A Study of the Immunological Response to Tumor Ablation with Irreversible Electroporation

Immune cell recruitment during the treatment of sarcoma tumors in mice with irreversible electroporation was studied by immunohistochemistry. Irreversible electroporation is a non-thermal tissue ablation technique in which certain short duration electrical fields are used to permanently permeabilize the cell membrane, presumably through the formation of nanoscale defects in the membrane. Employing irreversible electroporation parameters known to completely ablate the tumors without thermal effects we did not find infiltration of immune cells probably because of the destruction of infiltration routes. We confirm here that immune response is not instrumental in irreversible electroporation efficacy, and we propose that irreversible electroporation may be, therefore, a treatment modality of interest to immunodepressed cancer patients.

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Non-Coding RNAs in COVID-19: Emerging Insights and Current Questions

Non-Coding RNA ◽

10.3390/ncrna7030054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Tobias Plowman ◽

Dimitris Lagos

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Vascular Dysregulation ◽

Virus Rna ◽

Growing Body ◽

Non Coding Rnas ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

The highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019, igniting an unprecedented pandemic. A mechanistic picture characterising the acute immunopathological disease in severe COVID-19 is developing. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the transcribed but un-translated portion of the genome and, until recent decades, have been undiscovered or overlooked. A growing body of research continues to demonstrate their interconnected involvement in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 development by regulating several of its pathological hallmarks: cytokine storm syndrome, haemostatic alterations, immune cell recruitment, and vascular dysregulation. There is also keen interest in exploring the possibility of host–virus RNA–RNA and RNA–RBP interactions. Here, we discuss and evaluate evidence demonstrating the involvement of short and long ncRNAs in COVID-19 and use this information to propose hypotheses for future mechanistic and clinical studies.

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The Cutaneous Wound Innate Immunological Microenvironment

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21228748 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (22) ◽

pp. 8748

Author(s):

Stephen Kirchner ◽

Vivian Lei ◽

Amanda S. MacLeod

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Wound Repair ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Immune Microenvironment ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Adaptive Processes ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

The skin represents the first line of defense and innate immune protection against pathogens. Skin normally provides a physical barrier to prevent infection by pathogens; however, wounds, microinjuries, and minor barrier impediments can present open avenues for invasion through the skin. Accordingly, wound repair and protection from invading pathogens are essential processes in successful skin barrier regeneration. To repair and protect wounds, skin promotes the development of a specific and complex immunological microenvironment within and surrounding the disrupted tissue. This immune microenvironment includes both innate and adaptive processes, including immune cell recruitment to the wound and secretion of extracellular factors that can act directly to promote wound closure and wound antimicrobial defense. Recent work has shown that this immune microenvironment also varies according to the specific context of the wound: the microbiome, neuroimmune signaling, environmental effects, and age play roles in altering the innate immune response to wounding. This review will focus on the role of these factors in shaping the cutaneous microenvironment and how this ultimately impacts the immune response to wounding.

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Enteric glia cells are critical to limiting the intestinal inflammatory response after injury

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00371.2016 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 312 (3) ◽

pp. G274-G282 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Simone Langness ◽

Mitsuaki Kojima ◽

Raul Coimbra ◽

Brian P. Eliceiri ◽

Todd W. Costantini

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Permeability ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Direct Connection ◽

Enteric Glia ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Glia Cells ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to limit intestinal inflammation following injury; however, a direct connection between vagal terminals and resident intestinal immune cells has yet to be identified. We have previously shown that enteric glia cell (EGC) expression is increased after injury through a vagal-mediated pathway to help restore gut barrier function. We hypothesize that EGCs modulate immune cell recruitment following injury and relay vagal anti-inflammatory signals to resident immune cells in the gut. EGCs were selectively ablated from an isolated segment of distal bowel with topical application of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) in male mice. Three days following BAC application, mice were subjected to an ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) by superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 30 min. VNS was performed in a separate cohort of animals. EGC+ and EGC− segments were compared utilizing histology, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and intestinal permeability. VNS significantly reduced immune cell recruitment after I/R injury in EGC+ segments with cell percentages similar to sham. VNS failed to limit immune cell recruitment in EGC− segments. Histologic evidence of gut injury was diminished with VNS application in EGC+ segments, whereas EGC− segments showed features of more severe injury. Intestinal permeability increased following I/R injury in both EGC+ and EGC− segments. Permeability was significantly lower after VNS application compared with injury alone in EGC+ segments only (95.1 ± 30.0 vs. 217.6 ± 21.7 μg/ml, P < 0.05). Therefore, EGC ablation uncouples the protective effects of VNS, suggesting that vagal-mediated signals are translated to effector cells through EGCs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intestinal inflammation is initiated by local immune cell activation and epithelial barrier breakdown, resulting in the production of proinflammatory mediators with subsequent leukocyte recruitment. Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to limit intestinal inflammation following injury; however, direct connection between vagal terminals and resident intestinal immune cells has yet to be identified. Here, we demonstrate that intact enteric glia cells are required to transmit the gut anti-inflammatory effects of VNS.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Leptin modulates innate and adaptive immune cell recruitment after cigarette smoke exposure in mice.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.7196960.7442058 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Andreina Bruno ◽

