Foreign workers and trade unions: the challenges posed

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Pajares
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Foreign Workers ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Labour Immigration ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Trade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Trade unions have always found it difficult to get to grips with the subject of immigration. From their beginnings in the 19th century they assumed that working conditions were determined by labour supply and demand and became apprehensive in the face of any situation of surplus supply. The history of trade unionism abounds with conflicts between local workers and those from further afield. At the present time the European trade unions operate upon the assumption that immigrants are full members of the workforce, whose interests have to be defended alongside those of other workers. Even so, it remains the case that immigration prompts considerable misgivings within the trade unions and that situations of rejection continue to arise. The article identifies differences between southern Europe and central and northern Europe in trade unions' attitudes to new immigrants, differences that are reflected in the debates taking place on European legislation concerning labour immigration.

scholarly journals “The Art of Good Management”

1984 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-385
Author(s):  
Richard Whipp
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Pottery Industry ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

This paper is derived from a study of work and trade unionism in the British pottery industry in the first three decades of the twentieth century. It is an attempt to open up the history of pottery management's labour strategies for debate, given the relatively slight attention the subject has received in general or with regard to this important period. Ceramic historians, in common with labour and social history, have neglected the detailed study of management, while contemporary writers on the Potteries often lapsed into a “demonology” when dealing with pottery manufacturers. In contrast to the more famous volumes on social conditions in the Potteries by Shaw or Owen and Warburton's examination of trade unions, the early-twentieth-century pottery-owners have not been the subject of sustained analysis. Yet an orthodoxy of sorts has developed, which sees the industry's management as typically crude and unchanging in technique. Economists such as B. R. Williams or geographers like Yeaman have been unchallenged in their assertions that owners could almost dispense with labour-control strategies in the light of the workforce's passivity and the tranquility of industrial relations in the industry.

scholarly journals Intersections, Old and New

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Sam Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Supportive Relationships ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Worker Cooperatives ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Consumer Cooperatives

Trade unions and worker cooperatives have always intersected. Worker and consumer cooperatives provided invaluable support to the early growth of trade unionism in Europe in the 19th century. Cooperatives have ebbed and flowed in their prevalence since that time. The current moment is, however, one of proliferation, with cooperatives once again forming innovative and mutually supportive relationships with trade unions. New challenges are driving these developments. The foremost of which is the record levels of carbon emissions fuelling global warming. In this article, it is shown that the intersection of cooperatives and unions can offer a powerful force in this struggle—a force capable of mobilising to defend the climate against unchecked capital. A brief general political history of cooperatives in the West is provided, followed by an appraisal of contemporary cooperative forms in the United States, Australia, and Aotearoa New Zealand.  

scholarly journals Clerical-Protective Direction in the Russian Historiography of the Old Believers of the 1850s: the Structure of Historical Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Madzharov Alexander S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Study ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Research Structure

Understanding the historiography of the old believers depends on the level of development of the history of historical science, the development of its categorical apparatus. The lack of clarity of the research structure leads to uncertainty in terminology, in the description of scientific achievements and dead ends. The key historical works (historiographical facts) that defined the face of the science of their time are arbitrarily deleted from the literature, and the directions and stages of historiography are “erased”. The purpose of this work is to study the internal form and structure of clerical-protective historical research of old believers in the Russian literature of the 1850s: value, spatial, source ‒ study, vector relations of the author to the object of research; a set of concepts that reveal the “mechanism” of explaining old believers; ways to gain knowledge about the split mediated by this structure. The analysis showed that the clerical ideological position expressed in the works of historians of this direction focused on the defense of the “new rite”. It led to a narrowing of the subject of research, limiting it to “opinions” and facts of the statement of schism, which produced the purpose of research ‒ the “exposure” of schismatics and the moral-scholastic method of achieving it and pushed us to use a set of accusatory concepts in explaining the phenomenon under study. It became a barrier to the knowledge of anti-Church protest by the middle of the 19th century. The fact of the practical failure of the clerical doctrine, which was a consequence of its cognitive limitations, was also realized by the bearers of the accusatory tradition themselves. The question of the reasons for the emergence and development of the old believers has become relevant again. A new answer to this question in the late 1850s ‒ early 1860s was given by the historian Afanasiy Prokopyevich Shchapov (1831–1876), who radically changed the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study. Keywords: historiography of the old believers, clerical-protective direction, structure of historical research, historiographical fact, direction, stage

The challenges of the primary teachers in the XIX century: from the materials needed to teach classes to the payment of the salaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Silveira Amorim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
Primary Teacher ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Qualified Teacher ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

Different aspects impacted the work of primary school teachers in the 19th century: the lack of materials for the teaching of classes, the delay in paying salaries and the release of resources to pay the rent of the houses where the classes worked, the health issues that implied the removal of the teacher for treatment, among others. Given this context, the objective is to inform how the teaching profession was configured based on the challenges faced by primary teachers in the 19th century. As a research in the field of History of Education, newspapers and official communications will be taken as sources, being analyzed from the conceptions of configuration and representation. It is possible to perceive that the profession of primary teacher was configured in the face of challenges and confrontations, corroborating the construction of the representation of the qualified teacher in the 19th century.

