Industrial and natural waste transformed into raw material

Currently, we live in a world where the materials are the protagonists. Raw materials are fundamental to make industrial products; however, the increasing demand for these finite natural resources put the more industrialized countries under pressure to find ways to recycle and reuse the products at the end of their lives. Every year, tons of industrial and natural waste are accumulated and destroyed without a new use for them. Today, the energy consumption at the world level to extract raw materials contributes significantly to pollution and environmental degradation. In the European Union, the construction sector is responsible for 40% of global energy consumption, contributing considerably to CO2 emissions. The planet’s future is compromised, unless the human beings learn how to preserve and conserve resources that Earth offers, changing the basic patterns of consumption, manufacturing and recycling. Sofa industries and wood industries generate significant amounts of waste that undergo a thoughtless destruction or recycling with a final order to reuse. This paper presents the research work that has been conducted in the scope of the Master Program in Product and Industrial Design of Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design Studio FEUP, seeking the reuse of leftovers (textile and wood powder), to create innovative products. The main objective is to prepare the waste that is mixed with different amounts and types of binders, and cast in molds. In some cases, the introduction of a shape memory alloy can promote an extra value and functionality to the designed products. This way the aim is to sensitize the community to the possibility of introducing new products in the market addressing concepts such as green design, sustainability and innovation.

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Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for Geopolymers

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7572

Author(s):

Gigliola D’Angelo ◽

Marina Fumo ◽

Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽

Ilaria Capasso ◽

Assunta Campanile ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Building Materials ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Material ◽

Raw Material ◽

The European Union ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Crushed Brick

Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.

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Assessing the Energy Efficiency Potential of Recycled Materials with Construction and Demolition Waste: A Spanish Case Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11177809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (17) ◽

pp. 7809

Author(s):

César Porras-Amores ◽

Patricia Martin Garcia ◽

Paola Villoria Sáez ◽

Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽

Veronica Vitielo

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Research Work ◽

Construction And Demolition Waste ◽

The European Union ◽

Demolition Waste ◽

Recycled Materials ◽

Energy Efficiency Potential

Buildings are responsible for 40% of the overall final energy consumption in the European Union. On the other hand, the construction, energy, and industry sectors generate around 50% of the waste produced in Europe, out of which a third part is construction and demolition waste (CDW). In recent years, many research works have been carried out to analyze the viability of incorporating waste, especially CDW, as a substitute for traditional raw materials with great environmental impact. However, most of the studies found cover only the mechanical characterization of the compound, and there are very few that analyze these materials in specific building applications. This research work evaluates the energy efficiency potential of recycled materials with CDW. After an exhaustive analysis of the main existing recycled materials, an energetic evaluation of several construction solutions is carried out, as well as a comparison with traditional solutions. The findings show that the incorporation of recycled materials in several building construction elements is a success, since it not only reduces the consumption of raw materials, but also reduces the energy consumption of the building. Energy savings using recycled materials can range from 8% in a warm region (such as Seville) up to 13% in cold regions (such as Soria), which are greater in heating than in cooling.

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Processes of heat and mass transfer during drying of red beetroot

Energy Engineering and Control Systems ◽

10.23939/jeecs2020.02.081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87

Author(s):

Zhanna Petrova ◽

◽

Kateryna Samoilenko ◽

Vitaly Vishnevsky

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Heat And Mass Transfer ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Calculation Model ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Drying Process

Red beetroot is the main raw material which has a high content of betanine with antioxidant properties. An important emphasis in the processing of antioxidant raw materials by drying is to reduce energy consumption for the dehydration process, the maximum preservation of biologically active substances, and to reduce the cost of the final product. Drying is a complex and energy-intensive process. Therefore, to optimize energy consumption during drying and selection of rational modes of dehydration, it is necessary to apply the calculated analysis of heat and mass transfer on the basis of adequate mathematical models. Calculated and experimental results are compared. In general, the comparison of the results of numerical modeling of convection drying processes of the red beetroot sample with the experimental results showed their rather satisfactory qualitative agreement. The calculation model can be used to approximate the characteristics of the drying process of red beetroot, in particular the time required for drying. The obtained results of calorimetric studies allow stating that with correctly selected compositions, not only the components of native raw materials are stabilized, but also the drying process is intensified with the reduction of energy consumption to process.

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Macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy in Slovakia

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201913403017 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 ◽

pp. 03017

Author(s):

Henrieta Pavolová ◽

Zuzana Šimková ◽

Andrea Seňová ◽

Gabriel Wittenberger

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

The State ◽

Raw Material ◽

The European Union ◽

Economic Sectors ◽

State Budget ◽

Material Policy ◽

National Economic ◽

Macroeconomic Indicators ◽

National Economic Policy

This paper points to the development tendencies of selected macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy in Slovakia, which forms an integral part of the national economic policy of the state. It describes in detail selected macroeconomic indicators of exploitation of raw materials, which form the basic platform of functioning of all national economic sectors in Slovakia. It also points out the benefits for the Slovak economy in the form of revenues from mining activities to the state budget, municipal budget and environmental fund. At the end the article summarizes the partial findings from the development tendencies of macroeconomic indicators of raw material policy, which is currently an integral part of the industrial policy of the European Union.

