Rationalizing seclusion: A preliminary analysis of a residential schooling scheme for poor girls in India

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarada Balagopalan
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Traditional Family ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Normative Practices ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Double Move ◽  
Residential Schooling

The increased focus on issues of gender and schooling in India over the last decade has produced several gains that include more incentive schemes to make girls attend school, greater employment of women teachers and improved efforts to incorporate female protagonists in textbooks. However, a closer reading of this ‘gender’ focus reveals an inordinate concern with numbers, i.e. enrolment. The instrumentalism that underlies these efforts is revealed through a double-move effected by existing discourses. The first is to locate the reasons why girls are out of school strictly within a reading of cultural and familial practices and (secondly) to therefore fail to recognize normative practices of schooling and State policies as already deeply ‘gendered’. This double-move is epitomized in the Indian State’s more recent efforts to set up residential elementary schools for girls (Kasturba Gandhi Vidyalayas) in each district of the country; an effort that has been publicly lauded as the most effective way to overcome cultural barriers to girls’ schooling. Through a focus on policy documents that discuss this scheme, the article will interrogate the existing conflation of ‘gender’ with a biological/culturalist reading of the ‘girl child’. In what ways does this narrow focus naturalize a binary frame of reference around the traditional family/community and the empowered girl child? Why have State efforts around educating the ‘girl child’ not been subject to greater critical analysis amongst feminist scholars in India?

scholarly journals Cultural Barriers to Education of the Girl Child and Its Implication to Educational Attainment of the Oroko Children in Secondary Schools in the Kumba Municipality

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Ajongakoh Raymond Bella
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Cultural Barrier ◽  
Barriers To Education ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural practices that pose a barrier to female educational attainment of the Oroko people. Looking at the cultural barrier to the education of the girl child and its implication on educational attainment, the researcher realized that culture has played a great part in the attainment of education of the girl child in the Oroko land. The population of this study was made up of three secondary schools in the Kumba municipality. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by the use of descriptive and inferential statictics. The results showed that cultural barriers such as early marriages and the preference of the boy child’s education over that of a girl child affect the girls’ educational attainment in the Oroko land. Based on the finding the researcher recommended that the government should open schools in all villages so as to encourage the girls to go to school, the few girls who are already in school should try and impress their parents so that can change their mentality and conception that they have concerning female education.

scholarly journals Cinderella Syndrome of Working Women in Cyber Literature

E-Structural ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 131-144
Author(s):  
Eva Fatimah ◽  
Imas Istiani
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Gap ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Online Writing ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Chick Lit ◽  
Writing Communities

Abstract. Cyber literature has been academically recognized in literary studies through multiple research studies. Cyber literature is manifested in various cyberspace, both maintained individually and professionally. Writing platforms on the internet, such as Wattpad, have been widely used. They provide space for writers and engage readers to create online writing communities. One of the most popular genres found in cyber literature is romance chick-lit, in which most main characters are working women. Although most protagonists are working women who are financially independent, they still search for men who have higher positions, social levels, and financial stability. They wish that such men will find and save them, referred to by Colette Dowling as Cinderella complex. The study investigates the Cinderella complex's indications on female protagonists in two Wattpad chick lit works: 1) Furious Boss & Naughty Secretary, and 2) Ex-lovers but Married. The indications of Cinderella Complex were shown through 1) the wish to be saved, 2) the girl-child lives on, 3) the achievement gap, 4) the intimations of helplessness, and 5) the blind devotion.Keywords: Cinderella complex; cyber literature, WattpadAbstrak. Sastra cyber sudah diperhitungkan sebagai bagian dari studi sastra secara akademik melalui berbagai penelitian yang sudah dilakukan. Sastra cyber terwujud di dalam berbagai ruang cyber, baik itu dijalankan secara individual maupun profesional. Platform menulis pada internet seperti Wattpad sudah marak digunakan sebagai tempat berkarya bagi penulis serta menarik perhatian pembaca untuk menciptkana suatu komunitas menulis secara online. Salah satu genre populer pada sastra cyber adalah chicklit romantis yang mana karakter utamanya adalah wanita pekerja.  Meskipun protagonis wanita merupakan wanita pekerja yang independen secara finansial, mereka masih mengharapkan pasangan yang berada di posisi, tingkat sosial dan kestabilan finansial yang lebih besar dari mereka. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencari indikasi adanya Cinderella complex pada karakter protagonis perempuan melalui dua karya chicklit di Wattpad, yaitu: 1) Furious Boss & Naughty Secretary, dan 2) Mantan Tapi Menikah. Indikasi Cinderella complex yang ditemukan adalah 1) keinginan untuk diselamatkan, 2) gadis-kecil yang hidup di dalam diri, 3) kesenjangan prestasi, 4) tanda ketidakmampuan, dan 5) kepatuhan yang buta.Kata kunci: Cinderella complex; sastra cyber, Wattpad

Investing in the Girl Child, 1989–2015

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Ashwini Tambe
Keyword(s):  
State Policies ◽  
National Government ◽  
First Century ◽  
Development Studies ◽  
Conceptual Category ◽  
Specific Kind ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
Corporate Interests ◽  
Twenty First Century

