Infantile Anorexia

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Catherine J. Klein ◽  
Tova G. Jacobovits ◽  
Frank Siewerdt ◽  
Leila T. Beker ◽  
Mark A. Kantor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Family Counseling ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Dietary Reference Intakes ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Error Weight ◽  
Weight For Age

Eating disorders among young children are not well characterized. Diet and growth data were collected from toddlers (1-3 years old) at the time of diagnosis of infantile anorexia (IA) and up to 1 year after family counseling. Children (n = 62) were underweight (≤ −2 z-score weight-for-age). Boys (n = 34) had a greater ( P = .04) mean (standard error) weight-for-age percentile than girls (n = 28) and less evidence of wasting ( z-score weight-for-length = −1.8 (0.14) vs −2.3 (0.17), respectively; P = .04). After counseling, girls demonstrated better linear growth than boys (4.14 (0.18) vs 3.47 (0.18) cm/6 months, respectively; P < .002). Significant catch-up in length-for-age was observed across genders and diagnoses of 1.4 (2.07) growth percentiles and 0.13 (0.05) z-scores on the normal curve in 6 months ( P = .019). Head circumference correlated with dietary protein ( r = .23, P = .03), calcium ( r = .32, P = .004), and zinc ( r = .36, P = .001). Girls met or exceeded dietary reference intakes for energy, protein, iron, zinc, vitamin A, and calcium, and boys improved intake of these nutrients ( P < .05) but boys with IA fell short of recommended energy intake. Many children with IA reached tolerable upper intake levels for zinc and vitamin A, which warrants concern. These are the first data published on diet and growth among children with IA.

The Effect of Phosphate Supplementation on Linear Growth in Children with X-Linked Hypophosphatemia

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-481
Author(s):  
Mouin G. Seikaly ◽  
Richard H. Browne ◽  
Michel Baum
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Initial Therapy ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Height Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Phosphate Supplementation

Background. X-linked hypophosphatemia is the most common inherited cause of rickets. Current therapy for this disorder includes vitamin D and phosphate supplementation; however, phosphate therapy has been associated with nephrocalcinosis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral phosphate therapy on growth in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia treated with either calcitriol or dihydrotachysterol (vitamin D). Methods. We retrospectively evaluated the prepubertal growth of 36 children with X-linked hypophosphatemia. The height standard deviation score (Z-score) of patients initially treated with vitamin D alone and the Z-scores of patients treated with vitamin D and phosphate therapy were compared. In addition, the growth of patients treated with vitamin D was compared with that of patients treated with vitamin D and phosphate from the outset of therapy. Results. Patients treated with vitamin D alone for 5.36 ± 2.18 years had an improvement in Z-score from -3.18 ± 1.10 to -2.49 ± 0.66 SDS, ,P &lt; .05. Adding phosphate therapy for patients initially treated with vitamin D alone for 4.83 ± 2.99 years did not further improve Z-score (-2.49 ±0.66 vs -2.35 ± 0.83). Initial therapy with vitamin D and phosphate for 4.33 ± 2.19 years also improved Z-score, (-2.84 ± 1.02 vs -1.98 ± 0.82, P &lt; .05). The change in Z-score was similar to the group treated with vitamin D alone compared with the group treated initially with vitamin D and phosphate (0.65 ± 0.54 vs 0.85 ± 0.65, respectively). Conclusion. These data demonstrate that both vitamin D alone and in combination with phosphate improved linear growth. Adding oral phosphate for children initially treated with vitamin D alone did not improve Z-score. Initial therapy with vitamin D and vitamin D plus phosphate produced similar changes in linear growth.

scholarly journals Association of Whole Blood Fatty Acids and Growth in Southern Ghanaian Children 2–6 Years of Age

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Adjepong ◽  
William Yakah ◽  
William Harris ◽  
Esi Colecraft ◽  
Grace Marquis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

In Ghana, stunting rates in children below 5 years of age vary regionally. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are crucial for linear growth. The objective of this study was to determine the association between blood FAs and growth parameters in southern Ghanaian children 2–6 years of age. A drop of blood was collected on an antioxidant treated card and analyzed for FA composition. Weight and height were measured and z-scores calculated. Relationships between FAs and growth were analyzed by linear regressions and factor analysis. Of the 209 subjects, 22% were stunted and 10.6% were essential FA deficient (triene/tetraene ratio > 0.02). Essential FA did not differ between stunted and non-stunted children and was not associated with height-for-age z-score or weight-for-age z-score. Similarly, no relationships between other blood fatty acids and growth parameters were observed in this population. However, when blood fatty acid levels in these children were compared to previously reported values from northern Ghana, the analysis showed that blood omega-3 FA levels were significantly higher and omega-6 FA levels lower in the southern Ghanaian children (p < 0.001). Fish and seafood consumption in this southern cohort was high and could account for the lower stunting rates observed in these children compared to other regions.