Chiara Cipollina

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Smoke Exposure ◽

Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Adaptive Immune Cell ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

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Profiles of Peripheral Immune Cells of Uncomplicated COVID-19 Cases with Distinct Viral RNA Shedding Periods

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13030514 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 514

Author(s):

Denise Utami Putri ◽

Cheng-Hui Wang ◽

Po-Chun Tseng ◽

Wen-Sen Lee ◽

Fu-Lun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Viral Rna ◽

Disease Course ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Peripheral Immune Cells ◽

Cell Profile

The heterogeneity of immune response to COVID-19 has been reported to correlate with disease severity and prognosis. While so, how the immune response progress along the period of viral RNA-shedding (VRS), which determines the infectiousness of disease, is yet to be elucidated. We aim to exhaustively evaluate the peripheral immune cells to expose the interplay of the immune system in uncomplicated COVID-19 cases with different VRS periods and dynamic changes of the immune cell profile in the prolonged cases. We prospectively recruited four uncomplicated COVID-19 patients and four healthy controls (HCs) and evaluated the immune cell profile throughout the disease course. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected and submitted to a multi-panel flowcytometric assay. CD19+-B cells were upregulated, while CD4, CD8, and NK cells were downregulated in prolonged VRS patients. Additionally, the pro-inflammatory-Th1 population showed downregulation, followed by improvement along the disease course, while the immunoregulatory cells showed upregulation with subsequent decline. COVID-19 patients with longer VRS expressed an immune profile comparable to those with severe disease, although they remained clinically stable. Further studies of immune signature in a larger cohort are warranted.

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Tumor Clearance and Immune Cell Recruitment in UV‐Induced Murine Squamous Cell Carcinoma Exposed to Ablative Fractional Laser and Imiquimod Treatment

Lasers in Surgery and Medicine ◽

10.1002/lsm.23406 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Silvia Fontenete ◽

Catharina M. Lerche ◽

Uwe Paasch ◽

Mirna Perez‐Moreno ◽

Uffe H. Olesen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Fractional Laser ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Ablative Fractional Laser ◽

Tumor Clearance ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

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Quantitative Methodologies to Dissect Immune Cell Mechanobiology

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040851 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 851

Author(s):

Veronika Pfannenstill ◽

Aurélien Barbotin ◽

Huw Colin-York ◽

Marco Fritzsche

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Immune Response ◽

Time Scales ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Cell Mechanics ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Force Generation ◽

Tissue Microenvironment ◽

And Behavior

Mechanobiology seeks to understand how cells integrate their biomechanics into their function and behavior. Unravelling the mechanisms underlying these mechanobiological processes is particularly important for immune cells in the context of the dynamic and complex tissue microenvironment. However, it remains largely unknown how cellular mechanical force generation and mechanical properties are regulated and integrated by immune cells, primarily due to a profound lack of technologies with sufficient sensitivity to quantify immune cell mechanics. In this review, we discuss the biological significance of mechanics for immune cells across length and time scales, and highlight several experimental methodologies for quantifying the mechanics of immune cells. Finally, we discuss the importance of quantifying the appropriate mechanical readout to accelerate insights into the mechanobiology of the immune response.

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A Missing Link: Engagements of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031118 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1118

Author(s):

Abdulaziz Alamri ◽

Derek Fisk ◽

Deepak Upreti ◽

Sam K. P. Kung

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Cell Recruitment ◽

Cross Presentation ◽

Cell Immunity ◽

Immune Cell Recruitment

Dendritic cells (DC) connect the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and carry out numerous roles that are significant in the context of viral disease. Their functions include the control of inflammatory responses, the promotion of tolerance, cross-presentation, immune cell recruitment and the production of antiviral cytokines. Based primarily on the available literature that characterizes the behaviour of many DC subsets during Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we speculated possible mechanisms through which DC could contribute to COVID-19 immune responses, such as dissemination of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to lymph nodes, mounting dysfunctional inteferon responses and T cell immunity in patients. We highlighted gaps of knowledge in our understanding of DC in COVID-19 pathogenesis and discussed current pre-clinical development of therapies for COVID-19.

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