THE FORMATION OF THE HISTORICAL AND LITURGICAL RESEARCH AREA IN RUSSIAN ACADEMIC SCHOLARSHIP IN THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY. A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES OF N.V. POKROVSKY AND I.A. KARABINOV

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Zoya M. Dashevskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Academic Scholarship ◽  
Academic Courses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

n the second half of the 19th century – especially in the period following the introduction of the Academic Constitution of 1869, and in the 1880s and continuing until the forced closure of Theological Academies after the Revolutionary coup – the historical and liturgical research area in Russian academic science experienced a period of its formation and flourishing. The subject of the article is a comparison of approaches to the study of the worship service history and analysis of the formation of the research methodology for teaching Liturgics by professors N.V. Pokrovsky and I.A. Karabinov of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, where they taught the history of Christian worship from the 1880’s until its forced closure in 1918. Analysis and juxtapos- ing of academic courses in Liturgics allows defining the boundaries and content of the discipline in the period of its formation as well as considering the evolu- tion in research methodology and, more broadly, the formation of the Russian historical and liturgical scientific school. A comparison of the courses reveals the authors attitudes towards histori- cal sources material and its studies. Their own ideas about the provenance of various rites used in church worship characterize their views on the develop- ment of the liturgical tradition, expressing their approaches to its study and thereby form our picture of the establishment of historical Liturgics as a field of researchable knowledge.

Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Marijana Horvat ◽  
Martina Kramarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

scholarly journals El pacifismo-antimilitarismo en España desde el siglo XIX hasta la Guerra Civil: los «efectos desplazamiento»

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli Antoni Aguado Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Social Imaginary ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Nonviolent Resistance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Sociedad Civil ◽  
The 19Th Century

La historia del antimilitarismo en el Estado español es, en gran medida, desconocida. El presente trabajo pretende subsanar parcialmente esta carencia mediante la compilación de la literatura y las fuentes existentes sobre la materia, parciales o basadas en períodos específicos, exponiendo estas resistencias desde el pacifismo inicial del siglo XIX hasta el final de la Guerra Civil. Esta labor se realiza desde la confluencia entre la historia y la sociología, insertando estas movilizaciones en los conflictos y los movimientos internacionales, mostrando cómo se influyen mutuamente, así como la convergencia entre el feminismo y el antimilitarismo. Asimismo, se constata cómo la defensa de la paz o la resistencia al servicio de armas y la militarización social sólo pueden ser movilizadas cuándo la narrativa del sometimiento puede ser percibida como opresión, al imponerse el principio democrático de libertad e igualdad en el imaginario social (tesis de los efectos de desplazamiento). De forma paralela, se evidencia cómo el antimilitarismo proporciona el espacio para la emergencia de nuevos conocimientos y prácticas de resistencia noviolentas (tesis de los movimientos como laboratorios de la sociedad civil), extendiendo la concepción prevaleciente del derecho.The history of antimilitarism in the Spanish State is largely unknown. The present work intends to complete particularly this lack by compiling literature and existing sources on the subject, partial or based on specific periods, exposing these resistances from the initial pacifism of the 19th century until the end of the Civil war. This work is carried out from the confluence between history and sociology, inserting these mobilizations in conflicts and international movements, and showing how they influence each other, as well as the convergence between feminism and antimilitarism.Furthermore, it can be seen how the defense of peace or resistance to arms service and social militarization can only be mobilized when the narrative of subjugation can be perceived as oppression by imposing the democratic principle of freedom and equality in the social imaginary (thesis of the displacement effects). Similarly, it is evident how antimilitarism provides the space for the emergence of new knowledge and practices of nonviolent resistance (thesis of movements as laboratories of civil society) extending the prevailing conception of right.

scholarly journals Juridische Soziologien

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Why did the subject of law play a central role in sociology as it emerged? And why is this no longer the case today? This study explains this transformation of the sociological interest in law by means of a genealogical investigation into the mutual references between the jurisprudence of private law and sociology: the way in which, from a legal perspective starting in the 19th century, law has been addressed as a social phenomenon in the face of concrete problems is reflected in the early sociologies of Émile Durkheim, Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. This has led to a mutual demarcation, which places law and sociology in a problematic relationship to each other for the future.

scholarly journals Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-110
Author(s):  
Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Linguistic Analyses ◽  
The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

Le « serpent de mer du Constitutionnel », « cet admirable et immortel canard ». Examen d’un running gag médiatique

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-91
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Buard
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Police Investigation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sea Serpent ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper assesses the reality and sources of the Constitutionnel's sea serpent case, attributing to this newspaper the authorship of the invention of this journalist's joke (hoax), circulated as a running gag during the 19th century. The subject is not so much the dissemination of sea serpent stories as this problematic attribution, which became traditional in the history of the French press. At the end of our inquiry, after what might seem like a police investigation, it is established that the first mention of a sea serpent indeed really took place in this newspaper in 1817-18, when it was called the Journal du commerce, a paper that had no exclusivity in the dissemination of this hoax, which had its source in American papers. Before the digitization of newspapers, it was difficult if not impossible to find brief mentions or even articles on these elusive subjects. It was therefore easy to make fun of them without having to provide any proof or justification.

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