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DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES FROM PLANTRAW MATERIALS — REPLACEMENTS FOR DAIRY PRODUCTS

Food systems ◽

10.21323/2618-9771-2019-2-2-44-47 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 44-47

Author(s):

N. E. Posokina ◽

N. M. Alabina ◽

A. Yu. Davydova

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Research Work ◽

World Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Sesame Seeds ◽

Functional Beverages ◽

Poppy Seeds ◽

Functional Drink

Nowadays, there is a growing consumer interest in food products, made from vegeta-ble raw materials. The article is devoted to an actual topic related to the choice of plant mate-rials, based on its nutritional and biological value, in order to create functional beverages. The analysis of the world market of vegetable analogues of milk was implemented. Based on the literature, the following raw materials were analyzed: cashew nuts, cannabis fruits, sesame and poppy seeds, almond kernels, buckwheat seeds and oats, soybeans. The data on nutritional value, vitamin-mineral and amino acid composition, as well as the composition of fatty acids of the specified raw materials was presented. The conclusion is made about the perspective of its use for the manufacture of drinks, alternative cow’s milk. The article reflects the results of research work on the creation of a functional drink based on sesame seeds, provides information about the nutritional value and biochemical composition of the drink, made on the basis of this raw material. Sesame milk when used regularly can help prevent diseases of the car-diovascular system, the gastrointestinal tract, the musculoskeletal system.

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Energy efficiency solutions for driers used in the glass manufacturing and processing industry

Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence ◽

10.1515/picbe-2017-0021 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 199-208

Author(s):

Roxana Pătrașcu ◽

Eduard Minciuc ◽

George Darie ◽

Ștefan-Dominic Voronca ◽

Andreea-Ioana Bădicu

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Conservation ◽

Manufacturing Process ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Energy Status ◽

Improvement Program ◽

Industrial Facilities ◽

Energy Efficiency Improvement

Abstract Energy conservation is relevant to increasing efficiency in energy projects, by saving energy, by its’ rational use or by switching to other forms of energy. The goal is to secure energy supply on short and long term, while increasing efficiency. These are enforced by evaluating the companies’ energy status, by monitoring and adjusting energy consumption and organising a coherent energy management. The manufacturing process is described, starting from the state and properties of the raw material and ending with the glass drying technological processes involved. Raw materials are selected considering technological and economic criteria. Manufacturing is treated as a two-stage process, consisting of the logistic, preparation aspect of unloading, transporting, storing materials and the manufacturing process itself, by which the glass is sifted, shredded, deferrized and dried. The interest of analyzing the latter is justified by the fact that it has a big impact on the final energy consumption values, hence, in order to improve the general performance, the driers’ energy losses are to be reduced. Technological, energy and management solutions are stated to meet this problem. In the present paper, the emphasis is on the energy perspective of enhancing the overall efficiency. The case study stresses the effects of heat recovery over the efficiency of a glass drier. Audits are conducted, both before and after its’ implementation, to punctually observe the balance between the entering and exiting heat in the drying process. The reduction in fuel consumption and the increase in thermal performance and fuel usage performances reveal the importance of using all available exiting heat from processes. Technical faults, either in exploitation or in management, lead to additional expenses. Improving them is in congruence with the energy conservation concept and is in accordance with the Energy Efficiency Improvement Program for industrial facilities.

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Thermal Conductivity of Hemp Based Boards

Environment Technology Resources Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference ◽

10.17770/etr2015vol1.206 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 61 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edgars Kirilovs ◽

Silvija Kukle ◽

Dana Beļakova ◽

Anatolijs Borodiņecs ◽

Ādolfs Ruciņš ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Working Environment ◽

Raw Material ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

Main Function ◽

Positive Effects

Energy and raw material costs, an increase in environmental pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, depletion of fossil raw materials stimulate to seek and study alternatives to the synthetic fibers and products made of them for full or partial replacement. Renewable raw materials, including natural fiber sources, are the future of storage resources with a variety of positive effects on both the planet ecosystem and the living and working environment, and the energy consumption of delivering the required functionality. One of the most important energy-saving types is to reduce energy consumption in buildings by insulating them.For Latvian conditions suitable crops are historically grown flax and hemp. Within the framework of the studies, hemp stems are being used. Hemp compared with flax, are less suffering from diseases and less damaged by pests, so hemp cultivation is practically free from use of chemical pesticides and herbicides reducing the risk to the ecosystem.One of the most frequently mentioned industrial hemp raw materials positive qualities are their very wide use, practically all plant parts can be used in production of different products. This work explores the possibilities and technologies within the Latvian grown hemp stems to work into board materials with insulation capability.Hemp fibers/shives mix boards can fulfill the main function of insulation materials, i.e., to reduce the transmission of heat, because they have a porous structure and low density. Material thermal insulation properties affect physical and structural properties of compounds. Cost effective particles board samples from chopped hemp stems with three types of adhesives and different thicknesses were produced and their thermal conductivity evaluated. The technologies applied and test results will be discussed in the paper.