Catch-up growth in children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Carmona ◽  
Lucas S. Hatanaka ◽  
Marco A. Barbieri ◽  
Heloisa Bettiol ◽  
Roseli B. D. Toffano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tetralogy Of Fallot ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Residual Lesions ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the growth of children after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, as well as the influence of residual lesions and socio-economic status.MethodsA total of 17 children, including 10 boys with a median age of 16 months at surgery, were enrolled in a retrospective cohort, in a tertiary care university hospital. Anthropometric (as z-scores), clinical, nutritional, and social data were collected.ResultsWeight-for-age and weight-for-height z-scores decreased pre-operatively and recovered post-operatively in almost all patients, most markedly weight for age. Weight-for-height z-scores improved, but were still lower than birth values in the long term. Long-term height-for-age z-scores were higher than those at birth, surgery, and 3 months post-operatively. Most patients showed catch-up growth for height for age (70%), weight for age (82%), and weight for height (70%). Post-operative residual lesions (76%) influenced weight-for-age z-scores. Despite the fact that most patients (70%) were from low-income families, energy intake was above the estimated requirement for age and gender in all but one patient. There was no influence of socio-economic status on pre- and post-operative growth. Bone age was delayed and long-term-predicted height was within mid-parental height limits in 16 children (93%).ConclusionChildren submitted to Tetralogy of Fallot repair had pre-operative acute growth restriction and showed post-operative catch-up growth for weight and height. Acute growth restriction could still be present in the long term.

scholarly journals Maternal intake of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during mid-pregnancy is inversely associated with linear growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Al-Hinai ◽  
A. Baylin ◽  
M. M. Tellez-Rojo ◽  
A. Cantoral ◽  
A. Ettinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽  
Pufa Intake ◽  
Z Scores

AbstractThis study investigates relations of maternal N-3 and N-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake during pregnancy with offspring body mass index (BMI), height z-score and metabolic risk (fasting glucose, C-peptide, leptin, lipid profile) during peripuberty (8–14 years) among 236 mother–child pairs in Mexico. We used food frequency questionnaire data to quantify trimester-specific intake of N-3 alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); N-6 linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (AA); and N-6:N-3 (AA:EPA+DHA), which accounts for the fact that the two PUFA families have opposing effects on physiology. Next, we used multivariable linear regression models that accounted for maternal education and parity, and child’s age, sex and pubertal status, to examine associations of PUFA intake with the offspring outcomes. In models where BMI z-score was the outcome, we also adjusted for height z-score. We found that higher second trimester intake of EPA, DHA and AA were associated with lower offspring BMI and height z-score. For example, each 1-s.d.increment in second trimester EPA intake corresponded with 0.25 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.47) z-scores lower BMI and 0.20 (0.05, 0.36) z-scores lower height. Accounting for height z-score in models where BMI z-score was the outcome attenuated estimates [e.g., EPA: −0.16 (−0.37, 0.05)], suggesting that this relationship was driven by slower linear growth rather than excess adiposity. Maternal PUFA intake was not associated with the offspring metabolic biomarkers. Our findings suggest that higher PUFA intake during mid-pregnancy is associated with lower attained height in offspring during peripuberty. Additional research is needed to elucidate mechanisms and to confirm findings in other populations.

A cross-sectional audit of the prevalence of stunting in children attending a regional paediatric cardiology service

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise V. Marino ◽  
Alan Magee
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Skills Development ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractCHD is associated with poor growth, delayed motor and language skills development, and increased length of hospital stay; 28.2% of infants were stunted, with z-scores<−2. The severity of surgery score was not associated with an increased length of stay, suggesting that a low weight-for-age z-score at the time of surgery may impact on length of stay.

scholarly journals The Nutritional Status of Individuals Adopted Internationally as Children: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Richard Ivey ◽  
Marko Kerac ◽  
Michael Quiring ◽  
Hang T. Dam ◽  
Susie Doig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Since 1955, international adoption has been a way of finding homes for children who have been orphaned or abandoned. We aimed to describe the nutritional status of individuals adopted internationally and their long-term nutritional and health outcomes. We searched four databases for articles published from January 1995 to June 2020, which included information on anthropometric or micronutrient status of children adopted internationally (CAI). Mean Z-scores on arrival to adoptive country ranged from −2.04 to −0.31 for weight for age; −0.94 to 0.39 for weight for height; −0.7 to 0 for body mass index; −1.89 to −0.03 for height for age; −1.43 to 0.80 for head circumference for age. Older children, those adopted from institutionalized care or with underlying disability, were more likely to be malnourished. Though long-term data was scarce, mean Z-scores post-adoption ranged from −0.59 to 0.53 for weight for age; −0.31 to 1.04 for weight for height; 0.39 to 1.04 for body mass index; −1.09 to 0.58 for height for age; −0.06 to 1.23 for head circumference for age. We conclude that though CAI are at high risk of malnutrition at baseline, marked catch-up growth is possible, including for those older than two years of age on arrival. This has implications not only for CAI but for the wider population of malnourished children worldwide. Research on how to optimize catch-up growth is a priority.