This chapter turns focus to girls as a conceptual category. In particular, it traces the rise of the figure of the “girl child” in 1990s Indian discourses and then in UN discourses. Chapter 6 shows how attention to girls spiked in state policies and corporate campaigns in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It traces a discursive explosion: from a trickle of references in the early 1990s, “girls” and, specifically, the “girl child,” came to occupy increasing attention in the mid-1990s and then even greater institutional stature from about 2005 into the next decade. The chapter proposes possible reasons for the increasing attention to girls, such as discourses in development studies circles, nervousness about some feminist advocacy causes, as well as corporate interests. It show how the celebration of girlhood has enabled a specific kind of advocacy: a turn toward productive investment in girls. A key contribution of this chapter is to show how intellectual influences traveled in multidirectional ways: the term “girl child” traveled from Indian contexts to UN contexts. While a bulk of the chapter focuses on intergovernmental UN contexts, the last part moves back to India, showing how the new orientation toward investing in girls has been taken up in programs initiated by states and the national government.

scholarly journals Innovations for Attaining Sustainable Development Goal: Persisting in Schools in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Dorah A. Akporehe ◽  
Mary A. Uviovo
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Girl Child ◽  
System A ◽  
School Based ◽  
Child Education ◽  
Girl Child Education

The study was carried out to determine challenges of girl child education as regards persistence in secondary education as well as determine innovations that will help to prevent this act in Delta state public secondary schools. It is an expose facto design that employed survey method to obtain the data. The population of the study consisted of 14,877 public secondary teachers in Delta state. The sampling technique adopted was the cluster and random sampling using balloting system. A total number of 744teachers were sampled to form the sample size. The instrument utilized was the Innovation for Attaining Girl Child Persisting in School Questionnaire (IAGCPSQ). Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics of mean rating, standard deviation. The hypotheses were tested using t- test. The study found the most outstanding challenges of school persistence and the most crucial innovation aimed at encouraging girl child in school. Based on the findings, it was recommended that abrogation of cultural barriers that inhibit girl child education be made, orientating girl child towards the value of education, making school environment friendly to girl child learning, improving living conditions of families amongst others.   Received: 19 March 2021 / Accepted: 5 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021

scholarly journals The Self-employment of Women in Azerbaijan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-190
Author(s):  
Krystyna Gomółka ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
The Self ◽  
Financial Policy ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Secular State

Azerbaijan has a population of more than 10 million, of which women accounted for 50% in 2020. At the same time, 93% of Azerbaijan’s citizens describe themselves as Muslims. Since the beginning of independence, Azerbaijan has been a secular state by virtue of Article 48 of the Constitution, which guarantees the freedom of worship, choice, or nonpractice of religion and the freedom of expression of one’s own views on religion. This article aims to assess the changes in the self-employment of women in Azerbaijan through a deductive analysis of data and observation of changes in the structure of resources based on generally available macroeconomic data. This study focuses on the situation of women on the Azerbaijani labour market over the two decades of the 21st century. The numbers of economically active women, including those in employment and the unemployed, and economically inactive women are specified. Further, the government’s legal and financial policy in respect of women’s self-employment is analysed. The author determines what percentage of companies were set up by women and in which sectors and locations.

scholarly journals Women Seafarers: An Analysis of Barriers to Their Employment

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Momoko Kitada
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Maritime Industry ◽  
Gender Imbalance ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Employment Of Women

AbstractThis chapter examines the barriers to the employment of women seafarers and identifies problems in the current attempts at addressing the gender imbalance in the maritime industry. Three impediments to female employment will be discussed in the context of modern shipping: occupational cultural barriers; lack of awareness and knowledge about women at sea; and the slow development of effective policies and strategies aimed at recruiting and retaining women seafarers. It draws the conclusion that the employment of women seafarers should be more focused and that the engagement of employers, including shipping companies and crewing agencies, is necessary to improve the situation of women seafarers.

The Valuation of Knowledge in Public-Private Partnerships

2001 ◽  
pp. 250-266
Author(s):  
J. W. Vasbinder ◽  
Th. P. Groen
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Organization ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Valuation Process ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter is about a special form of virtual organization: the Public-Private Partnership (PPP), created for the purpose of generating new knowledge. PPPs typically consist of three types of partners: academia (universities and affiliated institutions), industry (individual companies) and government (departments or agencies). The PPP delivers knowledge to its participants. At the same time, the participants provide input to the PPP (e.g., knowledge, user demands or policy goals), each in their own way. PPPs show considerable variation in the number of participants, budgets, life span and the areas of research they cover. Furthermore, they can differ in scale (multinational, national or regional) or in the type of partner that takes the initiative or lead. In some cases, a separate, intermediate organization will initiate, facilitate and stimulate the cooperation. A major issue in any PPP is the value of the knowledge that is (or will be) generated. To be more precise, the real issue is the valuation of knowledge: What beliefs and assumptions do the partners have about this value? What models or calculations do they use to find out what the knowledge is really worth to them? What makes them decide to invest money and time? This chapter will provide insight into the valuation process and the typical differences between the three types of partners in this respect. The insight will help to explain why some PPPs fail or malfunction, and it offers a set of basic conditions that must be met to run a PPP successfully. Finally, and perhaps most important, it may help to identify and overcome the cultural barriers between the partners and the misunderstandings that result from them. This is useful for anyone who finds himself involved in a PPP, and especially for those who set up and manage it, or plan to do so.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

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