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Process Efficiency and Energy Consumption During the Extrusion of Potato and Multigrain Formulations

Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.1515/agriceng-2018-0015 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arkadiusz Matysiak ◽

Agnieszka Wójtowicz ◽

Tomasz Oniszczuk

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Rotation Speed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

Extrusion Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Process Efficiency ◽

Specific Mechanical Energy

AbstractThe aim of the research was to determine the effect of extrusion conditions (various moisture content of raw materials and screw rotation speed), as well as the effect of recipe composition on the process efficiency and the energy consumption during treatment of potato and multigrain products. The efficiency of the extrusion process (Q) was determined by the mass of the product obtained at a given time for all prepared raw material mixtures and the process parameters used, while the specific mechanical energy demand was determined using the SME index. The obtained results allow to conclude that the level of raw materials moisture content had a greater impact on the efficiency and energy consumption of the extrusion process than the variable screw speed during the treatment. The efficiency of the process increased with the increasing moisture of the tested compositions, while a decrease in the requirements of SME was observed. The use of differentiated raw material compositions also influenced the Q and SME values determined during the tests.

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European Union Legislation Overview about Used Vegetable Oils Recycling: The Spanish and Italian Case Studies

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8070798 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 798

Author(s):

Jesus Ibanez ◽

Sonia Martel Martín ◽

Salvatore Baldino ◽

Cristina Prandi ◽

Alberto Mannu

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Legislative Process ◽

The European Union ◽

New Production ◽

Italian Case ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Eu

The employment of used vegetable oils (UVOs) as raw materials in key sectors as energy production or bio-lubricant synthesis represents one of the most relevant priorities in the European Union (EU) normative context. In many countries, the development of new production processes based on the circular economy model, as well as the definition of future energy and production targets, involve the utilization of wastes as raw material. In this context, the main currently applied EU regulations are presented and discussed. As in the EU, the general legislative process consists of the definition in each State Member of specific legislation, which transposes the EU indications. Two relevant countries are herein considered: Italy and Spain. Through the analysis of the conditions required in both countries for UVOs’ collection, disposal, storage, and recycling, a wide panorama of the current situation is provided.

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Collecting, harmonizing and sharing data on European Raw Materials

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14690 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lisbeth Flindt Jørgensen ◽

Špela Kumelj ◽

Teresa Brown

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

National Level ◽

Raw Material ◽

Geological Survey ◽

The European Union ◽

Critical Metals ◽

Data Infrastructure ◽

Geological Conditions ◽

Wide Range ◽

Central Database

Geological raw materials cover a wide range of materials from sand and gravel over granites and marbles to precious or critical metals and minerals. Man has extracted these materials from the (sub)surface since prehistorical eras, and these indispensable substances have to a very large extent contributed to the evolution of humankind.In the latest decades, raw materials of economically and strategically importance for society but with high-risks associated with their supply, referred to as Critical Raw Materials (CRMs). To a large extent they form the basis for modern society as they are essential in key industry sectors. In the latest years, access to CRMs is a strategic security question for Europe&#8217;s road towards the green transition.In September 2020, The European Commission launched a new list of CRMs as well as a strategy to enhance Europe&#8217;s resilience as most of these substances are sourced from other continents, and as the global competitions is increasing (EC, 2020). Among others, one of the suggested actions in this strategy is to &#8216;strengthen the sustainable and responsible domestic sourcing &#8230;&#8230;. in the European Union&#8217;. Although Europe has a long tradition of mining and extractive activities, it is acknowledged that there are several challenges to reach a situation with European sourcing of a certain amount of CRMs. Challenges include lack of interest in investment, strict permitting procedures or low levels of public acceptance. Nevertheless, it is recognized that the European geological conditions carry significant potential for CRMs, but more harmonised knowledge across borders is needed. This is where the Geological Survey Organisations of Europe play an important role as they are key partners in collecting and storing information on raw materials at national levels, and in making these available for endusers as policy and decision makers.&#160;&#160;All European countries have a national geological survey organization, some in addition a number of regional surveys. Most host data on raw materials, however, data are typically organized in different ways from one country to another based on different geological traditions and legal commitments. In the GeoERA MINTELL4EU project we build on previous projects as Minerals4EU, ProSUM, SCRREEN, ORAMA, and cooperate with ongoing projects as RESEERVE to collect raw material data in central database and to visualize these data in harmonized way at the European Geological Data Infrastructure (EGDI). Data includes, among other things, the location of individual mineral occurrences, mines, etc. stored in a central database called MIN4EU, and aggregated statistical data at national level on production, trade and reserves etc, compiled in what we know as the electronic Minerals Yearbook. The methods used for collecting (harvesting) and storing data will be discussed, and examples of harmonized visualizations will be shared.MINTELL4EU is a part of the GeoERA programme supported by European Union's Horizon 2020, grant agreement no. 731166.&#160;

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