scholarly journals Serum Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Perspective in Egyptian Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (B) ◽  
pp. 1625-1632
Author(s):  
Maged A. El Wakeel ◽  
Ghada M. El-Kassas ◽  
Shaimaa A. Hashem ◽  
Hasanin M. Hasanin ◽  
Walaa H. Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction ◽  
Z Scores

BACKGROUND: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a chronic subclinical condition, contributed to limited sources and poor countries. EED pathology is concerned with small intestine structure and function, which affect the macronutrients and micronutrients absorption with consequent growth faltering. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate some serum biomarkers involved in EED and determine their association with stunting and faltering growth in children; zonulin, endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), serum iron, and Vitamins A and D. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case–control study enrolled 105 children aged from 1 to 10 years old, having weight-for-age z-scores and height-for-age z-scores (WAZ or HAZ) ranging from −1.5 to −2. They were compared with control group consisted of 100 children having WAZ or HAZ > −1 of matched age and sex. Assessment of serum markers levels of enteric dysfunction (zonulin and EndoCAb), markers of systemic inflammation (Hs CRP and AGP), along with serum micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin D and iron) in children with malnutrition in comparison to controls. RESULTS: There was a highly significant decrease as regarding the anthropometric measurements; weight, height, BMI, and arm circumference. Moreover, significant increase in serum zonulin, EndoCAb, HsCRP, and AGP and highly significant decrease of serum Vitamin D and iron in cases group as compared to control group. Height Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D. Weight Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. Regression analysis noted increase of zonulin and α1AGP as high associative markers with height Z score affection, however, increase of zonulin was high associative markers with weight Z score affection. CONCLUSION: Faltering growth is associated with elevated serum systemic markers of intestinal inflammation (HsCRP and α1AGP). EED may be a cause of faltering growth.

Factors that Influence Longitudinal Growth from Birth to 18 Months of Age in Infants with Gastroschisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
pp. 1438-1445
Author(s):  
Nitya Nair ◽  
Stephanie Merhar ◽  
Jacqueline Wessel ◽  
Eric Hall ◽  
Paul S. Kingma
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Catch Up

Objective This study aimed to investigate factors that influence growth in infants with gastroschisis. Study Design Growth parameters at birth, discharge, 6, 12, and 18 months of age were collected from 42 infants with gastroschisis. Results The mean z-scores for weight, length, and head circumference were below normal at birth and decreased between birth and discharge. Lower gestational age correlated with a worsening change in weight z-score from birth to discharge (rho 0.38, p = 0.01), but not with the change in weight z-score from discharge to 18 months (rho 0.04, p = 0.81). There was no correlation between the day of life when the enteral feeds were started and the change in weight z-score from birth to discharge (rho 0.12, p = 0.44) or discharge to 18 months (rho −0.15, p = 0.41). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that infants with gastroschisis experience a significant decline in weight z-score between birth and discharge, and start to catch up on all growth parameters after discharge. Prematurity in gastroschisis infants is associated with a greater risk for weight loss during this time. This information emphasizes the importance of minimizing weight loss prior to discharge in premature infants with gastroschisis and highlights the need for optimal management strategies for these infants.

scholarly journals Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplementation on Growth in Vietnamese Children with Stunting

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Dung T. Pham ◽  
Trong N. Hoang ◽  
Nhu T. Ngo ◽  
Long H. Nguyen ◽  
Trung Q. Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: The impact of oral nutritional supplementations (ONS) is not well-elucidated in children with stunting. Objective: The aim is to evaluate the effect of ONS on growth in Vietnamese children with stunting. Methods: This 6-month, prospective, single-arm trial evaluated 121 children aged 24–48 months with stunting (height-for-age z-score [HAZ] < -2) and low weight-for-height z-score (WHZ < -1) in Vietnam. Children consumed ONS twice daily. The outcomes included the change in HAZ, WHZ, and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) from baseline to 3- and 6 months; change in height and weight from baseline to 3- and 6 months; and the prevalence of stunting, wasting (WHZ < -2 SD), and underweight (WAZ < -2 SD) at 6 months. We also examined factors associated with a change in HAZ over the intervention period. Results: The mean age was 34.7 months and 49% were male. Height and weight increased from baseline to 3- and 6-months (p<0.0001). There was a significant increase in median HAZ (0.25 units), WHZ (0.72 units), and WAZ (0.65 units) from baseline to 6 months (p<0.0001). Notably, approximately 40% of children recovered from stunting at 6 months (p<0.0001). The prevalence of wasting and underweight status were also significantly lower at 6 months (p=0.0310 and p<0.0001, respectively) relative to the baseline. Lower HAZ and younger age at baseline were significantly associated with higher linear growth at 6 months. Conclusion: ONS helped improve linear and ponderal growth and reduce the prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight status in stunted children at risk of wasting.

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