being defined (definiendum) and it is formed out of a single, subordinate clause. This definition-type has received metalexicographers’ attention as it appears to, in general, limit the effectiveness of correct extraction of word class information from abstract noun entries in contrast to the traditional defining model – the analytical definition. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate two types of single-clause when-defining models: (1) when + personal pronoun; and (2) when + indefinite pronoun (someone/something).1 The collected evidence from the Linear Mixed-effects Modelling analysis indicates that the effect of when-definition type on syntactic class identification accuracy is statistically significant at the 8% level of significance, with the when + personal pronoun defining style being the superior defining model.

Men who are Dietitians: Deconstructing Gender within the Profession to Inform Recruitment

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-212
Author(s):  
Phillip Joy ◽  
Brandon Gheller ◽  
Daphne Lordly
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
The Status ◽  
Division Ii ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Recruitment Barriers ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose: In Canada, few men are dietitians. Literature is sparse regarding why so few men are drawn to dietetics. This study, part of a larger qualitative study, explores the experiences of men who are dietitians throughout their training and careers using a phenomenology framework. The study examines the meanings participants make about dietetics in relation to recruitment.Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews with 6 men who are dietitians were completed, transcribed, and analyzed.Results: An overarching theme, “experiences and outcomes of a gendered profession”, was related to the participants’ perspectives concerning recruitment into the dietetic profession. Four sub-themes are reported: (i) societal gender division, (ii) gender division within the profession, (iii) isolation from men who are mentors and other men, and (iv) the need to deconstruct and change. The results provide insight into recruitment barriers and potential approaches for increasing the number of men within dietetics, including changing the perceptions of the profession, increasing role models for men, and dismantling gendered practices.Conclusion: Participants believed that increasing men within dietetics would be beneficial and would increase diversity. It is unlikely that recruitment of men will increase if the status quo and gender norms of the profession are not disrupted and challenged.

Platypus venom genes expressed in non-venom tissues

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla M. Whittington ◽  
Katherine Belov
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
New Era ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Platypus Genome ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Novel Therapeutic ◽  
The Way

The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) has been poorly studied to date. The recent publication of the platypus genome heralds a new era for mammalian venom research and is a useful starting tool for functional studies of venom components. We report here the patterns of tissue expression of two venom genes, OvNGF and OvCNP, in order to provide some insight into the functions of the proteins they produce and to pave the way for further functional and pharmacological studies, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Navigating the gender structure in information technology: How does this affect the experiences and behaviours of women?

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etlyn J Kenny ◽  
Rory Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
It Professionals ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Women's Careers ◽  
Women’S Careers ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Insight Into

How do women, outnumbered and outranked, navigate work and careers in information technology? Only one in six information technology (IT) specialists in the UK is female. Such extreme male dominance potentially gives rise to a gender structure that affects women’s experiences of IT work. Using data from interviews with 57 technically skilled female IT professionals, we examine how women orient this gender structure and how they make sense of their gender identities as women working in IT. Our findings elucidate how the IT gender structure shapes women’s careers in this field of work. They reveal how women use their agency to assert notions of femininity into technical careers, disentangle narratives around whether women have unique and different (but less technically focused) strengths in IT and interface with ‘geek’ and ‘nerd’ identities to achieve successful IT careers. In doing so, they provide insight into how technical women continue careers within a structure that externalises them through gender norms. This understanding can be used to aid efforts to retain women within IT as well as other fields facing similar challenges.

Smashing the Binary? A new era of legal gender registration in the Yogyakarta Principles Plus 10

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Holzer
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
State Control ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
Gender Categories

<span>This article analyses the potential of Principle 31 of the Yogyakarta Principles plus 10 to smash the gender binary. Principle 31 proposes several innovations with regards to the registration of people’s gender on official documents and/or in state registries. In order to understand the practical meanings of these innovations, the article inspects exemplary jurisdictions that have realised some of the Principle’s suggestions. Queer and feminist theories serve as the normative framework to understand how Principle 31 smashes the static binary gender registration in the form of F and M. Moreover, relying on developments in international law helps to comprehend the context in which Principle 31 was created and its innovative nature. The four central reforms proposed by Principle 31 are discussed in independent sections in the article. They include the elimination of gender markers, unconditional gender recognition laws, the introduction of non-binary legal gender categories and the elimination of the public gender registration. The article concludes that all of these four measures face specific limitations in how they smash the gender binary, but, as a whole, they trouble the naturalised understanding of dichotomous (legal) gender relations. Finally, Principle 31 alerts to the necessity of reducing the naturalised state control over people’s gender assignment, while making sure that where the state (still) has control, it valorises gender diversity outside of a binary frame.</span>

An Insight into Uganda’s New Sentencing Guidelines

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Kamuzze
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Sentencing Guidelines ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sentencing Guideline ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Historical Origins

The Ugandan Taskforce on developing sentencing guidelines recently drafted sentencing guidelines for Uganda, which were issued as practice directions by the Chief Justice to assist judges and magistrates in the sentencing decision making process. Like in many other jurisdictions, the sentencing guidelines have been developed to address the perceived existence of inconsistencies in sentencing of similarly placed offenders. This article offers the first insight into Uganda's new sentencing guideline reform. Part I offers some brief commentary on the nature of discretionary sentencing in Uganda. This is followed by a concise chronology of the historical origins of the guidelines, including a brief commentary on the Ugandan Supreme Court decision in the Kigula case that abolished the mandatory death penalty. This decision created a new era of discretionary capital sentencing in Uganda, which later precipitated the need for the development of the guidelines. The third section provides an insight into the main features of the sentencing guidelines, including the composition and mandate of the Ugandan Taskforce that drafted the sentencing guidelines and a brief commentary on the scope and contents of the guidelines. This section addresses some important weaknesses confronting the Uganda guidelines. The article suggests that the Ugandan Taskforce crafted the guidelines on a loose definition of consistency which has given consistency as the main goal of the guidelines a meaningless function. The article concludes that consistency would be given a meaningful function if Uganda's guidelines are modeled on a limiting retributivism justification.

State-Level Responses to the Access and Completion Challenge in the New Era of Austerity

2014 ◽  
Vol 655 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Doyle ◽  
William Zumeta
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
State Level ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
State Appropriations ◽  
New Era ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Cost Controls ◽  
State Responses ◽  
Insight Into

Understanding just how state leaders respond to fiscal crises and the continuing challenges of adequate funding should provide insight into how successful states are likely to be in creating environments where most citizens can attend and benefit from higher education. This article describes and begins to classify the nature and range of state responses to ongoing fiscal challenges. We focus on state-level leadership and governance, fiscal policies, and accountability mechanisms. We identify five types of responses: cutting costs (emphasizing cost controls and low-cost providers); buying degrees (allocating state funds based on outcomes not inputs); the grand bargain (providing more campus autonomy in exchange for lower funding); hunkering down and waiting (hoping that state appropriations will return to past levels); and falling apart (weak governance mechanisms compounding financial difficulties). The tradeoffs inherent in each approach are discussed.

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